The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Doonam Oh; Chul-Gyu Kim

doi:10.7475/kjan.2015.27.5.583

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The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Doonam Oh¹, Chul-Gyu Kim²

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2015;27(5):583-593.
Published online: October 31, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.5.583

¹Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, Asan

²Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Chul-Gyu Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea. Tel: +82-43-249-1860, Fax: +82-43-266-1710, E-mail: cgkim@cbnu.ac.kr

• Received: August 18, 2015 • Accepted: October 13, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study was conducted to identify factors influencing depression in the elderly male in Korea.
Methods
The initial data were collected from the 5^th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES-Ⅴ). The data of 1,210 adults with the age over 65 years were finally analysed using t or x² test, stepwise multiple logistic regression. Research variables utilized in this study were 29 factors including demographic and health-related characteristics, physical and economic activities, and life habits.
Results
Seven factors were found to be associated with depression in the elderly male including stress level, uncontrolled drinking experience, physical discomfort days in recent two weeks, the level of activities in daily life, diabetes mellitus, economic activity status, and sleeping hours.
Conclusion
These results can be used in developing appropriate depression prevention program considering the characteristics of the elderly male.
Key Words: Elderly; Male; Depression

Table 1.

The General Characteristics and Health-related Characteristics according to Depression of the Subjects (N=1,210)

Variables		Categories	Total (n=1,210)	Without depression (n=1,083)	With depression (n=127)	x² or t	p
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	p
Demographic characteristics	Age(years)	65~74	848 (70.1)	760 (70.2)	88 (69.3)	1.45	.485
		75~84	333 (27.5)	299 (27.6)	34 (26.8)
		≥85	29 (2.4)	24 (2.2)	5 (3.9)
			72.2±5.2	72.2±5.1	72.6±5.6	-0.92	.358
	Education	≤Elementary school	568 (46.9)	505 (46.6)	63 (49.6)	8.08	.044
		Middle school	201 (16.6)	172 (15.9)	29 (22.8)
		High school	280 (23.2)	254 (23.5)	26 (20.5)
		≥College degree	161 (13.3)	152 (14.0)	9 (7.1)
	Marital status	Married	1,101 (91.0)	993 (91.7)	108 (85.1)	6.42	.040
		Bereaved	79 (6.5)	66 (6.1)	13 (10.2)
		Others	30 (2.5)	24 (2.2)	6 (4.7)
	Living	Alone	85 (7.0)	71 (6.6)	14 (11.0)	5.65	.059
		With spouse	710 (58.7)	646 (59.6)	64 (50.4)
		With family	415 (34.3)	366 (33.8)	49 (38.6)
Physical health characteristics	Chronic diseases and numbers	Yes	790 (65.3)	701 (64.7)	89 (70.1)	1.44	.230
		No	420 (34.7)	382 (35.3)	38 (29.9)
			1.1±1.0	1.1±1.0	1.2±1.0	-1.04	.300
	Type of chronic diseases	Hypertension	541 (44.7)	484 (44.7)	57 (44.9)	0.01	.967
		Diabetes mellitus	220 (18.2)	189 (17.5)	31 (24.4)	3.69	.054
		Arthritis	164 (13.6)	150 (13.9)	14 (11.0)	0.77	.378
		MI or angina	88 (7.3)	75 (6.9)	13 (10.2)	1.84	.174
	Perceived health status		3.1±1.0	3.1±1.0	2.7±1.0	4.51	＜.001
	Physical discomfort in recent two weeks	Yes	360 (29.8)	301 (27.8)	59 (46.5)	18.94	＜.001
		No	850 (70.2)	782 (72.2)	68 (53.5)
		Duration of	3.2±5.5	2.9±5.3	5.7±6.6	-4.54	＜.001
		discomfort (days)
Mental health characteristics	Sleeping hours/day		6.7±1.6	6.7±1.5	6.2±2.0	2.96	.003
Mental health characteristics	Stress level		1.8±0.7	1.7±0.6	2.5±0.8	-10.62	＜.001

Table 2.

Physical Activities and Economic Activities according to Depression (N=1,210)

Variables		Categories	Total (n=1,210)	Without depression (n=1,083)	With depression (n=127)	x² or t	p
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	p
Physical activity	Practice of vigorous physical activity	Yes	1,080 (89.3)	115 (10.6)	15 (11.8)	0.16	.681
	Practice of vigorous physical activity	No	130 (10.7)	968 (89.4)	112 (88.2)
	Practice of moderate physical activity	Yes	1,094 (90.4)	101 (9.3)	15 (11.8)	0.81	.368
	Practice of moderate physical activity	No	116 (9.6)	982 (90.7)	112 (88.2)
	Practice of walking	Yes	634 (52.4)	524 (48.4)	52 (40.9)	2.52	.112
	Practice of walking	No	576 (47.6)	559 (51.6)	75 (59.1)
	IPAQ* scoring	Low	777 (64.2)	694 (64.1)	83 (65.4)	2.74	.253
		Moderate	168 (12.9)	156 (14.4)	12 (9.4)
		High	265 (21.9)	233 (21.5)	32 (25.2)
	IPAQ score (Met)		4,562.3±12,618.0	4,578.0±12,490.9	4,428.3±13,706.6	0.13	.899
	Duration of muscle exercise (days/week)	0	869 (71.8)	778 (71.8)	91 (71.7)	4.46	.107
		1~2 days	100 (8.3)	84 (7.8)	16 (12.6)
		≥3 days	241 (19.9)	221 (20.4)	20 (15.7)
	Duration of flexibility exercise (days/week)	0	650 (53.7)	577 (53.3)	73 (57.5)	7.87	.019
		1~2 days	116 (9.6)	97 (8.9)	19 (15.0)
		≥3 days	444 (36.7)	409 (37.8)	35 (27.5)
	Level of activity daily life	Stable state	159 (13.1)	131 (12.1)	28 (22.1)	10.63	.030
		Light activity	437 (36.1)	392 (36.2)	45 (35.4)
		Typical activity	511 (42.2)	465 (42.9)	46 (36.2)
		Intense activity	92 (7.6)	85 (7.9)	7 (5.5)
		Very intense activity	11 (0.9)	10 (0.9)	1 (0.8)
Economic activity	Status of economic activity	Yes	533 (44.1)	488 (45.1)	45 (35.4)	4.27	.038
	Status of economic activity	No	677 (55.9)	595 (54.9)	82 (64.6)
	Working hours (hours/week)		19.5±25.4	19.7±25.4	17.9±25.8	0.75	.455
	Occupation	Management, desk	83 (6.9)	74 (6.8)	9 (7.1)	7.94	.047
		work, service job
		Agriculture, fishery,	326 (26.9)	305 (28.2)	21 (16.5)
		and technical service
		Manual labor	124 (10.3)	109 (10.1)	15 (11.8)
		Inoccupation	677 (55.9)	595 (54.9)	82 (64.6)
	Average monthly household income (10,000 won)		210.7±386.9	215.5±404.6	170.9±170.9	2.29	.022
	Average monthly household income (10,000 won)

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

Table 3.

Life Habit according to Depression (N=1,210)

Variables		Categories	Total (n=1,210)	Without depression (n=1,083)	With depression (n=127)	x² or t	p
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	p
Drinking	Frequency	None	402 (33.2)	362 (33.4)	40 (31.5)	2.97	.562
		≤1 time/month	203 (16.8)	175 (16.2)	28 (22.0)
		2~4 times/month	177 (14.6)	161 (14.9)	16 (12.6)
		2~3 times/week	191 (15.8)	172 (15.9)	19 (15.0)
		≥4 times/week	237 (19.6)	213 (19.7)	24 (18.9)
	Amount of one time (glass or cup)	0	399 (33.0)	359 (33.2)	40 (31.5)	0.27	.872
		1~6	691 (57.1)	618 (57.1)	73 (57.5)
		≥7	120 (9.9)	106 (9.7)	14 (11.0)
	The high-risk drinking frequency	None	736 (60.8)	657 (60.7)	79 (62.2)	0.62	.889
		≤1 time/month	267 (22.1)	241 (22.2)	26 (20.5)
		1 time/week	126 (10.4)	114 (10.5)	12 (9.4)
		Everyday	81 (6.7)	71 (6.6)	10 (7.9)
	Uncontrolled drinking experience	Yes	210 (17.4)	175 (16.2)	35 (27.6)	10.30	.001
	Uncontrolled drinking experience
	Life disturbance by drinking	Yes	92 (7.6)	76 (7.0)	16 (12.6)	5.04	.024
	Life disturbance by drinking
Smoking	Smoking	Yes	303 (25.0)	269 (24.8)	34 (26.8)	0.22	.634
Smoking	Amount (pieces)		3.5±7.3	3.4±7.3	3.8±7.6	-0.50	.619

Table 4.

The Factors Influencing Depression in the Elderly Male (N=1,210)

Variables	OR	95% CI	p
Stress level	4.238	3.185~5.719	＜.001
Uncontrolled drinking experience	2.294	1.414~3.677	＜.001
Physical discomfort days in recent two weeks	1.050	1.016~1.084	.003
Level of activity daily life	0.732	0.565~0.946	.017
Diabetes mellitus	1.654	1.005~2.671	.042
Economic activity status	1.574	1.009~2.484	.047
Sleeping hours	0.884	0.780~0.999	.049

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

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The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(5):583-593. Published online October 31, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.5.583

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The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(5):583-593. Published online October 31, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.5.583

The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 1.

The General Characteristics and Health-related Characteristics according to Depression of the Subjects (N=1,210)

Variables		Categories	Total (n=1,210)	Without depression (n=1,083)	With depression (n=127)	x² or t	p
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	p
Demographic characteristics	Age(years)	65~74	848 (70.1)	760 (70.2)	88 (69.3)	1.45	.485
		75~84	333 (27.5)	299 (27.6)	34 (26.8)
		≥85	29 (2.4)	24 (2.2)	5 (3.9)
			72.2±5.2	72.2±5.1	72.6±5.6	-0.92	.358
	Education	≤Elementary school	568 (46.9)	505 (46.6)	63 (49.6)	8.08	.044
		Middle school	201 (16.6)	172 (15.9)	29 (22.8)
		High school	280 (23.2)	254 (23.5)	26 (20.5)
		≥College degree	161 (13.3)	152 (14.0)	9 (7.1)
	Marital status	Married	1,101 (91.0)	993 (91.7)	108 (85.1)	6.42	.040
		Bereaved	79 (6.5)	66 (6.1)	13 (10.2)
		Others	30 (2.5)	24 (2.2)	6 (4.7)
	Living	Alone	85 (7.0)	71 (6.6)	14 (11.0)	5.65	.059
		With spouse	710 (58.7)	646 (59.6)	64 (50.4)
		With family	415 (34.3)	366 (33.8)	49 (38.6)
Physical health characteristics	Chronic diseases and numbers	Yes	790 (65.3)	701 (64.7)	89 (70.1)	1.44	.230
		No	420 (34.7)	382 (35.3)	38 (29.9)
			1.1±1.0	1.1±1.0	1.2±1.0	-1.04	.300
	Type of chronic diseases	Hypertension	541 (44.7)	484 (44.7)	57 (44.9)	0.01	.967
		Diabetes mellitus	220 (18.2)	189 (17.5)	31 (24.4)	3.69	.054
		Arthritis	164 (13.6)	150 (13.9)	14 (11.0)	0.77	.378
		MI or angina	88 (7.3)	75 (6.9)	13 (10.2)	1.84	.174
	Perceived health status		3.1±1.0	3.1±1.0	2.7±1.0	4.51	＜.001
	Physical discomfort in recent two weeks	Yes	360 (29.8)	301 (27.8)	59 (46.5)	18.94	＜.001
		No	850 (70.2)	782 (72.2)	68 (53.5)
		Duration of	3.2±5.5	2.9±5.3	5.7±6.6	-4.54	＜.001
		discomfort (days)
Mental health characteristics	Sleeping hours/day		6.7±1.6	6.7±1.5	6.2±2.0	2.96	.003
Mental health characteristics	Stress level		1.8±0.7	1.7±0.6	2.5±0.8	-10.62	＜.001

Table 2.

Physical Activities and Economic Activities according to Depression (N=1,210)

Variables		Categories	Total (n=1,210)	Without depression (n=1,083)	With depression (n=127)	x² or t	p
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	p
Physical activity	Practice of vigorous physical activity	Yes	1,080 (89.3)	115 (10.6)	15 (11.8)	0.16	.681
	Practice of vigorous physical activity	No	130 (10.7)	968 (89.4)	112 (88.2)
	Practice of moderate physical activity	Yes	1,094 (90.4)	101 (9.3)	15 (11.8)	0.81	.368
	Practice of moderate physical activity	No	116 (9.6)	982 (90.7)	112 (88.2)
	Practice of walking	Yes	634 (52.4)	524 (48.4)	52 (40.9)	2.52	.112
	Practice of walking	No	576 (47.6)	559 (51.6)	75 (59.1)
	IPAQ* scoring	Low	777 (64.2)	694 (64.1)	83 (65.4)	2.74	.253
		Moderate	168 (12.9)	156 (14.4)	12 (9.4)
		High	265 (21.9)	233 (21.5)	32 (25.2)
	IPAQ score (Met)		4,562.3±12,618.0	4,578.0±12,490.9	4,428.3±13,706.6	0.13	.899
	Duration of muscle exercise (days/week)	0	869 (71.8)	778 (71.8)	91 (71.7)	4.46	.107
		1~2 days	100 (8.3)	84 (7.8)	16 (12.6)
		≥3 days	241 (19.9)	221 (20.4)	20 (15.7)
	Duration of flexibility exercise (days/week)	0	650 (53.7)	577 (53.3)	73 (57.5)	7.87	.019
		1~2 days	116 (9.6)	97 (8.9)	19 (15.0)
		≥3 days	444 (36.7)	409 (37.8)	35 (27.5)
	Level of activity daily life	Stable state	159 (13.1)	131 (12.1)	28 (22.1)	10.63	.030
		Light activity	437 (36.1)	392 (36.2)	45 (35.4)
		Typical activity	511 (42.2)	465 (42.9)	46 (36.2)
		Intense activity	92 (7.6)	85 (7.9)	7 (5.5)
		Very intense activity	11 (0.9)	10 (0.9)	1 (0.8)
Economic activity	Status of economic activity	Yes	533 (44.1)	488 (45.1)	45 (35.4)	4.27	.038
	Status of economic activity	No	677 (55.9)	595 (54.9)	82 (64.6)
	Working hours (hours/week)		19.5±25.4	19.7±25.4	17.9±25.8	0.75	.455
	Occupation	Management, desk	83 (6.9)	74 (6.8)	9 (7.1)	7.94	.047
		work, service job
		Agriculture, fishery,	326 (26.9)	305 (28.2)	21 (16.5)
		and technical service
		Manual labor	124 (10.3)	109 (10.1)	15 (11.8)
		Inoccupation	677 (55.9)	595 (54.9)	82 (64.6)
	Average monthly household income (10,000 won)		210.7±386.9	215.5±404.6	170.9±170.9	2.29	.022
	Average monthly household income (10,000 won)

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

Table 3.

Life Habit according to Depression (N=1,210)

Variables		Categories	Total (n=1,210)	Without depression (n=1,083)	With depression (n=127)	x² or t	p
Variables		Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	p
Drinking	Frequency	None	402 (33.2)	362 (33.4)	40 (31.5)	2.97	.562
		≤1 time/month	203 (16.8)	175 (16.2)	28 (22.0)
		2~4 times/month	177 (14.6)	161 (14.9)	16 (12.6)
		2~3 times/week	191 (15.8)	172 (15.9)	19 (15.0)
		≥4 times/week	237 (19.6)	213 (19.7)	24 (18.9)
	Amount of one time (glass or cup)	0	399 (33.0)	359 (33.2)	40 (31.5)	0.27	.872
		1~6	691 (57.1)	618 (57.1)	73 (57.5)
		≥7	120 (9.9)	106 (9.7)	14 (11.0)
	The high-risk drinking frequency	None	736 (60.8)	657 (60.7)	79 (62.2)	0.62	.889
		≤1 time/month	267 (22.1)	241 (22.2)	26 (20.5)
		1 time/week	126 (10.4)	114 (10.5)	12 (9.4)
		Everyday	81 (6.7)	71 (6.6)	10 (7.9)
	Uncontrolled drinking experience	Yes	210 (17.4)	175 (16.2)	35 (27.6)	10.30	.001
	Uncontrolled drinking experience
	Life disturbance by drinking	Yes	92 (7.6)	76 (7.0)	16 (12.6)	5.04	.024
	Life disturbance by drinking
Smoking	Smoking	Yes	303 (25.0)	269 (24.8)	34 (26.8)	0.22	.634
Smoking	Amount (pieces)		3.5±7.3	3.4±7.3	3.8±7.6	-0.50	.619

Table 4.

The Factors Influencing Depression in the Elderly Male (N=1,210)

Variables	OR	95% CI	p
Stress level	4.238	3.185~5.719	＜.001
Uncontrolled drinking experience	2.294	1.414~3.677	＜.001
Physical discomfort days in recent two weeks	1.050	1.016~1.084	.003
Level of activity daily life	0.732	0.565~0.946	.017
Diabetes mellitus	1.654	1.005~2.671	.042
Economic activity status	1.574	1.009~2.484	.047
Sleeping hours	0.884	0.780~0.999	.049

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

Table 1. The General Characteristics and Health-related Characteristics according to Depression of the Subjects (N=1,210)

Table 2. Physical Activities and Economic Activities according to Depression (N=1,210)

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

Table 3. Life Habit according to Depression (N=1,210)

Table 4. The Factors Influencing Depression in the Elderly Male (N=1,210)

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

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The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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