Purpose
This study employed structural equation modeling to verify the suitability and causality of a hypothetical model constructed based on Wilson and Cleary's health-related quality of life model. The aim was to explain and identify the factors that influence quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia.
Methods
The study included 217 middle-aged men diagnosed with prostatic hyperplasia between February and March 2022 at the urology department of a general hospital in UJB city. The measurement tools used included biological characteristics, International Prostate Symptom Scores, functional health, general health perceptions, social support, and quality of life. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs.
Results
The final model revealed that the variables with the highest explanatory power for quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia were general health perceptions, followed by the International Prostate Symptom Score, functional health, and prostate size. The explanatory power of the variables for quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia was 89.7%.
Conclusion
The model used in this study was found to be suitable for assessing quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia. Based on the study's findings, it is deemed necessary to foster competencies for managing the disease through the development of educational programs, nursing interventions, and countermeasures. These should be based on general health perceptions, symptoms, and functional health, with an accurate knowledge of the characteristics of prostatic hyperplasia, as per Wilson and Cleary (1995)'s health-related quality of life theory.

Purpose
This article aimed to review and summarize symptom literature to promote a comprehensive understanding of symptom science. Methods: An integrative review was conducted regarding symptom science with a particular focus on cancer symptoms. Results: Nursing theories that lead symptom science were reviewed. The importance of symptom assessment was highlighted. The current status of symptom science related to symptom mechanisms, symptom clusters, symptom management, and symptom outcomes was summarized. Conclusion: Nursing researchers need to develop expertise and facilitate collaborative multidisciplinary research to enhance symptom science. A comprehensive understanding of symptom experience and the application of valid research methodologies can advance symptom science.

Citations

• Symptom Clusters and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  Su-Yeon Hong, Yang-Sook Yoo
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(5): 498.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of nutritional status and its risk factors in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
METHODS
Participants included 136 patients with COPD in Donga University hospital and Haeundae paik hospital in Busan city. The data, collected by a trained research assistant from January 10 to July 18, 2017, were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0.
RESULTS
Among the 136 patients with COPD, 31 (22.8%) had abnormal nutritional status. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, gender (Odds Ratio [OR]=5.27, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.18~23.49, p=.029), percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1%] (OR=1.04, 95% CI=0.92~0.99, p=.012), symptom experience (OR=16.19, 95% CI=3.08~85.00, p=.001), carbohydrate intake (OR=1.01, 95% CI=1.00~1.02, p=.037), protein intake (OR=1.06, 95% CI=0.90~0.99, p=.012), and fat intake (OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.08, p=.015) were associated with nutritional status in patients with COPD.
CONCLUSION
In order to improve the nutrutional status of COPD patients, nursing education is needed with intensive screen on female patients and patients with low lung function, managing symptoms and increasing protein intake.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the quality of life of patients with radical prostatectomy.
METHODS
Participants included 114 patients with radical prostatectomy in Pusan National University Hospital in Busan, Korea. Data were collected from May to July 2018, using a structured questionnaire measuring quality of life, erectile dysfunction, lower urinary tract symptoms, appraisal of uncertainty, resilience, educational needs for sexual health, and marital intimacy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, a one-way analysis of variance, and hierarchical multiple regression.
RESULTS
The statistically significant regression model explained about 77% of the variance in quality of life. Appraisal of uncertainty as an opportunity, appraisal of uncertainty as a danger, and resilience were identified as factors influencing the participants' quality of life.
CONCLUSION
In order to improve the quality of life of patients with radical prostatectomy, it is necessary to reduce uncertainty through providing practical information on uncertain situations, and the programs should be applied that can lower the danger aspect of uncertainty, increase the opportunity factor of uncertainty, and increase the resilience of the patient himself.

Citations

• A Structural Equation Modeling of Sexual Adjustment in Radical Prostatectomy Patients
  Min Kweon Ahn, Hyun Kyung Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(5): 532.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify the moderating and mediating effects of resilience in the relationship between symptom experience and quality of life.
METHODS
Participants were recruited from one general hospital and one hospital specialized in hemodialysis located in Busan city. The participants included 105 patients diagnosed with chronic renal failure who had been receiving hemodialysis twice a week or more on a regular basis. Data collection was conducted from December 14, 2017, to January 15, 2018. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 24.0 program.
RESULTS
There were significant correlations between participants' symptom experience and resilience (r=−.36, p < .001), symptom experience and quality of life (r=−.50, p < .001), and resilience and quality of life (r=.67, p < .001), respectively. Resilience had a partial mediating effect (z=−3.48, p < .001) in the relationship between symptom experience and quality of life but did not have moderating effects.
CONCLUSION
To improve the quality of life among patients on hemodialysis, it is necessary to develop interventions that enhance resilience in addition to providing symptom relief.

Citations

• Differences in the recirculation rate and dialysis adequacy according to arteriovenous fistula puncture direction and method in hemodialysis patients in South Korea: a one-group pretest-posttest study
  WooJeong Ban, YulHa Min, Jungmin Lee, Soo-Hyun Nam
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2025; 27(2): 203.     CrossRef
• The moderating role of social support in the relationship between death anxiety and resilience among dialysis patients
  Zahra Shafiei Kisomi, Omid Taherkhani, Mina Mollaei, Hoda Esmaeily, Ghazaleh Shirkhanloo, Zahra Hosseinkhani, Mohammad Amerzadeh
  BMC Nephrology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Resilience’s impact on quality of life and post-traumatic growth in breast cancer patients during treatment
  Songül Duran, Umut Varol, Özlem Tekir, Ahmet Hakan Soytürk
  Breast Cancer.2024; 31(5): 807.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Effects of Symptom Experiences on the Relationship between Body Image and Quality of Life among Hemodialysis Patients in a Single Center
  Yaki Yang
  Healthcare.2024; 12(17): 1779.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effect of Resilience on the Relationship Between Job Stress and the Professional Quality of Life of Hospice and Palliative Care Nurses: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study
  Eunhee Jo, Soon-Jung Hwang, Hyang-Suk Kwon
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2024; 36(3): 241.     CrossRef
• Effect of Social Support, Fatigue, and Depression on the Quality of Life of Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis
  Ji Hye Jung, Hye Young Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2024; 31(2): 254.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing health-related quality of life for young single-person households: the mediating effect of resilience
  Soo Jin Lee, Sujin Lee, Xianglan Jin
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2023; 25(3): 160.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Diet-Related Quality of Life Among Hemodialysis Patients According to Age-group
  Ae Kyung Chang, Jin Yi Choi
  Clinical Nursing Research.2022; 31(6): 1172.     CrossRef
• Relationship of Symptom Clusters, Compliance with the Patient’s Role Behavior, and Dialysis Adequacy with Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients
  Semi Moon, Chiyoung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(3): 295.     CrossRef
• Effect of Role Conflict on Job Satisfaction by Comprehensive Nursing Care Service Ward Nurse: Moderating and Mediating Effect of Resilience
  So Hee Lee, Roma Seol, Min Hye Kim
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2021; 14(3): 50.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients - with Focus on Resilience, Symptom Experience and Self-management
  Hyun-Young Jung, Yong-Kyung Park, Soon-Rim Suh
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(4): 429.     CrossRef
• Perceptions of resilience in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: A Q‐methodology study
  Mi Young Chon, Eun Ja Yeun, Kyoung Hee Jung, Young‐il Jo, Kyeong Ryong Lee
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2020; 22(1): 108.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Self-efficacy and Resilience among Patients with Colorectal Cancer with Stoma: Mediating Effects of Family Support and Medical Staff Support
  Mi Na Yun, Kyoung Mi Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(6): 599.     CrossRef
• Influence of Perceived Health, Anxiety, Depression, and Social Support on Quality of Life in Patients with Meniere Disease
  Young Mi Ryu, Woo Joung Joung
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(4): 399.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the influencing effects of type D personality on symptom experiences and quality of life in percutaneous coronary intervention patients.
METHODS
A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 158 patients with percutaneous coronary intervention participated in this study, between July 1 and November 1, 2015. Data were analyzed by means, standard deviations, t-test, χ2 test, ANCOVA, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS 22.0 program.
RESULTS
About 53.8% of participants were classified as type D personality. The type D personality group reported statistically significantly higher symptom experience, lower cardiac function, and lower cardiovascular-specific quality of life compared to non-type D personality group. On stepwise multiple regression, the most significant factor of quality of life was symptom experiences (adjusted R²=.25, p<.001), followed by type D personality (adjusted R²=.31, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Personality trait assessment is recommended for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention to assess symptom experiences and quality of life. In addition, development of nursing intervention might be beneficial to manage symptom experience and quality of life in percutaneous coronary intervention patients with type D personality.

Citations

• Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Yujeong KIM
  Journal of Nursing Research.2022; 30(1): e186.     CrossRef
• Influences of Type D Personality, Depression, and Stress on Quality of Life in Migraine Patients
  Eunhee Jo, Su-Jin Lee, Jung-Hwa Jo, Sun-Young Oh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(3): 316.     CrossRef
• Impact of Type D Personality on Depression, Anxiety, and Health-related Quality of Life among Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Sun Hyoung Bae, Jin-Hee Park
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(3): 219.     CrossRef
• Predictive model for quality of life in patients with recurrent coronary artery disease
  Eunhee Jo, Sung Reul Kim, Hye Young Kim
  European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2019; 18(6): 501.     CrossRef
• Somatic Symptoms and Quality of Life in Adults: Moderating Effect of Spiritual Well-being
  Youngrye Park, Hee Moon
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2018; 21(2): 132.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This comparative descriptive study was to identify gender differences in delay seeking treatment and related experiences in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
METHODS
Ninety-seven participants were recruited from a tertiary hospital.
RESULTS
Mean age of 47 women was 71.5±13.3 while that of men was 55.0±10.9 (p<.001). More women lived alone and were jobless, less educated, and poorer than men. Men were likely to be 'current smokers' and drink alcohol, however viewed themselves healthier than women (p=.030). Women's hospital stay was 9.23±21.04 days while men's was 4.86±2.72 days (p=.014). More women had been diagnosed with hypertension (p=.040). Women appeared to report significantly less pain (6.46±3.1) than men (8.44±1.8). More men described their pain as sudden onset (p=.015) and chest pain as major symptom (p=.034) than women. More women were found alone upon onset of symptoms (p=.023) and had important reasons for delay seeking treatment (p=.021) than men. Median time from onset of symptoms to seeking medical service was 1.5 hours for men and 5.1 hours for women (p=.003). Median time taken from onset of symptoms to hospital for therapy was 3.5 hours for men and 9.1 hours for women (p=.019).
CONCLUSION
This study findings that women reported less pain and delayed in seeking treatment, suggest needs for strategies targeting women at risk of AMI.

Citations

• Predictors of anticipated coping behavior at myocardial infarction symptom onset among a nationwide sample of Korean adults
  Kyong Sil Park
  Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021006.     CrossRef
• Blood Pressure Awareness and Knowledge of Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases in South Korean Women with Hypertension
  Yeo Won Jeong
  Healthcare.2021; 9(3): 360.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the quality of life reported by patients with multiple myeloma and secondly to identify the factors that impact the quality of life (QoL).
METHODS
189 patients with multiple myeloma completed survey questionnaires. Quality of life was evaluated using European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core (EORTC QLQ-C) 30 and Multiple Myeloma (MY) 20. The data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Duncan test and the Mann-Whitney test.
RESULTS
The mean score for each subscale of EORTC QLQ-C30 was 53.35 for global health status, 73.37 for functional scale, and 31.29 for symptom scale. The mean score for each subscale of EORTC QLQ-MY20 was 60.49 for future perspective, 59.78 for body image, 20.25 for disease symptom and 24.99 for side effect of treatment. Quality of life was reported to be significantly lower among females, unemployed, dependence on a sibling for financial support for treatment, a diagnosis of anemia, having treatment, high score on Eastern Coorperative Oncology Group and high grade peripheral neuropathy.
CONCLUSION
The results of the survey can identify characteristics impacting the QoL of patients with multiple myeloma. Developing appropriate educational strategies and nursing interventions would enhance their QoL.

Citations

• Factors Influencing Resilience in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Hae-Lyeon Jeon, Hye-Ah Yeom
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2024; 36(1): 41.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing supportive care needs of multiple myeloma patients treated with chemotherapy
  Yoo-Rin Cho, Yang-Sook Yoo
  Supportive Care in Cancer.2020; 28(4): 1783.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Cognitive Function in Patients with Stomach Cancer
  Yeoung Ji Yu, Seung Hee Ahn, Yong Ae Cho, Eunjung Ryu, Eun-Ju Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2018; 18(4): 241.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare symptom severity and the impact of presence of depressive and/or anxiety symptoms among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).
METHODS
One hundred and fifteen patients diagnosed with HNC completed two questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Head and Neck Cancer (MDASI-HN).
RESULTS
Of the total sample, 55.6% reported depressive symptoms and 33% reported anxiety symptoms. Patients who reported either depressive or anxiety symptoms also had significantly more severe symptoms. The most severe symptom was dry mouth. Participants who were depressed reported that interference in the enjoyment of life due to symptoms was the most distressing whereas participants with anxiety reported symptom interference in work was of most concern. Of patients reporting moderate to severe symptoms, more than 60% reported depressive symptoms. Of patients reporting moderate to severe feelings of being distress and feeling sad, more than 70% reported anxiety symptoms.
CONCLUSION
Patients with HNC reporting moderate to severe symptoms also report depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. The results suggest the need to develop an integrated nursing intervention of both physical and emotional symptoms for patients with HNC.

Citations

• A Systematic Review on the Effects of Prophylactic Swallowing Exercise in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy
  Hyeongmin Byun
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2024; 27(1): 1.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of resiliency and symptom experience and depression. Subjects (N=152) were patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).admitted to D University Medical Center in B City.
METHODS
Data collection was conducted from July 20 to August 25, 2013. The levels of symptom, resilience, and depression were measured using a seven question symptom experience measuring instrument, a 25-question resilience instrument, and a 15-question Short Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and path analysis using SPSS/Win 19.0 and AMOS 5.0.
RESULTS
There was a significant negative correlation between symptom and resilience, a significant positive correlation between symptom and depression, and a significant negative correlation between resilience and depression. Symptom showed a direct effect on depression and an indirect effect on depression scores through resilience as a mediating variable.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs to relieve symptom in COPD patients, and to develop appropriate resilience enhancement programs to reduce their depression.

Citations

• The Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Self-care Agency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Patients in Turkey: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience
  Zeynep Öztürk, Gülcan Bahcecioglu Turan, Meyreme Aksoy
  Journal of Religion and Health.2024; 63(4): 2777.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Perceived Stress, Fine Dust Risk Perception, and Resilience on Stress Response in Patients with Respiratory and Circulatory Disorders
  Jin-Hee Park, Kuem-Sun Han
  STRESS.2021; 29(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Experiences on Self Management of Aged Men with Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
  Jeong-Soo KIM
  JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION.2021; 33(3): 758.     CrossRef
• Disease Awareness and Treatment Experience of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  Hyun Jung Noh, Su Hyun Kim, Woo Joung Joung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2020; 27(2): 188.     CrossRef
• Resilience as a Moderator and Mediator of the Relationship between Symptom Experience and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients
  Yeon Hee Cho, Yun Mi Lee
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(1): 68.     CrossRef
• Symptom Distress and Depression in Patients with Recurrent Gynecologic Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: Mediating Effect of Resilience
  Eun Jung Yang, Ho Sihn Ryu
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Successful Ageing with COPD: Physical and Psychosocial Adaption to Functional Decline
  Phillipa Jane Southwell, Judith Crockett, Deborah Burton, Judith Gullifer
  COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2018; 15(5): 439.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Effect of the Resilience on the Relationship between Type D Personality and Compliance in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
  Mi Young Cheon, Jiyeon Kang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2016; 28(1): 61.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Effect of Resilience on Depression and Rehabilitation Motivation in Stroke Patients
  Eun Sil Choi, Eun Nam Lee, Jeong Lim Cho
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2016; 23(1): 19.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare reported physical symptoms, hope and family support of cancer patients between general hospitals and long-term care hospitals.
METHODS
Subjects were 175 patients diagnosed with cancers from two general hospitals and six long-term care hospitals located in G city. Subjects completed a questionnaire with questions about general characteristics and questions about the disease, physical symptoms, hope and family support. Data was collected from February to April and the data were analyzed using an independent t-test and one-way ANOVA.
RESULTS
The subjects in long-term care hospitals showed higher percentage in pain, nausea, fatigue, sleep disorder, and change in appearance. There was a significant difference in family support between two groups. A significant positive correlation was found between hope and family support in subjects in general and long-term care hospitals.
CONCLUSION
Significant differences were found in some physical symptoms and family support between cancer patients in general hospitals and long-term care hospitals. Thus, nurses in long-term care hospitals need provide care suitable for the characteristics of cancer patients in long-term care hospitals.

Citations

• Experience of Family Caregivers in Long-Term Care Hospitals During the Early Stages of COVID-19: A Phenomenological Analysis
  Hye-Ji Cha, Mi-Kyeong Jeon
  Healthcare.2024; 12(22): 2254.     CrossRef
• Convalescent Hospital Use among Young and Older Female Cancer Survivors
  Hyesun Park, Kisook Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(5): 2744.     CrossRef
• A Qualitative Study on Discharge Planning Needs for Cancer Patients
  Kyung Ok Kim, So-Youn Jung, Yoon Jung Chang
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2021; 21(2): 110.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Quality of Life of Cancer Patients Hospitalized in Long-term Care Hospitals
  A Young Jang, Jeong Sook Park
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2018; 20(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Health care Utilization of Cancer patient Women at Nursing Hospital
  Hye-Sun Park, Kyung-Sook Park
  Journal of Digital Contents Society.2018; 19(11): 2139.     CrossRef
• Biopsychosocial correlates of hope in Asian patients with cancer: a systematic review
  Rathi Mahendran, Shi Min Chua, Haikel A Lim, Isaac J Yee, Joyce Y S Tan, Ee Heok Kua, Konstadina Griva
  BMJ Open.2016; 6(10): e012087.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Health Status and Mini Nutritional Assessment according to Self-esteem of Elderly in Care Hospital    
  Eun-mi Kim, Jin Kwon
  Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(4): 631.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the reported factors influencing fatigue of middle aged women.
METHODS
Two hundred seven middle aged women between 40 and 59 years of age were recruited from five areas in Korea from March 1, 2010, to April 20, 2010. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires. Data analysis was done using SPSS/WIN 15.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
The average score of fatigue was 2.34+/-0.40. There were significant differences in reported fatigue according to economic status and health status. The reported fatigue was significantly correlated with somatic attribution, psychological attribution, normalizing attribution, depression, marital adjustment, stress, and social support. The major factors that affect fatigue in middle aged women were stress, depression, and normalizing attribution, which explained 32.3% of fatigue.
CONCLUSION
The findings can reduce the fatigue by controlling stress and depression. Additionally, this study can understand the attribution of fatigue in middle aged women. More studies are needed to identify other variables that influence on the fatigue of middle aged women.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify meaningful themes related to the recognition of lifestyle risk factors and barriers in seeking treatment following an acute event of first-time acute myocardial infarction.
METHODS
A methodological mixed method of thematic content analysis and a quantitative analysis was used. The sample consisted of 120 male patients < 65 years of age who agreed to be in the study were interviewed using a semi-structured during 2008-2009. Data were analyzed according to the procedure of thematic content analysis and the meaningful themes were coded into SPSS data for quantitative analysis.
RESULTS
Pre-hospital delay greater than three hours reported by 58.3% (n=70) of the sample and similarly 63.3% had no recognition about their symptoms as cardiac in origin. The mean number of risk factors was 3.9+/-1.8 out of 11 when lifestyle and psychosocial factors were included. From the interview data among the 70 patients delayed greater than three hours, thirty-five themes categorized into 12 main themes influenced the delayed decision which was identified according to personal-cognitive, socio-cultural, and contextual factors.
CONCLUSION
Health care providers should consider these themes in designing individual interventions to make lifestyle changes and to facilitate more prompt decisions to seek care.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the relationship of trait anger, health state, physical symptoms. and general characteristics to physical symptoms and to identify factors affecting physical symptoms of elderly in urban areas.
METHODS
The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Elders (n=276), who agreed to participate in this study completed a self-reporting questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.
RESULTS
Study participants reported low trait anger (M=18.61), physical symptoms (M=7.15), and moderate health state (M=3.30). The 45.4% of variance in physical symptoms was significantly explained by emotional function health state (beta=-.284, p=.013), which is one of the sub-domain of the elderly health state, and trait anger (beta=3.841, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Findings of this study provide that the most important factors in explaining physical symptoms for the elders in Korea were emotional function health state and trait anger. Based on the findings of this study, further nursing practice and nursing research for the elders with physical symptoms should be focused on emotional support.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify symptom clusters in patients with breast cancer and to investigate the associations among them with functional status and quality of life (QOL).
METHODS
A convenient sample of 303 patients was recruited from an oncology-specialized hospital.
RESULTS
Two distinct clusters were identified: A gastrointestinal-fatigue cluster and a pain cluster. Each cluster significantly influenced functional status and QOL. Based on these two clusters, we identified subgroups of symptom clusters using K-means cluster analysis. Three relatively distinct patient subgroups were identified in each cluster: mild, moderate, and severe group. Disease-related factors (i.e., stage, metastasis, type of surgery, current chemotherapy, and anti-hormone therapy) were associated with these subgroups of symptom clusters. There were significant differences in functional status and QOL among the three subgroups. The subgroup of patients who reported high levels of symptom clusters reported poorer functional status and QOL.
CONCLUSION
Clinicians can anticipate that breast cancer patients with advanced stage, metastasis, and who receive mastectomy, and chemotherapy will have more intense gastrointestinal-fatigue or pain symptoms. In order to enhance functional status and QOL for patients with breast cancer, collective management for symptoms in a cluster may be beneficial.

PURPOSE
We analyzed climacteric symptoms, bone mineral density (BMD), serum estradiol (E2) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to identify the health benefits of meridian massage in perimenopausal women.
METHODS
There were 16 women in the experimental group and 17 people in the control group. Meridian massage was performed for 4 weeks, 3 times a week for 20 minutes each session. The data were collected pre-treatment, posttreatment and 4 weeks after treatment. SPSS/WIN 11.5 was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
After meridian massage, there were significant differences in climacteric symptoms (U = 65.50, p = .011) and BMD (U = 65.50, p = .011) between the two groups. The E2 level showed a significant difference between the two groups pre- and posttreatment (U = 75.00, p = .028). FSH showed a significant increase when measured at 4 weeks after the treatment as compared with the amount when measured post-treatment within the control group (z = -2.249, p = .025), experimental group showed a stable change in FSH. but there was no significant difference between the groups.
CONCLUSION
In this study, we confirmed the effects of Meridian massage in decreasing climacteric symptoms, inhibiting the decrease of BMD and stabilizing serum hormone in perimenopausal women. Therefore, it can be considered for use as a nursing intervention for health management in perimenopausal women.

PURPOSE
This descriptive study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors among older adults.
METHODS
A total of 200 older adults over 65 years of age were conveniently recruited from out patient departments of two hospitals and a health care center from October to November 2008. The level of knowledge was assessed using both open-ended questions and a structured questionnaire based on semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by t-tests and ANOVA using the SPSS program.
RESULTS
52.5% of the sample had hypertension and 30% had diabetes. The mean knowledge scores for symptoms and risk factors were 8.4 +/- 3.1(out of 15) and 9.5 +/- 3.9 (out of 16), respectively. The older adults who had lower education, lower family income, and who lived in rural areas were more likely to have less knowledge of stroke symptom and risk factors(p < .05). There was no significant knowledge difference between the older adults who had at least one risk factor and those who had no risk factor for stroke.
CONCLUSIONS
Educational intervention should be focused on informing older adults who are at risk for stroke about the early symptoms and management of risk factors, especially those who have low education and low social status.

PURPOSE
To examine the effect of back massage on immune response, symptom distress, and mood state of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogeneic HSCT).
METHODS
Subjects were thirty-seven patients undergoing sibling allogeneic HSCT (including 16 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group). Experimental subjects participated in an intervention group of back massage for 10 minutes, once a day and 5 times a week, from one week prior to the HSCT to the third week after the HSCT or a control group. A non-equivalent pretest-posttest design was used. t-test and Repeated measures ANOVA were used to examine group differences by using SAS.
RESULTS
No significant group differences were found in Immune response (CD4+, CD8+,CD19+, CD56+) and symptom distress. The experimental group had significantly less mood state (anxiety, confusion) than the control group.
CONCLUSION
The back massage for the patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT may be effective in altering the anxiety and confusion during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, this study did not provide evidence in improving immune response and symptom distress.

PURPOSE
The present study was intended to measure fatigue symptoms according to the quality of sleep among nurses working for an university hospital and to reveal its related factors. METHODS: The self-administered questionnaires were given to 397 nurses employed in an university hospital located in Daejeon City during the period from June 1st to July 31st, 2007. RESULTS: The group with higher quality of sleep accounted for 78.1% of all the subjects and the one with lower quality, 21.9%. According to qualities of sleep, the fatigue symptom was determined to be significantly higher in the group with lower quality of sleep than its counterpart. On adjustment for quality of sleep, the level of fatigue symptom was significantly higher in the groups, than in each respective counterparts, who don't take regular exercises, who have few leisure time, who have lower level of subjective health status, who range> or = 1 and < 10 years in job careers, who work in shifts, who reported that it is hard to get physical burden of work, who are satisfied with the job, who find themselves unfit to the job, who are considering quitting the job, who have higher job demand, who have lower job control, who have higher level of supervisor support, who have type A behavior pattern. CONCLUSION: The study results may explain that the fatigue symptom of nurses is highly associated with the quality of sleep independently of other variables and also with job-related characteristics independently of the sleep quality. In conclusion, to reduce the fatigue symptom of nurses, strategic efforts should be directed for programs to improve the quality of sleep and a proper job analysis.

PURPOSE
This study was to explore gender differences on presenting patients with acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department.
METHODS
The survey was done with 143 emergency medical charts presented to the emergency department and diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction between January 2005 and December 2006. The collected data were analyzed with frequency, chi-square, and t-test.
RESULTS
Significant gender differences were apparent in age, route to the emergency department, elapsed time from onset of symptoms to arrival, and initial heart rate. Women were significantly more likely to report hypertension, diabetes, and congestive heart failure than men, but men were significantly more likely to report smoking. Chest pain was the most common initial symptom in both men and women. Women were significantly more likely to report dyspnea and nausea/vomiting than men.
CONCLUSION
Although similarities exist in the associated symptoms of acute myocardial infarction, women might experience different symptoms, compared to men. These findings have implication that patients and health care providers should consider gender difference in presenting symptoms.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of self-care, symptom experience and disease state among the patients with liver cirrhosis and to identify its correlation.
METHODS
The subjects were 220 patients with liver cirrhosis who were treated in D-university hospital in Busan. The instruments used for study were the self-care inventory, the symptom experience inventory and modified childpugh classification scale.
RESULTS
The average points of the patient's self-care performance, symptom experience, and disease status were 3.67, 29.10 and 6.12 respectively. Their self care was negatively correlated to symptom experience, and symptom experience was positively correlated to disease state.
CONCLUSION
This research findings suggested that active self-care by patients with liver cirrhosis might contribute to reduce various symptoms they can undergo and to prevent aggravation of disease state. Therefore, patients with liver cirrhosis have to carry out self care actively in daily life and discreet nursing intervention should be offered to facilitate their self-care.

PURPOSE
This cross-sectional survey research was undertaken to identify the factors influencing time from onset to hospital arrival of stroke patients and to provide basic information for the development of intervention programs for stroke patients.
METHODS
The data were collected using a convenient sampling method from three hospitals in Inchon. The subjects were 78 patients who were diagnosed as stroke by doctor and they voluntarily participated in the study.
RESULTS
On the average, subjects arrived at the hospitals by 16.72 hours after the onset of stroke events with the range from 0.17 hours to 72 hours. Thirty-four(43.6%) subjects arrived within 3 hours which can maximize treatment effects. There was significant difference in hospital presentation time according to the level of knowledge(chi-square=18.629, p=.0003). A negative correlation was found between the hospital presentation time and self-efficacy (r= -.320, p=.004). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, the level of knowledge and physical symptoms were significant factors and accounted for 21.7% of the variance of hospital presentation time in stroke patients.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, self-efficacy is a useful concept for reducing the hospital presentation time from onset of attack in stroke patients. Therefore, nurses should consider educational programs which include not only a knowledge of stroke and recurrence prevention but also the concept of self-efficacy.

PURPOSE
Behavioral symptoms in dementia (BSD) are one of the most disturbing behaviors to caregivers and a major reason for nursing home placement. Behavioral symptoms are often treated with psychotropic drugs (PD), however, the effect of such drugs for the frail elderly dementia patient is not certain because of their critical adverse effects. Theoretical model applicable to nursing practice for BSD in nursing homes, which is essential in guiding and evaluating such interventions, is absent. This article presents the process of developing a theoretical model of BSD in nursing homes.
METHOD
Using Walker and Avants' theory synthesis method, three behavior models and two system models were incorporated into the proposed model to provide the theoretical and analytical explanation of the relationships between PD usage, its determinants, and BSD.
RESULTS
Resident variables and nursing home variables related to the two focal concepts (i.e., PD usage and BSD) were identified. Resident variables include demographical characteristics such as age and gender, and dementia-compromised functions such as cognitive and functional impairment. Nursing home variables include facility characteristics such as ownership type and size, and physical and psychosocial environment.
CONCLUSION
The proposed model suggests that fulfillment of resident unmet needs through improvement of physical and psychosocial environment may produce better health outcomes of nursing home residents with BSD. Assessment and intervening environmental triggers of such behaviors are also suggested to be prior to the PD usage.

PURPOSE
To evaluate the effects of a follow-up program for breast cancer patients after surgery.
METHOD
A quasi-experimental design was used. The subjects were 56 breast cancer patients (experimental group: 27, control group: 29). The subjects of the experimental group participated in the Follow-up program of 7 sessions once a week, during 4 weeks including one telephone visit. The program consisted of health education of breast cancer, exercise, lymph edema prevention, diet education, theraband rehabilitation exercise, laugh therapy, and breast self examination. The obtained data were analysed by using the ANCOVA of SPSS.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in the scores of physical wellbeing, symptom distress and mood state between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Considering these research results, short-term intervention could improve physical and emotional functioning abilities by helping better health. Nurses should establish and manage a proper program to provide multipurpose support and it must apply the program after surgery as soon as possible for breast cancer women.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study were to examine the incidence of lymphedema and to compare to physiological and psychosocial symptoms between breast cancer patients with lymphedema and without lymphedema.
METHOD
Four hundreds fifty women with breast cancer receiving mastectomy were recruited from two out-patient breast clinics of A and S university hospitals in Seoul, Korea from October, 2004 to May, 2005. Lymphedema was defined by circumferential measurement. Differences greater than 2cm between the affected arm and normal arm were considered to be lymphedema. A descriptive design was used for this study and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test.
RESULTS
Lymphedema developed in 112(24.9%) of the 450 subjects. Subjects with lymphedema reported more severe sensation change of arm and more depression and confusion than subjects without lymphedema. Range of motion of shoulder as a physical indicator and social support, however, were not significantly different between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Lymphedema is recognized as an unpleasant and uncomfortable consequence of breast cancer- related treatment. Therefore, more research is needed to evaluate the impact of lymphedema on quality of life in patients with lymphedema and the efficacy of nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
to determine the effects of hand acupuncture on IBS-affected college women's bowel symptoms and psychologic health by applying the therapy to them. METHOD: The researcher sampled the nursing student attending a college of nursing science in Seoul and checked if they were affected by IBS in reference to the Rome II Criteria. Students were classified into a experimental group(21 subjects) and a control group(19 subjects). Hand acupuncture was applied to the experimental group 8 rounds for 4 weeks; each round lasted 30 minutes. Data were collected for 8 weeks from October 11 to December 1, 2004. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program. RESULT: After the therapy, frequency(p=.005), distress(p=.001) and disability (p=.000) associated IBS bowel symptom and anxiety were significantly lowered in the experimental group(p=.026). CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed through this study that the hand acupuncture would be effective in relieving IBS bowel symptoms and anxiety.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to identify the level of total symptom distress, uncertainty, depression and ways of coping in women with endometriosis based on Mishel's model of Uncertainty in Chronic illness, and to exam the relationships among symptom distress, depression and ways of coping and the mediating effect of ways of coping between uncertainty and depression. METHOD: The research was used for correlational research design and data were collected with 123 women with endometriosis who live in a local area by convenience sampling. RESULTS: The finding showed that the levels of symptom distress and uncertainty were moderate and the depression was above the middle level. There were positive relationships among symptom distress, uncertainty and depression but a negative relationship between problem focused coping and depression. The significant predictors for depression were symptom distress, uncertainty, and problem focused coping with 40% of explained variance. Problem focused coping showed mediating effect between uncertainty and depression. CONCLUSION: Therefore, nursing intervention for the strategy of increasing problem focused coping as well as lowering uncertainty and depression is recommended. Further study is needed to conduct a repetitive study with randomized nationwide population and to evaluate the theory with different outcomes for adaptation versus maladaptation.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study is to investigate the degree of fatigue and its related factors in patients with breast cancer. METHOD: The subjects of this study consisted of 62 breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The Revised Piper Fatigue Scale, Disruption of Usual Activity Scale, Linear Analogue Self Assessment Scale and Self-Care Diary Scale were employed to measure fatigue, disruption of usual activity, mood state and physical symptom respectively. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS-PC to obtain summary statistics for the descriptive analysis, Pearson Correlation, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. RESULT: The results are as follows. 1. The mean score of the degree of fatigue was 4.82 points indicating moderate level. 2. The mean score of the degree of disruption of usual activity, mood state and physical symptom were 2.66, 5.00, and 4.69 points. 3. Fatigue of the subjects was significantly correlated with disruption of usual activity(r=.517, p<.01), mood state(r=.420, p<.01) and physical symptom(r=.463, p<.01). 4. With the result of stepwise multiple regression, disruption of usual activity, mood state and physical symptom being the three variables which could explain fatigue by 39.1%. The results of this study suggest that comprehensive intervention strategy for fatigue should be developed to maintain quality of life during and following chemotherapy considering these factors.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing symptom experience in patients with liver cirrhosis(LC). METHOD: A descriptive correlational study design was used. A convenience sample of 129 subjects was recruited from the gastroenterology department at two university hospitals in Seoul, Korea. Symptom experience in LC was measured with the instrument developed by the researcher based on Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms(Lenz et al, 1995) and the Child-Pugh Score, the Korean version of Profile of Mood States, and the Family Support Questionnaire were used to identify the factors influencing symptom experience. RESULTS: The mean score of symptom experience was relatively low(M=41.67, SD= 24.71). Among individual symptoms, fatigue had the highest score in all dimensions. Fatigue, abdominal distension and/or peripheral edema, muscle cramps, dry mouth, and change in appearance were explored as symptoms needing management. In the regression analysis, symptom experience was found to be influenced significantly by anxiety/depression(R2=.418, p=.000) and the severity of LC(Child-Pugh Score)(R2=.125, p=.000). These variables explained 54.3% of the variance in symptom experience(F=63.607. p=.000). CONCLUSION: It suggests that nurses need to take into consideration psychological factor as well as physiological factor in symptom management for patients with LC.

This study was conducted to develop and evaluate guidelines for cancer patients' symptoms management such as nausea/vomiting, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, and oral mucositis. Based on the literature review, assessment path to identify each stage of five symptoms were also developed. Guidelines for symptom management of each stage of the symptoms were developed. Guidelines then were evaluated by a panel of experts. Finally, 95 cancer patients were recruited and asked to use the guidelines for their symptom management Levels of understanding of and satisfaction with assessment path and management guidelines were surveyed. Prevalence rate of five symptoms varied ranging from 20% (diarrhea) to 47% (nausea/vomiting). Regarding the level of understanding of each symptom most of the cancer patients indicated that they were easy and sufficient. Regarding the easiness of use of the symptom management guidelines, most of cancer patients indicated that they were easy to use. Regarding the nursing intervention on each symptom, most of cancer patients indicated that they were easy and helpful. More information was added with feedback from the patients. The result of this study has implications on development of customized patient education materials based on assessment path and symptom management guidelines.