Purpose This study involved a meta-synthesis of qualitative research concerning the experiences of women with infertility and infertility treatments. Based on an analysis of emotional changes and adaptation processes, it aimed to propose an interaction model encompassing expectation, loss, and resilience and clarify the conceptual meaning of each component.
Methods Thomas and Harden’s five-step qualitative meta-synthesis methodology was employed. A total of 22 studies published between 2014 and 2024 were comprehensively analyzed and synthesized. The findings were integrated into a model representing the experiences of women undergoing infertility and infertility treatments.
Results The meta-synthesis identified six key themes: changes in identity and inner growth; strengthening resilience through the roles of spouses, family, and peers; strategies for recovery and growth; support systems amidst economic and social burdens; life in the tension of waiting and hope; and the reconfiguration of couple and family relationships. Based on these themes, a dynamic interaction model, named the Model of Psychological Changes and Resilience (PCR Model), was developed to illustrate the interrelationships among expectation, loss, and resilience. The conceptual implications of these relationships were also explicated.
Conclusion The cyclical interplay between expectation and loss among women experiencing infertility is intensified by social ideologies and cultural contexts, while resilience is strengthened through overcoming distress and finding meaning in life. Further quantitative research is necessary to validate these relationships in clinical settings by obtaining empirical data that apply this model.
Purpose This study aimed to clarify the relationship between andropause syndrome and health-related quality of life, as well as the mediation effect of family bond among middle-aged males in South Korea.
Methods A total of 135 middle-aged males who live in B, K, and U City participated in the study, conducted from March 10 to May 31, 2021. Participants were invited to complete self-reported questionnaires measuring andropause syndrome, health-related Quality of Life (QoL), family bond, and demographic information. The data obtained were analyzed using multiple regression and a simple mediation model applying the PROCESS macro with 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval (5,000 bootstrap resampling).
Results The QoL of middle-aged males in South Korea showed a significant negative correlation with andropause syndrome (r=-.32, p<.001), and a significant positive correlation with family bond (r=.59, p<.001). Futher, family bond had a mediating effect between andropause syndrome and QoL (indirect effect=-4.07, 95% Boot confidence interval=-6.53~-1.97).
Conclusion Based on the results of this study, in order to improve the QoL of middle-aged males in South Korea, it is necessary to provide programs that can improve family bond along with physical and mental intervention programs to effectively alleviate andropause syndrome.
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Purpose This study aimed to confirm the relationship between supportive care needs and resilience of female genital cancer patients, and to investigate the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between supportive care needs and quality of life. Methods This study was conducted with 105 outpatients and inpatients who were receiving treatment for female genital cancer at K University Hospital in B City. Data were collected from July 22, 2021 to August 17, 2021 and analyzed by using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. The correlation between the patients’ supportive care needs, resilience, and quality of life was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficients, and SPSS Process Macro was used for the significance of parameter indirect effects. Results The quality of life of female genital cancer patients showed a significant negative correlation with supportive care needs (r=-.68, p<.001), and a significant positive correlation with resilience (r=.53, p<.001). Moreover, resilience partially mediated the relationship between supportive care needs and quality of life (95% CI -0.009~-0.032). Conclusion Based on the results of this study, improving the resilience of female genital cancer patients may act as an additional coping strategy to reduce supportive care needs and establish an enhanced quality of life.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to categorize and to understand the structure of subjectivity in the gender role identity of older female adults. The perception of gender role identity is subjective and varies according to the uniqueness of individual experiences and the value of social culture. METHODS Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions was used. In 2010, forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. RESULTS Using the Q factor analysis, three classifications were identified: 'caring-affectionate type,', 'assertive-confident type,' and 'sensitive-affectionate type.' Despite the differences among the three types in this research, elderly females are likely to have the understanding and patience to comfort others and care for the children. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed new dimensional types of gender role identity and raise the issue of why we need to develop methods for the new dimensional types. Based on the results, further research is needed to compare the findings with those of older males or with women of different age groups.
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PURPOSE This study examined relationships among stress, stress coping strategies, and somatization in mothers-in-law from multi-cultural families in a rural area. METHODS Elderly mothers-in-law (n=227) living with foreign daughters-in-law completed a self-reporting questionnaire. Data were collected from April to August 2009. Questions related to stress (Visual Analog Scale, VAS), coping strategies (Coping Strategy Scale) for stress, and somatization (Symptom Check List 90, Revised). SPSS/WIN 12.0 program was used for descriptive analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Subjects had a moderate level of stress (5.03). There were significant differences in stress level according to age, educational level, religion, chronic disease, health status, number of children, agreement of an international marriage of her sons, satisfaction in living with a foreign daughter-in-law, and family conflict. Stress showed a significant positive correlation with offensive coping strategy, passive strategy, and somatization. Stress, offensive coping strategy, and passive coping strategy affected the level of somatization. CONCLUSION In a family situation involving co-habitation of mother- and foreign daughter-in-law, increased stress experienced by the mother-in-law can lead to increased offensive and passive coping strategies, and increased somatization. More effective means of stress reduction are needed for mothers-in-law from multi-cultural families.
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the difference of sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of college students who fulfilled military service and those who did not, for providing basic data for developing nursing interventions for the college students. METHODS This study used a descriptive research design. The subjects of this study were 3,741 male college students. Data were collected through personal interviews using questionnaires from November to December 2007. The sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior measurement tool was used. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and chi-square test. RESULTS The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) There was a statistically significant difference in sexual knowledge of contraception / abortion(p = .002, t = 3.16), venereal disease(p = .006, t = .2.73), sexual attitude of sexual behavior(p = .002; t = 3.13) and sexual double think(p = .047, t = 1.98) according to military service 2) There was a statistically significant difference in sexual behavior experience frequency of 9 items(friendship with opposite sex, kiss / embracing, petting, porno magazine / porno video contact, masturbation, sexual intercourse via anus, sexual intercourse via mouth, cause pregnancy, cause abortion: p < .000, chi-sqare = 39.47; p < .000, chi-sqare = 55.88; p < .000, chi-sqare = 46.76; p = .034, chi-sqare = 6.77; p = .017, chi-sqare = 12.05; p = .003, chi-sqare = 14.24; p < .000, chi-sqare = 47.70; p < .000, chi-sqare = 23.86; p < .000, chi-sqare = 21.84) respectively according to military service. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that sexual knowledge, attitudes and behavior differ before and after the experience of military service, so further study for detecting military sex culture character effecting difference in sex knowledge, attitudes and behavior is needed.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine lifestyle, BMI, BP, and lipids profiles in male subjects and to explore the relationships among variables. METHODS A total of 148 male subjects were recruited from one life insurance company from December 1, 2005 to February 28, 2006. Data collection methods were structured questionnaire, anthropometry and serum analysis. The relationships among lifestyle, BMI, BP, and serum lipid profiles were assessed by descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and partial Pearson's correlation coefficient of variables after controlling for age, educational level, and economic status. RESULTS The mean BMI of the participants was relatively high as 25.38(range: 18.38 - 32.83). The differences of serum lipid profiles according to age, educational level, and economic status were significant. 'Use of caffeine and drugs'(r = -.187, p < .05) and 'consciousness of safety'( r= -.200, p < .05) was negatively related to BMI. Higher score of 'type of personality' domain was correlated with lower systolic BP(r = -.221, p < .01) and lower diastolic BP(r = -.195, p < .05) and was positively correlated with HDL(r = .191, p < .05). CONCLUSION 'Use of caffeine and drugs', 'consciousness of safety' and 'type of personality' of lifestyle as well as 'dietary habit' and 'exercise' played a key role in circulatory disease.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. METHOD: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. RESULTS: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. CONCLUSION: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.
PURPOSE the purposes of this study were: to contribute to maintaining and promoting health for female college students by identifying their body weight control behaviors and the Affecting factors; and, to serve as a basis for the development of weight control programs to orient their weight management to a desirable direction specifically for those who have low or normal body weight but still practice body weight control in a way that is neither useful nor desirable. METHOD: The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC 10.0 statistical program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the Stepwise multiple regression. RESULT: The main predictive factors affecting body weight control was 'between - meal snack', 'family support', 'satisfaction with their diet', 'possession of secret method for weight loss', 'body image', 'satisfaction with university life', and 'interest in weight control'. CONCLUSION: It may be necessary to develope educational programs on weight control for female collegians in consideration of affecting body weight control behavior.
PURPOSE The purpose of this Study was to identify the factors that affect the caregiving burdens felt by the female family caregivers and quality of caregiving. METHOD: The subjects were 247 female family caregivers who were living with the elderly and were residing in Seoul. Data was collected from June 30, 2000 to Agust 11 by using questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchial multiple regression with SAS/PC. RESULT: Situational factors had the greatest influence on the caregiving burdens. While the interactive factors of discrepancy between past and present image of elder and the caregiving belief were proven to be significant, the former had greater influence. The factors affecting the quality of caregiving, this is greatly influenced by situational factors and interactive factors. The discrepancy between past and present image of elder had relatively little influence while caregiving belief had the greatest influence. Among the situational factors, family stress had the greatest influence, while the caregiving burdens had little influence on the quality of caregiving. CONCLUSION: In order to improve the quality of caregiving in elderly by the female caregiver in the family, and to reduce the caregiving burdens, it is important to consider variables related to interaction as well as those directly concerned with caregiver and the elderly for nursing intervention.
PURPOSE The Purposes of this study were to examine the effects of Koryo-Sooji-Chim (30minutes * 2times/week * 2weeks) on menstrual pain and menstrual symptoms of female university students with dysmenorrhea. METHOD: The subjects were 22 female students with dysmenorrhea, 12 experimental group, 10 control group, studying at K university in Chungnam province. The data were collected through questionnaires from September 1st to November 30th 2003 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, X2-test, Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULT: 1. The menstrual pain scores were significantly different between the two groups(U=16.0, p=.001). 2. The menstrual symptom scores were significantly different between the two groups(U=28.5, p=.038). CONCLUSION: These findings showed that Koryo-Sooji-Chim was effective related to menstrual pain and menstrual symptoms of female university students with dysmenorrhea. Koryo-Sooji-Chim during dysmenorrhea could be applied as an effective nursing intervention.
PURPOSE This study was designed to analyze the correlation on body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy of Female Students in College. METHOD The research population included convenience sample of 696 subjects composed of Female Students in College. Data collection was done from July, 2002 to October, 2002 using a written inquiry. The data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULT The results of this study were as follows: 1. The relationship among body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy were found to have statistically significant positive correlations. 2. The difference of body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy according to the characteristics in subjects were found to have statistically significancy of grade, age, personality and degree of adaptation. The difference of body image according to the monthly income of the family was found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION There is a significant correlation between grade, age, personality, and monthly income. Further study needs to be done to validate this study and develop degrees of adaptation to improve body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy.
The purpose of the study was to investigate social support, depression, drinking and smoking in college and working females. The convenience sample consisted of 169 college females and 133 working females. Data were collected from March to May, 2000. Social support was measured by the 6-item Social Support Questionnaire which assesses the size of the emotional social support network and satisfaction with social support. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was utilized to measure the level of depression symptoms. The average number of drinks and cigarettes smoked per week during the previous month was assessed. Results indicated that college students had more social support than working females. However, there were no significant differences in satisfaction with their support, depression, drinking and smoking between two groups. College females who smoked cigarettes were more depressed and had less social support than those who did not smoke. Also college females who drank alcohol were more depressed than those who did not drink during the previous month. However, the level of social support and depression were not associated with drinking and smoking among working females. Based on the results, it is suggested the application of various interventions to deal with drinking and smoking behavior among college and working females.
The purpose of the study was to investigate Body Mass Index (BMI), the perception of weight problem and the level of self-esteem and depression in high school and college females. The convenience sample consisted of 303 high school females and 481 college females. Data were collected between November 1999 and December 1999. Subjects ranged in age from 15 years and 26 years. BMI was calculated based on the subject's self-reported body weight and height. Self-perception of having a weight problem was evaluated by a single item question. The Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were utilized to measure the level of self-esteem and depression symptoms. BMI mean scores were 19.92 and 19.83 in high school females and college females, respectively. Based on BMI, 79.2 percent of high school females and 85.2 percent of college females were in a normal weight range. Only 2.6 percent of high school females and 1.5 percent college females were obese. Both high school and college females perceived their body weight problem as moderately severe. The mean scores of depression were 20.33 in high school females and 21.69 in college females. Sixty percent of high school females were depressed and 73.4 percent of college students. There was no significant difference between two groups in BMI. However, high school females perceived their weight problem more severe than college females. College females had higher levels of self-esteem and depression than high school females. BMI and perceptions of weight problem revealed a positive relationship in both groups. Results of the study revealed that a perception of weight problem contributed significantly to predict the level of self-esteem and depression in both groups. BMI score had significant effect on only college females' self-esteem. In the study, even though the mean score of BMI was in a normal range, subjects perceived their weight problems as moderatley severe. Since the perception of a weight problem influenced the level of self-esteem and depression, health care providers need to teach them about the normal weight range in BMI criteria.
This study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms in the female students in a longitudinal design. The subjects who participated in this study were 97 female nursing students (in the analysis of data after 1 year). The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, stress (43 items), hardiness(25 items), and physical symptoms(35 items). Analysis of data was done by use of mean and hierarchical multiple regression with the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1) Main effects of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms was found. 2) The stress buffering effects of hardiness were not found.