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Original Article

The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Doonam Oh1, Chul-Gyu Kim2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2015;27(5):583-593.
Published online: October 31, 2015

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Corresponding author: Kim, Chul-Gyu Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea. Tel: +82-43-249-1860, Fax: +82-43-266-1710, E-mail: cgkim@cbnu.ac.kr
• Received: August 18, 2015   • Accepted: October 13, 2015

Copyright © 2015 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study was conducted to identify factors influencing depression in the elderly male in Korea.
  • Methods
    The initial data were collected from the 5th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES-Ⅴ). The data of 1,210 adults with the age over 65 years were finally analysed using t or x2 test, stepwise multiple logistic regression. Research variables utilized in this study were 29 factors including demographic and health-related characteristics, physical and economic activities, and life habits.
  • Results
    Seven factors were found to be associated with depression in the elderly male including stress level, uncontrolled drinking experience, physical discomfort days in recent two weeks, the level of activities in daily life, diabetes mellitus, economic activity status, and sleeping hours.
  • Conclusion
    These results can be used in developing appropriate depression prevention program considering the characteristics of the elderly male.
  • Key Words: Elderly; Male; Depression
Table 1.
The General Characteristics and Health-related Characteristics according to Depression of the Subjects (N=1,210)
Variables   Categories Total (n=1,210) Without depression (n=1,083) With depression (n=127) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Demographic characteristics　 　 Age(years) 65~74 848 (70.1) 760 (70.2) 88 (69.3) 1.45 .485
75~84 333 (27.5) 299 (27.6) 34 (26.8) 　  
≥85 29 (2.4) 24 (2.2) 5 (3.9)   　
  72.2±5.2 72.2±5.1 72.6±5.6 -0.92 .358
Education ≤Elementary school 568 (46.9) 505 (46.6) 63 (49.6) 8.08 .044
Middle school 201 (16.6) 172 (15.9) 29 (22.8) 　 　
High school 280 (23.2) 254 (23.5) 26 (20.5)    
≥College degree 161 (13.3) 152 (14.0) 9 (7.1)    
Marital status Married 1,101 (91.0) 993 (91.7) 108 (85.1) 6.42 .040
Bereaved 79 (6.5) 66 (6.1) 13 (10.2) 　 　
Others 30 (2.5) 24 (2.2) 6 (4.7)    
Living Alone 85 (7.0) 71 (6.6) 14 (11.0) 5.65 .059
With spouse 710 (58.7) 646 (59.6) 64 (50.4) 　 　
With family 415 (34.3) 366 (33.8) 49 (38.6) 　 　
Physical health characteristics Chronic diseases and numbers Yes 790 (65.3) 701 (64.7) 89 (70.1) 1.44 .230　
No 420 (34.7) 382 (35.3) 38 (29.9) 　  
  1.1±1.0 1.1±1.0 1.2±1.0 -1.04 .300
Type of chronic diseases Hypertension 541 (44.7) 484 (44.7) 57 (44.9) 0.01 .967
Diabetes mellitus　 220 (18.2) 189 (17.5) 31 (24.4) 3.69 .054
Arthritis　 164 (13.6) 150 (13.9) 14 (11.0) 0.77 .378
MI or angina　 88 (7.3) 75 (6.9) 13 (10.2) 1.84 .174
Perceived health status 3.1±1.0 3.1±1.0 2.7±1.0 4.51 ＜.001
Physical discomfort in recent two weeks Yes 360 (29.8) 301 (27.8) 59 (46.5) 18.94 ＜.001
No 850 (70.2) 782 (72.2) 68 (53.5)    
Duration of 3.2±5.5 2.9±5.3 5.7±6.6 -4.54 ＜.001
discomfort (days)          
Mental health characteristics Sleeping hours/day 6.7±1.6 6.7±1.5 6.2±2.0 2.96 .003
Stress level 1.8±0.7 1.7±0.6 2.5±0.8 -10.62　 ＜.001　
Table 2.
Physical Activities and Economic Activities according to Depression (N=1,210)
Variables   Categories Total (n=1,210) Without depression (n=1,083) With depression (n=127) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Physical activity Practice of vigorous physical activity Yes 1,080 (89.3) 115 (10.6) 15 (11.8) 0.16 .681
No 130 (10.7) 968 (89.4) 112 (88.2)    
Practice of moderate physical activity Yes 1,094 (90.4) 101 (9.3) 15 (11.8) 0.81 .368
No 116 (9.6) 982 (90.7) 112 (88.2)    
Practice of walking Yes 634 (52.4) 524 (48.4) 52 (40.9) 2.52 .112
No 576 (47.6) 559 (51.6) 75 (59.1)    
IPAQ* scoring Low 777 (64.2) 694 (64.1) 83 (65.4) 2.74 .253
Moderate 168 (12.9) 156 (14.4) 12 (9.4) 　 　
High 265 (21.9) 233 (21.5) 32 (25.2)    
IPAQ score (Met)   4,562.3±12,618.0 4,578.0±12,490.9 4,428.3±13,706.6 0.13 .899
Duration of muscle exercise (days/week) 0 869 (71.8) 778 (71.8) 91 (71.7) 4.46 .107
1~2 days 100 (8.3) 84 (7.8) 16 (12.6) 　 　
≥3 days 241 (19.9) 221 (20.4) 20 (15.7)    
Duration of flexibility exercise (days/week) 0 650 (53.7) 577 (53.3) 73 (57.5) 7.87 .019
1~2 days 116 (9.6) 97 (8.9) 19 (15.0) 　 　
≥3 days 444 (36.7) 409 (37.8) 35 (27.5)    
Level of activity daily life Stable state 159 (13.1) 131 (12.1) 28 (22.1) 10.63 .030
Light activity 437 (36.1) 392 (36.2) 45 (35.4) 　 　
Typical activity 511 (42.2) 465 (42.9) 46 (36.2)    
Intense activity 92 (7.6) 85 (7.9) 7 (5.5)    
Very intense activity 11 (0.9) 10 (0.9) 1 (0.8)    
Economic activity Status of economic activity Yes 533 (44.1) 488 (45.1) 45 (35.4) 4.27 .038
No 677 (55.9) 595 (54.9) 82 (64.6) 　 　
Working hours (hours/week) 19.5±25.4 19.7±25.4 17.9±25.8 0.75 .455
Occupation Management, desk 83 (6.9) 74 (6.8) 9 (7.1) 7.94 .047
work, service job       　 　
Agriculture, fishery, 326 (26.9) 305 (28.2) 21 (16.5)    
and technical service          
Manual labor 124 (10.3) 109 (10.1) 15 (11.8)    
Inoccupation 677 (55.9) 595 (54.9) 82 (64.6)    
Average monthly household income (10,000 won) 210.7±386.9 215.5±404.6 170.9±170.9 2.29 .022
         

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

Table 3.
Life Habit according to Depression (N=1,210)
Variables   Categories Total (n=1,210) Without depression (n=1,083) With depression (n=127) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Drinking Frequency None 402 (33.2) 362 (33.4) 40 (31.5) 2.97 .562
≤1 time/month 203 (16.8) 175 (16.2) 28 (22.0) 　 　
2~4 times/month 177 (14.6) 161 (14.9) 16 (12.6)    
2~3 times/week 191 (15.8) 172 (15.9) 19 (15.0)    
≥4 times/week 237 (19.6) 213 (19.7) 24 (18.9)    
Amount of one time (glass or cup) 0 399 (33.0) 359 (33.2) 40 (31.5) 0.27 .872
1~6 691 (57.1) 618 (57.1) 73 (57.5)    
≥7 120 (9.9) 106 (9.7) 14 (11.0)    
The high-risk drinking frequency None 736 (60.8) 657 (60.7) 79 (62.2) 0.62 .889
≤1 time/month 267 (22.1) 241 (22.2) 26 (20.5)    
1 time/week 126 (10.4) 114 (10.5) 12 (9.4)    
Everyday 81 (6.7) 71 (6.6) 10 (7.9)    
Uncontrolled drinking experience Yes 210 (17.4) 175 (16.2) 35 (27.6) 10.30 .001
           
Life disturbance by drinking Yes 92 (7.6) 76 (7.0) 16 (12.6) 5.04 .024
           
Smoking Smoking Yes 303 (25.0) 269 (24.8) 34 (26.8) 0.22 .634
Amount (pieces)   3.5±7.3 3.4±7.3 3.8±7.6 -0.50 .619
Table 4.
The Factors Influencing Depression in the Elderly Male (N=1,210)
Variables OR 95% CI p
Stress level 4.238 3.185~5.719 ＜.001
Uncontrolled drinking experience 2.294 1.414~3.677 ＜.001
Physical discomfort days in recent two weeks 1.050 1.016~1.084 .003
Level of activity daily life 0.732 0.565~0.946 .017
Diabetes mellitus 1.654 1.005~2.671 .042
Economic activity status 1.574 1.009~2.484 .047
Sleeping hours 0.884 0.780~0.999 .049

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

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    The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(5):583-593.   Published online October 31, 2015
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.5.583
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    The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(5):583-593.   Published online October 31, 2015
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.5.583
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    The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    The Factors Associated with Depression in the Elderly Male: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

    The General Characteristics and Health-related Characteristics according to Depression of the Subjects (N=1,210)

    Variables   Categories Total (n=1,210) Without depression (n=1,083) With depression (n=127) x2 or t p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Demographic characteristics　 　 Age(years) 65~74 848 (70.1) 760 (70.2) 88 (69.3) 1.45 .485
    75~84 333 (27.5) 299 (27.6) 34 (26.8) 　  
    ≥85 29 (2.4) 24 (2.2) 5 (3.9)   　
      72.2±5.2 72.2±5.1 72.6±5.6 -0.92 .358
    Education ≤Elementary school 568 (46.9) 505 (46.6) 63 (49.6) 8.08 .044
    Middle school 201 (16.6) 172 (15.9) 29 (22.8) 　 　
    High school 280 (23.2) 254 (23.5) 26 (20.5)    
    ≥College degree 161 (13.3) 152 (14.0) 9 (7.1)    
    Marital status Married 1,101 (91.0) 993 (91.7) 108 (85.1) 6.42 .040
    Bereaved 79 (6.5) 66 (6.1) 13 (10.2) 　 　
    Others 30 (2.5) 24 (2.2) 6 (4.7)    
    Living Alone 85 (7.0) 71 (6.6) 14 (11.0) 5.65 .059
    With spouse 710 (58.7) 646 (59.6) 64 (50.4) 　 　
    With family 415 (34.3) 366 (33.8) 49 (38.6) 　 　
    Physical health characteristics Chronic diseases and numbers Yes 790 (65.3) 701 (64.7) 89 (70.1) 1.44 .230　
    No 420 (34.7) 382 (35.3) 38 (29.9) 　  
      1.1±1.0 1.1±1.0 1.2±1.0 -1.04 .300
    Type of chronic diseases Hypertension 541 (44.7) 484 (44.7) 57 (44.9) 0.01 .967
    Diabetes mellitus　 220 (18.2) 189 (17.5) 31 (24.4) 3.69 .054
    Arthritis　 164 (13.6) 150 (13.9) 14 (11.0) 0.77 .378
    MI or angina　 88 (7.3) 75 (6.9) 13 (10.2) 1.84 .174
    Perceived health status 3.1±1.0 3.1±1.0 2.7±1.0 4.51 ＜.001
    Physical discomfort in recent two weeks Yes 360 (29.8) 301 (27.8) 59 (46.5) 18.94 ＜.001
    No 850 (70.2) 782 (72.2) 68 (53.5)    
    Duration of 3.2±5.5 2.9±5.3 5.7±6.6 -4.54 ＜.001
    discomfort (days)          
    Mental health characteristics Sleeping hours/day 6.7±1.6 6.7±1.5 6.2±2.0 2.96 .003
    Stress level 1.8±0.7 1.7±0.6 2.5±0.8 -10.62　 ＜.001　

    Physical Activities and Economic Activities according to Depression (N=1,210)

    Variables   Categories Total (n=1,210) Without depression (n=1,083) With depression (n=127) x2 or t p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Physical activity Practice of vigorous physical activity Yes 1,080 (89.3) 115 (10.6) 15 (11.8) 0.16 .681
    No 130 (10.7) 968 (89.4) 112 (88.2)    
    Practice of moderate physical activity Yes 1,094 (90.4) 101 (9.3) 15 (11.8) 0.81 .368
    No 116 (9.6) 982 (90.7) 112 (88.2)    
    Practice of walking Yes 634 (52.4) 524 (48.4) 52 (40.9) 2.52 .112
    No 576 (47.6) 559 (51.6) 75 (59.1)    
    IPAQ* scoring Low 777 (64.2) 694 (64.1) 83 (65.4) 2.74 .253
    Moderate 168 (12.9) 156 (14.4) 12 (9.4) 　 　
    High 265 (21.9) 233 (21.5) 32 (25.2)    
    IPAQ score (Met)   4,562.3±12,618.0 4,578.0±12,490.9 4,428.3±13,706.6 0.13 .899
    Duration of muscle exercise (days/week) 0 869 (71.8) 778 (71.8) 91 (71.7) 4.46 .107
    1~2 days 100 (8.3) 84 (7.8) 16 (12.6) 　 　
    ≥3 days 241 (19.9) 221 (20.4) 20 (15.7)    
    Duration of flexibility exercise (days/week) 0 650 (53.7) 577 (53.3) 73 (57.5) 7.87 .019
    1~2 days 116 (9.6) 97 (8.9) 19 (15.0) 　 　
    ≥3 days 444 (36.7) 409 (37.8) 35 (27.5)    
    Level of activity daily life Stable state 159 (13.1) 131 (12.1) 28 (22.1) 10.63 .030
    Light activity 437 (36.1) 392 (36.2) 45 (35.4) 　 　
    Typical activity 511 (42.2) 465 (42.9) 46 (36.2)    
    Intense activity 92 (7.6) 85 (7.9) 7 (5.5)    
    Very intense activity 11 (0.9) 10 (0.9) 1 (0.8)    
    Economic activity Status of economic activity Yes 533 (44.1) 488 (45.1) 45 (35.4) 4.27 .038
    No 677 (55.9) 595 (54.9) 82 (64.6) 　 　
    Working hours (hours/week) 19.5±25.4 19.7±25.4 17.9±25.8 0.75 .455
    Occupation Management, desk 83 (6.9) 74 (6.8) 9 (7.1) 7.94 .047
    work, service job       　 　
    Agriculture, fishery, 326 (26.9) 305 (28.2) 21 (16.5)    
    and technical service          
    Manual labor 124 (10.3) 109 (10.1) 15 (11.8)    
    Inoccupation 677 (55.9) 595 (54.9) 82 (64.6)    
    Average monthly household income (10,000 won) 210.7±386.9 215.5±404.6 170.9±170.9 2.29 .022
             

    IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

    Life Habit according to Depression (N=1,210)

    Variables   Categories Total (n=1,210) Without depression (n=1,083) With depression (n=127) x2 or t p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Drinking Frequency None 402 (33.2) 362 (33.4) 40 (31.5) 2.97 .562
    ≤1 time/month 203 (16.8) 175 (16.2) 28 (22.0) 　 　
    2~4 times/month 177 (14.6) 161 (14.9) 16 (12.6)    
    2~3 times/week 191 (15.8) 172 (15.9) 19 (15.0)    
    ≥4 times/week 237 (19.6) 213 (19.7) 24 (18.9)    
    Amount of one time (glass or cup) 0 399 (33.0) 359 (33.2) 40 (31.5) 0.27 .872
    1~6 691 (57.1) 618 (57.1) 73 (57.5)    
    ≥7 120 (9.9) 106 (9.7) 14 (11.0)    
    The high-risk drinking frequency None 736 (60.8) 657 (60.7) 79 (62.2) 0.62 .889
    ≤1 time/month 267 (22.1) 241 (22.2) 26 (20.5)    
    1 time/week 126 (10.4) 114 (10.5) 12 (9.4)    
    Everyday 81 (6.7) 71 (6.6) 10 (7.9)    
    Uncontrolled drinking experience Yes 210 (17.4) 175 (16.2) 35 (27.6) 10.30 .001
               
    Life disturbance by drinking Yes 92 (7.6) 76 (7.0) 16 (12.6) 5.04 .024
               
    Smoking Smoking Yes 303 (25.0) 269 (24.8) 34 (26.8) 0.22 .634
    Amount (pieces)   3.5±7.3 3.4±7.3 3.8±7.6 -0.50 .619

    The Factors Influencing Depression in the Elderly Male (N=1,210)

    Variables OR 95% CI p
    Stress level 4.238 3.185~5.719 ＜.001
    Uncontrolled drinking experience 2.294 1.414~3.677 ＜.001
    Physical discomfort days in recent two weeks 1.050 1.016~1.084 .003
    Level of activity daily life 0.732 0.565~0.946 .017
    Diabetes mellitus 1.654 1.005~2.671 .042
    Economic activity status 1.574 1.009~2.484 .047
    Sleeping hours 0.884 0.780~0.999 .049

    OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.
    Table 1. The General Characteristics and Health-related Characteristics according to Depression of the Subjects (N=1,210)

    Table 2. Physical Activities and Economic Activities according to Depression (N=1,210)

    IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

    Table 3. Life Habit according to Depression (N=1,210)

    Table 4. The Factors Influencing Depression in the Elderly Male (N=1,210)

    OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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