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Articles

Original Article

Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2015;27(4):428-437.
Published online: August 31, 2015

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Corresponding author: Park, Yeon-Hwan College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8803, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, E-mail: hanipyh@snu.ac.kr
• Received: May 22, 2015   • Accepted: August 15, 2015

Copyright © 2015 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The aim of this study was to describe health status and to identify the factors related to health behavior in older adults in South Korea.
  • Methods
    A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 186 older people (mean age =68.2yrs, 65.1% Female) registered at one senior center. Data were collected by self-report questionnaires or through face to face interview. The instruments were the Modified Health Behavior Assessment Scale, Stanford Research Instruments for Chronic Disease, Self-Efficacy, SOF Frailty Index and Quality of life questionnaire. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression.
  • Results
    58.6% older adults perceived their health status positively. Education level and economic status were significantly related to health behaviors of older adults. Self-rated health, sleep, stress, quality of life, health distress, depression, and frailty were significantly correlated with the health behaviors of older adults. Frailty, education level, and sleep disturbance were the significant factors predicting the health behaviors.
  • Conclusion
    The findings from this study suggest that nurses should take into consideration education level of older adults to promote their health behaviors and health promotion program which focuses on maintaining the quality of sleep and preventing frailty.
Table 1.
Compliance with Health Behavior by General Characteristics of Older Adults (N=186)
Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD t or F p Duncan
Gender Male 65 (34.9) 3.54±1.02 0.17 .685  
Female 121 (65.1) 3.24±1.02
Age (year) 60~64 38 (20.4) 3.58±0.89 1.95 .145  
65~74 127 (68.3) 3.24±1.04
≥75 21 (11.3) 3.52±0.25
M±SD   68.2±4.88
Educational level Illiteracy, Elementarya 26 (14.0) 2.96±1.18 2.87 .038 a<d
Middle schoolb 25 (13.4) 3.28±1.06
High schoolc 59 (31.7) 3.24±0.97
University or aboved 76 (40.9) 3.58±0.96
Marital status Married 146 (78.5) 3.39±1.01 0.40 .529  
Others 40 (21.5) 3.18±1.08
Family type Solitary 25 (13.4) 3.16±1.14 0.48 .621  
Spouse 91 (48.9) 3.38±1.08
Others 70 (37.6) 3.36±0.90
Religion Yes 161 (86.6) 3.39±1.03 0.38 .538  
No 25 (13.4) 3.08±1.00
Chronic disease Yes 183 (98.4) 3.35±1.01 2.55 .112  
No 3 (1.6) 3.13±1.46
M±SD   2.24±1.40
Perceived economic status Uppera 5 (2.7) 2.80±0.45 4.73 .010 c<b
Middleb 139 (74.7) 3.47±0.95
Lowerc 42 (22.6) 2.98±1.20

Separated, widowed, not married.

Table 2.
Health Status of Older Adults (N=186)
Variables n (%) or M±SD Range
Self-rated health 3.08±1.08 1~5
Excellent (1) 21 (11.3)
Very good (2) 30 (16.1)
Good (3) 58 (31.2)
Fair (4) 68 (36.6)
Poor (5) 9 (4.8)
Illness intrusiveness rating 30.39±17.81 13~87
Fatigue 4.35±2.47 0~10
Energy/fatigue 2.80±0.82 0.2~4.8
Pain 3.38±2.85 0~10
Shortness of breath 2.04±2.51 0~10
Sleep disturbance 3.37±2.78 0~10
Stress 3.45±2.64 0~10
Health distress 1.38±1.19 0~7
Depression 4.06±4.32 0~24
Normal 168 (90.3)
Major depression 16 (8.6)
Severe depression 2 (1.1)
Table 3.
Health Behavior, Frailty, Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life of Older Adults (N=186)
Variables Categories n (%) M±SD Range
Health behavior High group 84 (45.2) 4.26±0.44 4~5
Middle group 71 (38.2) 3.00±0.00 3
Low group 31 (16.7) 3.34±0.55 0~2
M±SD   3.34±1.02 0~5
Frailty index Robust 136 (73.1) 1.32±0.57 1~3
Pre-frail 40 (21.5)    
Frail 10 (5.4)    
Self-efficacy     7.31±2.34 1~10
Quality of life     6.36±2.05 1~10
Table 4.
Correlations among Variables in Health Behaviors (N=186)
Variables X1 Health status X12 X13 X14
X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11
  X1 1                          
X2 -.184* 1
X3 .004 .211** 1
X4 -.088 .484** .338** 1
P
e
X5 .092 -.166* -.149* -.198** 1
a
r
X6 -.064 .392** .265** .460** -.195** 1
s
o
X7 -.024 .267** .327** .278** -.109 .434** 1
n'
s
X8 -.237** .265** .212** .355** -.117 .224** .370** 1
r
h
X9 -.195** .398** .277** .411** -.172* .308** .277** .527** 1
o X10 -.216** .475** .361** .460** -.118 .453** .338** .375** .479** 1
  X11 -.239** .430** .393** .488** -.221** .435** .334** .469** .573** .632** 1
  X12 .157* -.280** -.146* -.214** .282** -.040 -.051 -.209** -.297** -.183* -.214** 1
  X13 .035 -.351** -.299** -.342** .373** -.316** -.291** -.325** -.413** -.350** -.380** .217** 1
  X14 -.313** .386** .340** .359** -.294** .354** .245** .267** .416** .415** .627** -.264** -.313** 1

X1=health behavior; X2=self-rated health; X3=illness intrusiveness rating; X4=fatigue; X5=energy/fatigue; X6=pain; X7=shortness of breath; X8=sleep disturbance; X9=stress; X10=health distress; X11=depression; X12=quality of life; X13=self-efficacy; X14=Frailty.

*p<.05,

**p<.01.

Table 5.
Influencing Factors in Health Behaviors of Older Adults
Variables B SE β t p
(Constant) 3.08 .25   12.12 .000
Frailty -0.39 .12 -.23 -3.23 .001
Education level 0.05 .02 .19 2.71 .007
Sleep disturbance -0.07 .03 -.18 -2.50 .013
    R2=.157, Adjusted R2 = .143, F=11.33, p<.001  
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      Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(3): 431.     CrossRef

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    Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(4):428-437.   Published online August 31, 2015
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    Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(4):428-437.   Published online August 31, 2015
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    Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center
    Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center

    Compliance with Health Behavior by General Characteristics of Older Adults (N=186)

    Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD t or F p Duncan
    Gender Male 65 (34.9) 3.54±1.02 0.17 .685  
    Female 121 (65.1) 3.24±1.02
    Age (year) 60~64 38 (20.4) 3.58±0.89 1.95 .145  
    65~74 127 (68.3) 3.24±1.04
    ≥75 21 (11.3) 3.52±0.25
    M±SD   68.2±4.88
    Educational level Illiteracy, Elementarya 26 (14.0) 2.96±1.18 2.87 .038 a<d
    Middle schoolb 25 (13.4) 3.28±1.06
    High schoolc 59 (31.7) 3.24±0.97
    University or aboved 76 (40.9) 3.58±0.96
    Marital status Married 146 (78.5) 3.39±1.01 0.40 .529  
    Others 40 (21.5) 3.18±1.08
    Family type Solitary 25 (13.4) 3.16±1.14 0.48 .621  
    Spouse 91 (48.9) 3.38±1.08
    Others 70 (37.6) 3.36±0.90
    Religion Yes 161 (86.6) 3.39±1.03 0.38 .538  
    No 25 (13.4) 3.08±1.00
    Chronic disease Yes 183 (98.4) 3.35±1.01 2.55 .112  
    No 3 (1.6) 3.13±1.46
    M±SD   2.24±1.40
    Perceived economic status Uppera 5 (2.7) 2.80±0.45 4.73 .010 c<b
    Middleb 139 (74.7) 3.47±0.95
    Lowerc 42 (22.6) 2.98±1.20

    Separated, widowed, not married.

    Health Status of Older Adults (N=186)

    Variables n (%) or M±SD Range
    Self-rated health 3.08±1.08 1~5
    Excellent (1) 21 (11.3)
    Very good (2) 30 (16.1)
    Good (3) 58 (31.2)
    Fair (4) 68 (36.6)
    Poor (5) 9 (4.8)
    Illness intrusiveness rating 30.39±17.81 13~87
    Fatigue 4.35±2.47 0~10
    Energy/fatigue 2.80±0.82 0.2~4.8
    Pain 3.38±2.85 0~10
    Shortness of breath 2.04±2.51 0~10
    Sleep disturbance 3.37±2.78 0~10
    Stress 3.45±2.64 0~10
    Health distress 1.38±1.19 0~7
    Depression 4.06±4.32 0~24
    Normal 168 (90.3)
    Major depression 16 (8.6)
    Severe depression 2 (1.1)

    Health Behavior, Frailty, Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life of Older Adults (N=186)

    Variables Categories n (%) M±SD Range
    Health behavior High group 84 (45.2) 4.26±0.44 4~5
    Middle group 71 (38.2) 3.00±0.00 3
    Low group 31 (16.7) 3.34±0.55 0~2
    M±SD   3.34±1.02 0~5
    Frailty index Robust 136 (73.1) 1.32±0.57 1~3
    Pre-frail 40 (21.5)    
    Frail 10 (5.4)    
    Self-efficacy     7.31±2.34 1~10
    Quality of life     6.36±2.05 1~10

    Correlations among Variables in Health Behaviors (N=186)

    Variables X1 Health status X12 X13 X14
    X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11
      X1 1                          
    X2 -.184* 1
    X3 .004 .211** 1
    X4 -.088 .484** .338** 1
    P
    e
    X5 .092 -.166* -.149* -.198** 1
    a
    r
    X6 -.064 .392** .265** .460** -.195** 1
    s
    o
    X7 -.024 .267** .327** .278** -.109 .434** 1
    n'
    s
    X8 -.237** .265** .212** .355** -.117 .224** .370** 1
    r
    h
    X9 -.195** .398** .277** .411** -.172* .308** .277** .527** 1
    o X10 -.216** .475** .361** .460** -.118 .453** .338** .375** .479** 1
      X11 -.239** .430** .393** .488** -.221** .435** .334** .469** .573** .632** 1
      X12 .157* -.280** -.146* -.214** .282** -.040 -.051 -.209** -.297** -.183* -.214** 1
      X13 .035 -.351** -.299** -.342** .373** -.316** -.291** -.325** -.413** -.350** -.380** .217** 1
      X14 -.313** .386** .340** .359** -.294** .354** .245** .267** .416** .415** .627** -.264** -.313** 1

    X1=health behavior; X2=self-rated health; X3=illness intrusiveness rating; X4=fatigue; X5=energy/fatigue; X6=pain; X7=shortness of breath; X8=sleep disturbance; X9=stress; X10=health distress; X11=depression; X12=quality of life; X13=self-efficacy; X14=Frailty.

    *p<.05,

    **p<.01.

    Influencing Factors in Health Behaviors of Older Adults

    Variables B SE β t p
    (Constant) 3.08 .25   12.12 .000
    Frailty -0.39 .12 -.23 -3.23 .001
    Education level 0.05 .02 .19 2.71 .007
    Sleep disturbance -0.07 .03 -.18 -2.50 .013
        R2=.157, Adjusted R2 = .143, F=11.33, p<.001  
    Table 1. Compliance with Health Behavior by General Characteristics of Older Adults (N=186)

    Separated, widowed, not married.

    Table 2. Health Status of Older Adults (N=186)

    Table 3. Health Behavior, Frailty, Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life of Older Adults (N=186)

    Table 4. Correlations among Variables in Health Behaviors (N=186)

    X1=health behavior; X2=self-rated health; X3=illness intrusiveness rating; X4=fatigue; X5=energy/fatigue; X6=pain; X7=shortness of breath; X8=sleep disturbance; X9=stress; X10=health distress; X11=depression; X12=quality of life; X13=self-efficacy; X14=Frailty.

    *p<.05,

    **p<.01.

    Table 5. Influencing Factors in Health Behaviors of Older Adults

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