Purpose The aim of this study was to identify the coping profiles of patients with coronary artery disease and to examine their associations with cardiac health behavior. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data from 203 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary artery disease were analyzed. Data collection occurred between September 2020 and June 2021, utilizing self-report questionnaires and electronic medical records at a cardiology outpatient clinic. Descriptive statistics, latent profile analysis, and logistic regression were employed for data analysis. Results The Type I coping profile was characterized by the greater use of most coping strategies, particularly problem-focused approaches, relative to the other profiles. The Type II coping profile exhibited below-average use of all coping strategies, except for substance use. The Type III coping profile displayed higher tendencies toward venting, self-blame, denial, behavioral disengagement, and substance use compared to the other profiles. Patients with the Type I coping profile displayed greater engagement in cardiac health behavior than those with Type II and Type III, as indicated by odds ratios of 2.57 (95% confidence interval=1.31~5.07) and 7.19 (95% confidence interval=2.10~24.56), respectively. Conclusion Participation in cardiac health behavior varies according to the coping profiles of patients with coronary artery disease. Healthcare providers should recognize and support appropriate coping strategies in these patients to promote healthy behaviors. A longitudinal study investigating how changes in coping profiles relate to cardiac health behavior could assist patients with coronary artery disease in maintaining such behaviors.
Purpose This study investigated the effects of spiritual well-being on the cognitive function of elderly people, focusing on the mediating effects of health-promoting behaviors and depression. Methods Using convenience sampling, 136 elderly people were recruited from October 2018 through February 2019 for a cross-sectional survey. Data were collected through the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Geriatric Depression Scale, Everyday Cognition, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment and analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation. Mediation analysis was also conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Model 4). Results The mean scores for spiritual well-being, health-promoting behaviors, depression, objective cognitive function, and subjective cognitive function were 60.96, 108.09, 18.58, 19.49, and 63.35. The mediation effects in step 1 indicated that spiritual well-being had a statistically significant positive effect on health-promoting behaviors (B=0.32, p<.001) (R2 =32.0%) and a significant negative effect on depression (B=-0.09, p=.001) (R2 =31.0%). In step 2, spiritual well-being had a significant negative effect on subjective cognitive function (B=-0.12, p=.007) (R2 =23.0%). In step 3, the direct effect of spiritual well-being on subjective cognitive function was not significant when the mediating variables (healthpromoting behaviors and depression) were introduced. Health-promoting behaviors (B=-0.18, p=.047) and depression (B=0.41, p=.008) had complete mediating effects on the relationship between spiritual well-being and subjective cognitive function. Conclusion These findings suggest that there is a need to develop and implement nursing strategies that can improve spiritual well-being, and to develop a holistic nursing intervention that considers depression and health-promoting behaviors, when applicable, to improve cognitive function in elderly people.
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Purpose Health behavior is important for the treatment of tuberculosis patients. This study aims to clarify the concept of health behavior in tuberculosis patients. Methods We used Rodger's evolutionary concept analysis method. A literature search was performed using the NDSL, NAL, RISS, PubMed, ProQuest, CINAHL, Web of Science and Cochrane Library published in Korean and English language from January 2015 to April 2021. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 69 articles were selected for final analysis. Results The analysis showed that five attributes determine health behavior concepts: willpower, the choice for every moment, counterbalance, overcoming, and multi-level multi-causal processes. Conclusion This study shows that health behavior in tuberculosis patients has evolved into a patient-centered approach in an evolutionary context. The results of this study will contribute to the development of intervention access and management programs for health care providers, including nurses.
Purpose This study aimed to examine the effects of health-related behaviors on metabolically healthy non-obese or obese groups and to analyze gender differences. Methods This study was a secondary descriptive study. A total of 14,277 adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2015 were classified as: metabolically healthy non-obese; metabolically unhealthy non-obese; metabolically healthy obese; or metabolically unhealthy obese. Five health-related behaviors (amount of alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, daily energy intake, and sleep duration) were included as independent variables. Results The health-related behaviors associated with metabolic status in non-obese participants were drinking and smoking, whereas those of obese individuals were associated with physical activity. Subgroup analysis showed that more metabolically healthy non-obese men were light drinkers and former smokers than metabolically unhealthy non-obese men.
Metabolically healthy non-obese women were more likely to engage in physical activity than metabolically unhealthy non-obese women. Among the obese men, light drinking and physical activity were associated with metabolic status. Conclusion Evidence-based interventions promoting health-related behaviors are needed to support metabolic health, considering the metabolic status and obesity phenotypes of the participants and their gender.
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Purpose This study aimed to examine health-promoting behaviors among Vietnamese students in Korea and identify the factors affecting these behaviors.
Methods: A survey using self-administered questionnaires was employed. Data were collected between October 2020 and May 2021 from 260 Vietnamese students whose stay in Korea has been for longer than six months and who agreed to participate in the study. Variables included health-promoting behaviors (physical activity, nutrition, stress management, and health risk behavior), self-esteem, acculturative stress, and social support. A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the factors that might influence health-promoting behaviors.
Results: Of the total participants, 56.9% were women, and the mean age was 24.60±2.58 years. The mean score of the participants on total health-promoting behaviors was 2.64±0.36, on self-esteem 2.96±0.35, on acculturative stress 2.39±0.15, and on social support 2.53±0.24. Self-esteem, acculturative stress, social support, length of stay in Korea, and education level were found to affect healthpromoting behaviors, and these variables explained 76.2% of the variance.
Conclusion: There is a need to develop intervention strategies for promoting self-esteem and social support programs and coping strategies for managing acculturative stress to increase health-promoting behaviors among Vietnamese students.
Purpose This study aimed to obtain insights into the meaning and nature of the lived experiences of environmental health behavior among pregnant women.
Methods: The hermeneutic phenomenology framework developed by Max van Manen informed this study, which included 17 pregnant women as participants. Data were collected using in-depth interviews of the participants between July and September 2020.
Results: The key themes identified were: “fear of health threats to the mother and baby”, “patience with inconveniences for fetal health”, “movement for the environment”, and “generativity embodied from pregnancy”. Participants expressed that they had deeper experiences with regard to their environmental health behavior during pregnancy than they did before, and recognized that communal environmental behaviors impact future environmental pollution. They had a negative perspective towards environmental pollution involving plastics and chemicals, and wanted to protect their children's health by making the best possible behavioral choices.
Conclusion: This study revealed the meanings of environmental health perceptions and behavioral experiences in the participants' sociocultural context. These findings have implications for health care providers' prenatal care practices that focus on environmental health from an ecological perspective.
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Purpose This study aimed to identify how health literacy in patients with stroke and their family caregivers influences their health behavior.
Methods: A total of 95 patient-family caregiver dyads were recruited from March to September 2018. Health literacy was measured using the newest vital sign and the health behavior scale was used to identify the health behavior of patients. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression.
Results: The mean age of patients with stroke and family caregivers was 69.44±8.25 and 54.01±14.42 years, respectively. The proportion of women in the family caregivers was 72.6%. The average health literacy score of patients with stroke and their family caregivers was 2.26±1.75 and 3.03±1.97, respectively. The multiple regression analysis revealed that patients’ interest in health (p<.001), health literacy (p=.037), age (p=.001), and caregivers’ gender (p=.028) were the significant factors influencing health behavior of patients with stroke.
Conclusion: In providing optimal care, nurses must ensure that information is provided to both patients and their family caregivers in a clear and effective manner. To improve health behavior in patients with stroke, various strategies are needed to increase their interest in health while considering their age and health literacy.
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Purpose Patients with pulmonary disease are more vulnerable to Particulate Matter (PM). It is important to promote health behaviors to minimize negative effects. This study aims to investigate risk perception, knowledge, and PM-related health behaviors in patients with pulmonary disease and identify the factors affecting PM-related health behaviors. Methods Participants were 201 patients with pulmonary disease who visited the outpatient clinic in a hospital. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and medical records from December 2019 to February 2020. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results The average score of PM-related health behaviors was 22.79±4.43. In multiple regression analysis, factors affecting PM-related health behaviors were participants with higher risk perception of PM (,p<.001) and with longer pulmonary disease (p=.006). Moreover, participants who smoked previously but not currently (p<.001) and had never smoked (p=.001) had higher level of health behaviors than those who smoke. Conclusion Patients with pulmonary disease reported to have high level of overall PM-related health behaviors, but their performance on health behaviors that required knowledge was reported to be insufficient. Therefore, a patient-tailored educational program is needed to improve PM-related health behaviors by emphasizing risk perception related to PM. Special attention should be given to smokers and patients who experience a short disease period to improve PM-related health behaviors.
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PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the factors explaining the performance of health behaviors among adults with metabolic syndrome based on the theory of planned behavior. METHODS A total of 218 adults with metabolic syndrome were recruited for the study from September to December, 2017. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0 and AMOS 24.0. RESULTS The hypothetical model appeared to fit the data with χ²/df=2.65, SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Residual)=.07, PNFI (Parsimonious Normed Fit Index)=.67. Attitude toward health behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control explained 32.3% of variance in intention toward health behavior. Perceived behavioral control showed significant direct effects and mediating effect through intention on health behavior (γ=.57, t=5.85). Family support also had significant direct effects on health behavior (γ=.38, t=4.75). Attitude toward health behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and family support were the significant factors explaining 56.3% of variance in the performance of health behaviors among patients with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION Health promotion programs for behavioral modification in this population should focus on these factors to lead to better health outcomes. Further studies are warranted to test the health promotion strategies based on theory of planned behavior for long-term change toward a healthy lifestyle among individuals with metabolic syndrome.
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PURPOSE This study was conducted to identify cardiovascular risk factor cluster types in early middle-aged male workers in their 30s and 40s, and to identify differences in awareness of mobile health and preventive health behaviors by cluster type. METHODS This study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design. Male workers aged 30~49 years with cardiovascular risk factors (n=166) at three medical device manufacturers in June, 2019 were recruited. Self-reported questionnaires were administered. K-means cluster analysis was performed using four measurement tools: e-health literacy, behavior of seeking health information on the internet, intent to use mobile health, and preventive health behavior. RESULTS Three cluster groups were identified based on 7 risk factors: "unhealthy behavior (51.8%)", "chronic disease (28.9%)", and "dyslipid · family history (19.3%)". In the "unhealthy behavior" group where more than 70% of the participants were smoking and drinking heavily, the awareness of mobile health utilization such as behavior of seeking information on the internet and intent to use mobile health, especially usefulness, was significantly lower than that in the other two groups. The preventive health behavior was also the lowest among the three groups. CONCLUSION We suggest that when planning for mobile-use cardiovascular prevention education for early middle-aged male workers, it is necessary to consider a cluster of risk factors. Strategies for raising positive awareness of the use of mobile health should be included prior to cardiovascular health education for workers with unhealthy lifestyles such as smoking and excessive drinking alcohol.
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PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the improvement in lifestyle of patients with Colorectal Cancer (CRC) by examining their lifestyle before and after diagnosis, and to identify the factors influencing lifestyle improvement to prevent the recurrence of CRC. METHODS The participants were 125 patients with CRC who visited the outpatient clinic of Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital in Daegu from December 2017 to March 2018. Questionnaires consisted of items on CRC-related lifestyle, knowledge of lifestyle risks for CRC, beliefs of lifestyle improvement (perceived benefits and barriers), self-efficacy, and fear of cancer recurrence. Lifestyle improvement referred to the score given to the improved lifestyle through the score difference in the measure of lifestyle related to CRC before and after diagnosis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS The factors influencing lifestyle improvement were gender (β=.46, p<.001), age (β=.31, p<.001), knowledge of lifestyle risks for CRC (β=.20, p=.005), perceived benefits of lifestyle improvement (β=.19, p=.008), and number of discomforts(symptoms) that impede lifestyle improvement (β=.17, p=.016). These variables explained 38% of CRC patients' lifestyle improvement. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that we need to find ways to provide knowledge of the lifestyle risks for CRC to patients with CRC and improve their perceptions of the benefits of lifestyle improvement to promote lifestyle improvement and help prevent the recurrence of CRC after CRC diagnosis.
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PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to systematically review the associations among health literacy, psychosocial factors, and cancer-related health actions. METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, PsycARTICLES, KISS, RISS, and KoreaMed were searched for articles published between January 2000 and March 2018. Fourteen studies were identified and reviewed for the associations among the variables based on Von Wagner's framework on health literacy and health actions. Two researchers reviewed the articles independently using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS Of the 14 relevant studies, five studies analyzed all of the associations among health literacy, motivational or volitional factors, and cancer-related health actions. Eleven studies investigated the association between health literacy and motivational factors, including knowledge (n=11) and attitudes (n=6). Four studies investigated the association between health literacy and volitional factors, including self-efficacy (n=4) and efforts to search cancer-related information (n=1). CONCLUSION The possible paths between health literacy and cancer-related health actions mediated through the psychosocial variables were identified. Further research is warranted to substantiate the mediating pathways of the associations between health literacy and cancer-related health actions.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effects of self-efficacy and family support in the relationship between illness perception and health behaviors among patients with tuberculosis. METHODS A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with 219 patients with tuberculosis from one general hospital in D city in Korea. The participants took medication over a two months period. Data were collected from four self-reported questionnaires including Health behaviors Questionnaire and Family Support Questionnaire. Of the four questionnaires, Venereal Disease Education Health Belief Model Scales and Health Belief Model Scales were modified for this study population with tuberculosis. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS statistics 23.0 program. RESULTS A positive correlation existed between health behaviors and illness perception (r=0.80, p < .001), self-efficacy (r=0.66, p < .001), and family support (r=0.73, p < .001). Self-efficacy and family support had partial mediating effect on the relationship between illness perception and health behaviors. CONCLUSION Theses results indicated that in order to improve the health behaviors of patients with tuberculosis, it is necessary to develop a management plan that focuses not only on the illness perception but also on the self-efficacy and the role of the family support.
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PURPOSE Korean elderly women residing in rural areas still appear to be marginalized from health services for cancer prevention. The purposes of this study were to measure the degrees of colorectal cancer (CRC) knowledge, health literacy, and self-management behaviors among the elderly women in rural areas and to identify the influences of their CRC knowledge and health literacy on self-management behaviors. METHODS Total 121 elderly women aged 65 or older living in rural areas were recruited for this descriptive study and answered survey questionnaires. RESULTS The participants' mean age was 78.2±7.51 years old. Of participants, 49.6% completed CRC screening and age of non-screening group was significantly older than that of screening group (χ²=35.31, p < .001). The screening group showed higher levels of CRC knowledge (t=3.76, p < .001) and cancer preventive behaviors (t=2.68, p=.008) than non-screening group. Age (B=0.15) and CRC knowledge (B=-0.36) were identified as influencing factors on the CRC screening. Health literacy (β=.37) and CRC knowledge (β=.30) were found as the most influencing factors on the cancer preventive behaviors. CONCLUSION The results of this study could be used as a basis for developing educational interventions and effective strategies specifically for the elderly women residing rural areas in Korea.
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PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify levels of health literacy and reported health behaviors among older adults with cardio-cerebrovascular disease residing in rural areas. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 134 older people (mean age=75.5 years, 71.6% Female) registered at seven health centers. The structured questionnaires were used to measure levels of health literacy and health behaviors. RESULTS The average functional health literacy score was 6.08±3.04, and the health behavior score was 62.92±6.45. Respectively health behavior was positively associated with health literacy. Education, economic status, number of family members, number of social activities and health literacy were contribution factors explaining 40.64% of the variance in health behavior. Health literacy specifically explained 12.5% of health behavior. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that strategies for improving health behaviors and reducing health inequalities may benefit from adopting a stronger focus on health literacy within prevention, patient education, and other public health interventions. Further longitudinal studies are needed to help confirm that improving health literacy in the elderly may be effective in changing health behaviors.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to understand and describe the every day life experience of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the recovery period after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) using a qualitative approach. METHODS Twelve patients with AMI participated in this study. Their age ranged from 42 to 75. The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and all interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using traditional qualitative content analysis. RESULTS Six sub-themes emerged from the data as follows: Getting to know about illness, getting motivated for health behavior, putting an effort into health behavioral change, having difficulties maintaining health behavior, setting up coping strategies for health behavior and having a need for a tailored education. The results of this study showed how the health behaviors of patients with AMI are related to their every day life experiences. CONCLUSION The results of this study could help health professionals to better understand patients with AMI and design effective educational interventions to improve their health behaviors.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer cervical cancer prevention education program on Korean female college students' knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and intention. METHODS A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a non-equivalent control group was used. The participants were 58 female college students in a metropolitan city in Korea. The sample consisted of an intervention group (n=28) that participated in a peer education program and a control group (n=30). Data were measured using self-administered questionnaires at two time points: prior to the intervention and after the intervention. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the experimental group reported significantly positive changes for knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and intent to practice cervical cancer prevention behaviors. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that a peer education program developed for Korean female college students was a useful and effective intervention strategy to promote cervical cancer prevention behaviors in Korean sociocultural contexts.
PURPOSE The study was designed to identify influencing and mediating factors of health behaviors of stroke patients based on the hypothetical model constructed in this study. METHODS Non-experimental correlational research design was used. One hundred and five stroke patients were conveniently selected from one university hospital located in Incheon. Data were collected with survey and analyzed by path analysis to examine the significant influencing and mediating factors of health behaviors in stroke patients. RESULTS Age, diagnosis, disability in ADL, knowledge related to health behavior, and self-efficacy had significant direct causal influences on health behavior. And it was shown that knowledge and self-efficacy mediated influence of cohabitation status with family (whether or not living together with family) on health behavior. Self-efficacy also mediated influence of knowledge on health behavior. CONCLUSION From the results, it was proposed that providing knowledge related to health behavior and enhancing self-efficacy by educating skill necessary for health behaviors and promoting health related beliefs might increase health behavior particularly for stroke patients living together with family.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the sexual behavior, health risk related to reproductive health, and characteristics of sexual experience among college students in Korea. METHODS Six thousands college students were selected through proportional quota sampling based on region, college, and gender. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to describe the data. RESULTS Thirty eight percent (N=2,285) of the participants reported sexual intercourse. The mean age of first time sexual intercourse was 19.3 years old. Respondents reported the following health risks such as smoking, drinking, not exercising, no regular meal patterns, chronic disease status, and weight loss over 10 kg in the past three months showed significant differences by sexual intercourse experience (p<.01). Among those who had sexual intercourse experiences, 7.1% of them reported having a history of STDs and 11.6% reported a pregnancy or pregnancy of one's partner. CONCLUSION The findings of this study reflect the current trends of sex behaviors among college students and correlations between health risks related to reproductive health and sexual intercourse experiences. Developing reproductive health education programs based on the findings and providing the programs to college students through a school nurse is suggested.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the level of disease related knowledge, compliance of health behavior, and educational needs in relation to time (at discharge and 6 months after discharge) among patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS Data were collected from January 1, 2006 to September 30, 2006 and a total of 60 patients participated in the study. The survey was conducted in patients underwent PCI at the time of discharge right after discharge education was provided and at a follow up visit which was 6 months after discharge. RESULTS The level of disease related knowledge (p<.001), the compliance of health behavior (p<.001), educational need (p=.496), the sub-item of sexual life (p<.001), follow up (p<.001), diet (p=.021), stress (p<.001) in compliance of health behavior, and the sub-item of specific character of disease in educational needs (p=.015) were significantly different between discharge and 6 months after discharge. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that further education should be provided to the patients underwent PCI regarding medication, smoking cessation, daily life and exercise at a time of 6 months after discharge in order to increase patient compliance of health behavior.
PURPOSE The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify predictors on health promoting behaviors of university students. METHODS The participants were 310 students by convenience sampling in G city. The data were collected through a questionnaire given to the students between September 10 to November 6, 2006. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The mean score for the level of health promoting behaviors and optimism was 2.60(+/-.31) and 2.70(+/-.55) respectively. The most frequently used coping skill was the pursuit of social support. There were positive correlations between health promoting behaviors and optimism, between health promoting behaviors and active coping skill, and between health promoting behaviors and passive coping skill. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, the most powerful predictor of health promoting behaviors was active coping skill. CONCLUSION The results suggest that coping skills with optimism can be considered when developing a health promotion program for university students.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the utilization of the Transtheoretical Model(TTM) for Korean nursing studies on health behaviors and identify the strategies for improvement of further studies. METHODS From a main and seven branch journals on the Korean Society of Nursing Science, a total of 26 studies, which had been conducted based upon the TTM, were selected. The selected studies were analyzed from the September of 2006 to the February of 2007 by the criteria; name of journal, year of publication, health behavior, population, sampling, sample size, research design, instrument (translation process, reliability and validity), and statistical analysis. RESULTS TTM on the Korean nursing studies was mainly applied for smoking cessation or exercise with elderly or middle aged women. The research findings could not be generalized with the limitation of the use of non representative samples. The most frequently used research design was a cross-sectional survey. Some studies had a lack of reliable and valid instruments, so that the internal validity of the study findings may be threatened. Statistically related problems increased type I error and decreased power. CONCLUSION Korean nursing studies based on TTM can be the beginning stage in quality and quantity.
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to compare the motivation for health behavior, health behaviors practices, and ADL of institutionalized elderly women with those of non-institutionalized elderly women. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in convenience samples of 144 aged women(80 institutionalized and 64 non-institutionalized) using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, chi-square-test, and ANCOVA were used for data analysis with SPSS program. RESULTS The institutionalized elderly reported significantly higher motivation than the non-institutionalized elderly. In subcategories of motivation, self-efficacy of the institutionalized elderly was significantly lower than that of the non-institutionalized elderly. The non-institutionalized elderly reported significantly lower perceived benefits and significantly higher perceived barriers than institutionalized elderly. The institutionalized elderly reported significantly lower health behaviors in exercise and nutrition than the non-institutionalized elderly. Among health behaviors of the non-institutionalized elderly women, stress management marked the lowest score. CONCLUSION To enhance motivation of institutionalized elderly women, interventions for building self-efficacy are needed. To promote the health behavior of the non-institutionalized elderly, stress management programs are needed. All elderly women need exercise.
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among gender, information-seeking styles, and high risk behavior in Korean adults. METHODS A survey utilizing a structured questionnaire was used to examine the relationships of the study variables. Eight hundred fifty six adults were recruited and this group consisted of 403 females and 453 males. Information seeking style and high risk behavior were measured by Miller Behavioral Style Scale revised by Zurren and Wolfs, and High Risk Behaviors checklist developed by Lee, respectively. RESULTS Differences between gender were significant in information-seeking styles and high risk behavior. Monitoring and blunting scores were both higher in female than male, and high risk behavior was higher in males than females. The blunting style was positively related to high-risk behavior and the monitoring style was negatively related to high risk behavior. CONCLUSION To intervene with high risk behavior effectively, individual differences such as gender and information seeking style should be considered. In addition, the research about well-designed health information support is needed in the future.
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