Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center

Ji-Yeon Ha; Yeon-Hwan Park

doi:10.7475/kjan.2015.27.4.428

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Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center

Ji-Yeon Ha, Yeon-Hwan Park

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2015;27(4):428-437.
Published online: August 31, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.4.428

College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Park, Yeon-Hwan College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8803, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, E-mail: hanipyh@snu.ac.kr

• Received: May 22, 2015 • Accepted: August 15, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of this study was to describe health status and to identify the factors related to health behavior in older adults in South Korea.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 186 older people (mean age =68.2yrs, 65.1% Female) registered at one senior center. Data were collected by self-report questionnaires or through face to face interview. The instruments were the Modified Health Behavior Assessment Scale, Stanford Research Instruments for Chronic Disease, Self-Efficacy, SOF Frailty Index and Quality of life questionnaire. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression.
Results
58.6% older adults perceived their health status positively. Education level and economic status were significantly related to health behaviors of older adults. Self-rated health, sleep, stress, quality of life, health distress, depression, and frailty were significantly correlated with the health behaviors of older adults. Frailty, education level, and sleep disturbance were the significant factors predicting the health behaviors.
Conclusion
The findings from this study suggest that nurses should take into consideration education level of older adults to promote their health behaviors and health promotion program which focuses on maintaining the quality of sleep and preventing frailty.
Key Words: Health Behavior; Health Status; Senior Centers

Table 1.

Compliance with Health Behavior by General Characteristics of Older Adults (N=186)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	M±SD	t or F	p	Duncan
Gender	Male	65 (34.9)	3.54±1.02	0.17	.685
Gender	Female	121 (65.1)	3.24±1.02	0.17	.685
Age (year)	60~64	38 (20.4)	3.58±0.89	1.95	.145
	65~74	127 (68.3)	3.24±1.04
	≥75	21 (11.3)	3.52±0.25
	M±SD		68.2±4.88
Educational level	Illiteracy, Elementary^a	26 (14.0)	2.96±1.18	2.87	.038	a＜d
	Middle school^b	25 (13.4)	3.28±1.06
	High school^c	59 (31.7)	3.24±0.97
	University or above^d	76 (40.9)	3.58±0.96
Marital status	Married	146 (78.5)	3.39±1.01	0.40	.529
Marital status	Others^†	40 (21.5)	3.18±1.08	0.40	.529
Family type	Solitary	25 (13.4)	3.16±1.14	0.48	.621
	Spouse	91 (48.9)	3.38±1.08
	Others	70 (37.6)	3.36±0.90
Religion	Yes	161 (86.6)	3.39±1.03	0.38	.538
Religion	No	25 (13.4)	3.08±1.00	0.38	.538
Chronic disease	Yes	183 (98.4)	3.35±1.01	2.55	.112
	No	3 (1.6)	3.13±1.46
	M±SD		2.24±1.40
Perceived economic status	Uppera	5 (2.7)	2.80±0.45	4.73	.010	c＜b
	Middleb	139 (74.7)	3.47±0.95
	Lowerc	42 (22.6)	2.98±1.20

^†Separated, widowed, not married.

Table 2.

Health Status of Older Adults (N=186)

Variables	n (%) or M±SD	Range
Self-rated health	3.08±1.08	1~5
Excellent (1)	21 (11.3)
Very good (2)	30 (16.1)
Good (3)	58 (31.2)
Fair (4)	68 (36.6)
Poor (5)	9 (4.8)
Illness intrusiveness rating	30.39±17.81	13~87
Fatigue	4.35±2.47	0~10
Energy/fatigue	2.80±0.82	0.2~4.8
Pain	3.38±2.85	0~10
Shortness of breath	2.04±2.51	0~10
Sleep disturbance	3.37±2.78	0~10
Stress	3.45±2.64	0~10
Health distress	1.38±1.19	0~7
Depression	4.06±4.32	0~24
Normal	168 (90.3)
Major depression	16 (8.6)
Severe depression	2 (1.1)

Table 3.

Health Behavior, Frailty, Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life of Older Adults (N=186)

Variables	Categories	n (%)	M±SD	Range
Health behavior	High group	84 (45.2)	4.26±0.44	4~5
	Middle group	71 (38.2)	3.00±0.00	3
	Low group	31 (16.7)	3.34±0.55	0~2
	M±SD		3.34±1.02	0~5
Frailty index	Robust	136 (73.1)	1.32±0.57	1~3
	Pre-frail	40 (21.5)
	Frail	10 (5.4)
Self-efficacy			7.31±2.34	1~10
Quality of life			6.36±2.05	1~10

Table 4.

Correlations among Variables in Health Behaviors (N=186)

Variables		X1	Health status										X12	X13	X14
Variables		X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	X7	X8	X9	X10	X11	X12	X13	X14
	X1	1
	X2	-.184*	1
	X3	.004	.211**	1
	X4	-.088	.484**	.338**	1
P e	X5	.092	-.166*	-.149*	-.198**	1
a r	X6	-.064	.392**	.265**	.460**	-.195**	1
s o	X7	-.024	.267**	.327**	.278**	-.109	.434**	1
n' s	X8	-.237**	.265**	.212**	.355**	-.117	.224**	.370**	1
r h	X9	-.195**	.398**	.277**	.411**	-.172*	.308**	.277**	.527**	1
o	X10	-.216**	.475**	.361**	.460**	-.118	.453**	.338**	.375**	.479**	1
	X11	-.239**	.430**	.393**	.488**	-.221**	.435**	.334**	.469**	.573**	.632**	1
	X12	.157*	-.280**	-.146*	-.214**	.282**	-.040	-.051	-.209**	-.297**	-.183*	-.214**	1
	X13	.035	-.351**	-.299**	-.342**	.373**	-.316**	-.291**	-.325**	-.413**	-.350**	-.380**	.217**	1
	X14	-.313**	.386**	.340**	.359**	-.294**	.354**	.245**	.267**	.416**	.415**	.627**	-.264**	-.313**	1

X1=health behavior; X2=self-rated health; X3=illness intrusiveness rating; X4=fatigue; X5=energy/fatigue; X6=pain; X7=shortness of breath; X8=sleep disturbance; X9=stress; X10=health distress; X11=depression; X12=quality of life; X13=self-efficacy; X14=Frailty.

*p＜.05,

**p＜.01.

Table 5.

Influencing Factors in Health Behaviors of Older Adults

Variables	B	SE	β	t	p
(Constant)	3.08	.25		12.12	.000
Frailty	-0.39	.12	-.23	-3.23	.001
Education level	0.05	.02	.19	2.71	.007
Sleep disturbance	-0.07	.03	-.18	-2.50	.013
		R²=.157, Adjusted R² = .143, F=11.33, p＜.001

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Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(4):428-437. Published online August 31, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.4.428

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Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(4):428-437. Published online August 31, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.4.428

Health Status and Factors related to Health Behaviors of Older Adults Using a Senior Center

Table 1.

Compliance with Health Behavior by General Characteristics of Older Adults (N=186)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	M±SD	t or F	p	Duncan
Gender	Male	65 (34.9)	3.54±1.02	0.17	.685
Gender	Female	121 (65.1)	3.24±1.02	0.17	.685
Age (year)	60~64	38 (20.4)	3.58±0.89	1.95	.145
	65~74	127 (68.3)	3.24±1.04
	≥75	21 (11.3)	3.52±0.25
	M±SD		68.2±4.88
Educational level	Illiteracy, Elementary^a	26 (14.0)	2.96±1.18	2.87	.038	a＜d
	Middle school^b	25 (13.4)	3.28±1.06
	High school^c	59 (31.7)	3.24±0.97
	University or above^d	76 (40.9)	3.58±0.96
Marital status	Married	146 (78.5)	3.39±1.01	0.40	.529
Marital status	Others^†	40 (21.5)	3.18±1.08	0.40	.529
Family type	Solitary	25 (13.4)	3.16±1.14	0.48	.621
	Spouse	91 (48.9)	3.38±1.08
	Others	70 (37.6)	3.36±0.90
Religion	Yes	161 (86.6)	3.39±1.03	0.38	.538
Religion	No	25 (13.4)	3.08±1.00	0.38	.538
Chronic disease	Yes	183 (98.4)	3.35±1.01	2.55	.112
	No	3 (1.6)	3.13±1.46
	M±SD		2.24±1.40
Perceived economic status	Uppera	5 (2.7)	2.80±0.45	4.73	.010	c＜b
	Middleb	139 (74.7)	3.47±0.95
	Lowerc	42 (22.6)	2.98±1.20

^†Separated, widowed, not married.

Table 2.

Health Status of Older Adults (N=186)

Variables	n (%) or M±SD	Range
Self-rated health	3.08±1.08	1~5
Excellent (1)	21 (11.3)
Very good (2)	30 (16.1)
Good (3)	58 (31.2)
Fair (4)	68 (36.6)
Poor (5)	9 (4.8)
Illness intrusiveness rating	30.39±17.81	13~87
Fatigue	4.35±2.47	0~10
Energy/fatigue	2.80±0.82	0.2~4.8
Pain	3.38±2.85	0~10
Shortness of breath	2.04±2.51	0~10
Sleep disturbance	3.37±2.78	0~10
Stress	3.45±2.64	0~10
Health distress	1.38±1.19	0~7
Depression	4.06±4.32	0~24
Normal	168 (90.3)
Major depression	16 (8.6)
Severe depression	2 (1.1)

Table 3.

Health Behavior, Frailty, Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life of Older Adults (N=186)

Variables	Categories	n (%)	M±SD	Range
Health behavior	High group	84 (45.2)	4.26±0.44	4~5
	Middle group	71 (38.2)	3.00±0.00	3
	Low group	31 (16.7)	3.34±0.55	0~2
	M±SD		3.34±1.02	0~5
Frailty index	Robust	136 (73.1)	1.32±0.57	1~3
	Pre-frail	40 (21.5)
	Frail	10 (5.4)
Self-efficacy			7.31±2.34	1~10
Quality of life			6.36±2.05	1~10

Table 4.

Correlations among Variables in Health Behaviors (N=186)

Variables		X1	Health status										X12	X13	X14
Variables		X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	X7	X8	X9	X10	X11	X12	X13	X14
	X1	1
	X2	-.184*	1
	X3	.004	.211**	1
	X4	-.088	.484**	.338**	1
P e	X5	.092	-.166*	-.149*	-.198**	1
a r	X6	-.064	.392**	.265**	.460**	-.195**	1
s o	X7	-.024	.267**	.327**	.278**	-.109	.434**	1
n' s	X8	-.237**	.265**	.212**	.355**	-.117	.224**	.370**	1
r h	X9	-.195**	.398**	.277**	.411**	-.172*	.308**	.277**	.527**	1
o	X10	-.216**	.475**	.361**	.460**	-.118	.453**	.338**	.375**	.479**	1
	X11	-.239**	.430**	.393**	.488**	-.221**	.435**	.334**	.469**	.573**	.632**	1
	X12	.157*	-.280**	-.146*	-.214**	.282**	-.040	-.051	-.209**	-.297**	-.183*	-.214**	1
	X13	.035	-.351**	-.299**	-.342**	.373**	-.316**	-.291**	-.325**	-.413**	-.350**	-.380**	.217**	1
	X14	-.313**	.386**	.340**	.359**	-.294**	.354**	.245**	.267**	.416**	.415**	.627**	-.264**	-.313**	1

*p＜.05,

**p＜.01.

Table 5.

Influencing Factors in Health Behaviors of Older Adults

Variables	B	SE	β	t	p
(Constant)	3.08	.25		12.12	.000
Frailty	-0.39	.12	-.23	-3.23	.001
Education level	0.05	.02	.19	2.71	.007
Sleep disturbance	-0.07	.03	-.18	-2.50	.013
		R²=.157, Adjusted R² = .143, F=11.33, p＜.001

Table 1. Compliance with Health Behavior by General Characteristics of Older Adults (N=186)

†

Separated, widowed, not married.

Table 2. Health Status of Older Adults (N=186)

Table 3. Health Behavior, Frailty, Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life of Older Adults (N=186)

Table 4. Correlations among Variables in Health Behaviors (N=186)

*p＜.05,

**p＜.01.

Table 5. Influencing Factors in Health Behaviors of Older Adults

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