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Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
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Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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Original Article

Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

Kwan-Suk Jo1, Ja-Young Ban1, Jee-Yeon Yoon1, Seung-Hye Kook1, Hyun-Sun Yoon1, Yang-Sook Yoo2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(3):314-322.
Published online: June 30, 2016

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Corresponding author: Yoo, Yang-Sook College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Secho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2258-7411, Fax: +82-2-2258-7772, E-mail: ysyoo@catholic.ac.kr
• Received: April 6, 2016   • Accepted: June 21, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify the quality of life reported by patients with multiple myeloma and secondly to identify the factors that impact the quality of life (QoL). Methods: 189 patients with multiple myeloma completed survey questionnaires. Quality of life was evaluated using European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core (EORTC QLQ-C) 30 and Multiple Myeloma (MY) 20. The data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Duncan test and the Mann-Whitney test.
  • Results
    The mean score for each subscale of EORTC QLQ-C30 was 53.35 for global health status, 73.37 for functional scale, and 31.29 for symptom scale. The mean score for each subscale of EORTC QLQ-MY20 was 60.49 for future perspective, 59.78 for body image, 20.25 for disease symptom and 24.99 for side effect of treatment. Quality of life was reported to be significantly lower among females, unemployed, dependence on a sibling for financial support for treatment, a diagnosis of anemia, having treatment, high score on Eastern Coorperative Oncology Group and high grade peripheral neuropathy.
  • Conclusion
    The results of the survey can identify characteristics impacting the QoL of patients with multiple myeloma. Developing appropriate educational strategies and nursing interventions would enhance their QoL.
  • Key Words: Multiple myeloma; Quality of life; Symptom
Table 1.
Health-related Quality of Life (QLQ-C30) according to General Characteristics of Participants (N=189
Characteristics Categories n (%) Global health status Functional 　 Symptom
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Age (year) ≤49 16 (8.5) 54.16±23.57 0.10 68.75±15.42 1.22 31.17±14.16 1.84
50~59 67 (35.5) 54.35±22.20 (.957) 71.22±19.83 (.302) 22.62±16.23 (.140)
60~69 77 (40.7) 52.71±20.51   74.75±17.54   23.93±15.68  
≥70 29 (15.3) 52.01±23.21   77.19±17.48   20.28±12.76  
Gender 　 Male 101 (53.4) 55.44±21.74 1.42 76.29±17.05 2.38 21.72±15.02 1.72
Female 88 (46.6) 50.94±21.60 (.156) 70.01±19.10 (.018) 25.59±15.78 (.086)
Education completed Elementary school 28 (14.8) 52.08±18.92 0.97 71.39±18.75 1.41 21.00±13.59 0.45
Middle school 32 (16.9) 50.78±20.45 (.405) 75.62±16.75 (.241) 25.67±16.26 (.711)
High school 58 (30.7) 51.14±20.85   69.96±20.17   23.79±16.55  
≥College 71 (37.6) 56.80±23.91   75.37±18.26   23.32±15.02  
Marital status 　 Married 176 (93.1) 54.16±21.73 1.91 73.62±18.32 0.69 23.12±15.54 1.30
Single 13 (6.9) 42.30±19.38 (.057) 69.94±17.76 (.485) 28.91±13.68 (.193)
Religion Yes 119 (63.0) 53.92±22.14 0.46 74.02±18.08 0.64 23.87±15.06 0.40
No 70 (37.0) 52.38±21.14 (.639) 72.25±18.64 (.520) 22.92±15.32 (.685)
Monthly household income (10,000 won) ≤100 56 (29.6) 51.93±20.03 1.55 73.96±17.39 0.35 22.74±13.94 0.26
101~200 38 (20.1) 51.09±18.39 (.817)† 71.23±17.34 (.839) 25.55±16.57 (.902)
201~300 38 (20.1) 55.04±22.63   75.04±16.35   22.95±13.63  
301~400 23 (12.2) 57.60±19.77   75.24±19.69   24.44±17.81  
≥401 34 (18.0) 53.43±27.98   71.63±22.03   22.56±17.40  
Payer of treatment fee Patient 103 (54.5) 56.22±22.61 2.10 76.22±18.15 1.97 21.53±15.46 1.70
Spouse 53 (28.0) 52.51±21.90 (.101) 69.52±18.70 (.119) 26.69±15.47 (.167)
Offspring 27 (14.3) 46.60±17.33   71.40±17.53   23.41±12.93  
Sibling 6 (3.2) 41.66±13.94   67.22±13.93   30.24±22.56  
Job 　 Yes 58 (30.7) 56.17±56.17 1.19 77.70±17.32 2.19 20.12±14.12 2.02
No 131 (69.3) 52.09±20.76 (.235) 71.45±18.40 (.029) 25.03±15.84 (.044)
Renal failure Yes 12 (6.3) 58.33±25.12 0.82 71.16±20.33 0.43 24.02±13.06 0.11
No 177 (93.7) 53.01±21.53 (.413) 73.51±18.16 (.667) 23.49±15.64 (.909)
Anemia 　 Yes 27 (14.3) 43.20±23.34 2.66 68.46±19.67 1.51 32.32±19.40 3.27
No 162 (85.7) 55.04±21.06 (.008) 74.18±18.95 (.132) 22.05±14.25 (.001)
Bone destruction Yes 62 (32.8) 50.67±21.88 1.18 73.07±17.99 0.15 21.66±14.52 1.15
No 127 (67.2) 54.65±21.63 (.238) 73.51±18.46 (.877) 24.43±15.88 (.204)
HSCT Yes 113 (59.8) 53.83±22.41 0.37 71.65±19.18 1.58 24.22±16.77 0.76
No 76 (40.2) 52.63±20.82 (.710) 75.92±16.60 (.116) 22.48±13.32 (.448)
Ongoing treatment Yes 90 (47.6) 46.20±19.75 4.52 68.77±17.20 3.38 28.65±13.86 4.57
No 99 (52.4) 59.84±21.50 (.001) 77.54±18.27 (.001) 18.86±15.42 (.001)
Months since diagnosis made ≤12 55 (29.1) 49.09±20.51 1.35 70.87±19.43 2.40 26.61±15.50 2.41
13~24 48 (25.4) 57.11±19.44 (.258) 76.93±16.92 (.069) 19.89±13.97 (.068)
25~36 25 (13.2) 56.33±21.14   79.24±14.17   19.67±12.75  
≥37 61 (32.3) 53.00±24.39   70.40±19.01   25.17±16.93  
ECOG PS 0 21 (11.1) 71.82±18.7a 14.22 83.07±12.07a 8.50 17.96±13.60a 5.02
1 134 (70.9) 53.91±20.53b (.001) 74.81±17.55ab (.001) 22.70±15.08a (.002)
2 29 (15.3) 43.67±17.48b c＜b＜a 63.52±18.44bc c＜a 27.82±13.23a a＜b
3 5 (2.7) 16.66±11.78c   50.86±20.43c   44.07±26.09b  
Peripheral neuropathy 　 　 Grade I 52 (27.5) 60.57±23.51a 6.33 78.76±16.38a 3.77 20.50±16.08a 4.22
Grade II 75 (39.7) 55.22±19.65ab (.001) 73.29±17.87a (.012) 22.08±13.87a (.006)
Grade III 50 (26.5) 47.00±1835bc c＜a 70.79±18.05a b＜a 25.72±14.73a a＜b
Grade IV 12 (6.3) 36.80±25.24c   61.22±22.93b   36.47±19.09b  

HSCT=hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, ECOG PS=eastern cooperative oncology group performance score, QLQ-C=quality of life questionnaire-core;

†Kruskal-Wallis test.

Table 2.
Health-related and Multiple Myeloma related Quality of Life (N=189)
Variables　   M±SD
Health-related quality of life (QLQ-C30) General health status 53.35±21.73
 Functional 　 73.37±18.26
 Role 69.22±27.24
 Physical 70.86±20.25
 Emotional 74.95±21.44
 Social 74.95±25.93
 Cognitive 76.85±21.16
Symptom 23.52±15.46
 Fatigue 38.97±22.79
 Insomnia 30.15±29.40
 Pain 29.18±29.35
 Financial difficulties 25.22±27.15
 Dyspnea 22.39±25.68
 Constipation 22.39±29.74
 Appetite loss 22.22±28.96
 Diarrhea 11.46±21.28
 Nausea and vomiting 9.70±18.59
Multiple myeloma related quality of life (QLQ-MY20) Functional  
 Body image 59.78±31.22
 Future perspective 60.49±25.32
Symptom  
 Side effect of treatment 24.99±16.70
 Disease associated symptoms 20.25±19.58

QLQ-C=quality of life questionnaire-core; QLQ-MY=quality of life questionnaire-multiple myeloma.

Table 3.
Multiple Myeloma related Quality of Life (QLQ-MY20) according to General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)
Characteristics Categories Future perspective Body image Disease symptom Side effect of treatment
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Age (year) ≤49 52.08±28.89 0.85 58.33±33.33ab a 2.87 24.30±20.67 0.39 31.04±14.59 5.22 †
50~59 59.36±26.83 (.496) 52.23±33.44a ab (.037) 21.14±21.41 (.754) 26.97±19.93 (.156)†
60~69 62.77±24.03   62.33±27.75ab a＜b 19.11±18.37   23.89±15.15  
≥70 61.68±23.11   71.26±60.50b   18.96±18.27   20.00±11.81  
Gender 　 Male 66.00±24.58 3.28 66.99±28.08 3.46 14.13±14.56 4.73 19.81±13.72 4.75
Female 54.16±24.80 (.001) 51.51±32.71 (.001) 27.27±22.18 (.001) 30.94±17.89 (.001)
Education completed Elementary school 55.15±24.65 0.85 57.14±29.89 0.81 25.39±17.98 7.43 † 27.14±14.53 1.00
Middle school 62.84±25.49 (.466) 54.16±33.60 (.486) 19.44±22.04 (.059)† 25.31±18.01 (.393)
High school 58.62±22.96   59.19±29.97   23.27±22.03   26.96±16.37  
≥College 63.06±27.33   63.84±31.74   16.11±16.10   22.39±17.13  
Marital status Married 60.60±25.55 0.22 59.84±31.53 0.09 20.35±19.83 0.27 24.64±16.87 1.06
Single 58.97±22.85 (.823) 58.97±27.73 (.923) 18.80±16.43 (.783) 29.74±13.90 (.289)
Religion Yes 59.85±24.84 0.45 58.30±30.60 1.88 20.35±19.66 0.09 26.33±17.34 1.43
No 61.58±26.25 (.650) 60.71±31.58 (.052) 20.07±19.59 (.926) 22.72±15.40 (.153)
Monthly household income (10,000 won) ≤100 60.51±23.39 0.28 56.54±28.36 1.74 22.51±19.11 5.93 24.28±16.27 0.87
101~200 59.64±26.77 (.887) 54.38±30.43 (.142) 22.66±21.15 (.204)† 28.07±17.06 (.479)
201~300 63.15±22.53   67.54±30.49   13.74±14.19   24.49±15.22  
301~400 62.31±24.55   69.56±34.68   23.18±24.42   20.28±17.60  
≥401 57.18±30.72   55.88±33.55   19.11±20.66   26.47±18.03  
Payer of Treatment fee Patient 67.31±25.79a 6.05 63.43±31.48a 2.89 16.72±19.12 2.74 20.97±15.59a 5.78
Spouse 52.41±21.72ab ab (.001) 53.45±27.95ab a (.037) 23.79±19.00 (.045) 30.52±16.54ab a (.001)
Offspring 53.49±23.27ab b＜a 64.19±31.92a b＜a 24.48±19.68   26.41±14.64a a＜b
Sibling 46.29±25.74b   33.33±36.51b   30.55±24.02   38.88±25.87b  
Job 　 Yes 63.98±28.93 1.16 63.79±30.12 1.17 13.02±14.47 3.97 21.20±14.55 2.09
No 58.94±23.50 (.247) 58.01±31.64 (.242) 23.45±20.72 (.001) 26.67±17.35 (.038)
Renal failure Yes 52.77±29.63 1.09 55.55±41.03 0.48 19.90±21.38 0.06 25.55±15.52 0.12
No 61.01±25.01 (.277) 60.07±30.57 (.629) 20.27±19.52 (.950) 24.95±16.82 (.905)
Anemia 　 Yes 57.20±23.05 0.72 61.72±35.45 0.34 21.39±22.89 0.32 30.86±17.50 1.98
No 61.04±25.71 (.467) 59.46±30.57 (.728) 20.06±19.05 (.744) 24.01±16.41 (.048)
Bone destruction Yes 62.18±25.08 0.64 60.21±31.26 0.13 22.84±19.37 1.27 24.26±15.70 0.42
No 59.66±25.49 (.522) 59.58±31.32 (.896) 18.98±19.64 (.204) 25.35±17.21 (.674)
HSCT Yes 60.57±26.72 0.05 58.11±32.96 0.90 20.94±20.86 0.61 26.13±16.75 1.14
No 60.38±23.25 (.960) 62.28±28.46 (.370) 19.22±17.60 (.542) 23.30±16.59 (.254)
Ongoing treatment Yes 56.54±24.28 2.06 57.03±30.08 1.15 22.28±19.32 1.36 29.89±15.74 3.99
No 64.08±25.83 (.041) 62.28±32.17 (.249) 18.40±19.74 (.175) 20.53±16.36 (.001)
Months since diagnosis made ≤12 55.55±23.61 2.67 58.18±31.56 0.39 21.31±17.46 0.92 27.34±19.00 4.75
13~24 68.75±22.65 (.050) 63.88±29.84 (.758) 17.59±16.85 (.428) 20.41±13.00 (.191)†
25~36 61.77±27.04   60.02±36.00   16.88±19.14   22.80±14.22  
≥37 57.92±26.99   57.92±30.36   22.76±23.25   27.37±17.49  
ECOG PS 0 65.07±28.39a 4.22 71.42±26.42a 2.85 10.58±14.58a a 9.59 17.46±19.23a 3.48
1 63.10±24.81a (.006) 60.94±30.73ab (.039) 18.86±17.81a ab (.001) 24.80±15.91a (.017)
2 49.04±19.58ab b＜a 49.42±31.64ab b＜a 27.77±20.99b bc a＜c 28.62±15.34ab a＜b
3 37.77±32.01b   40.00±43.46b   54.44±30.02c c 40.66±22.28b  
Peripheral neuropathy 　 　 Grade I 64.31±24.82a 2.76 64.74±33.27 8.34 13.78±15.26a a 13.40 19.61±16.88a 5.35
Grade II 61.62±22.01a a (.043) 63.55±25.80 (.039)† 19.70±18.52b c b c (.004)† ‡ 24.33±15.94ab b (.001)
Grade III 59.33±28.80a b＜a 54.66±32.82   23.44±19.31c c a＜c, d‡ 28.46±15.78b a＜c
Grade IV 41.66±26.00b   36.11±36.22   38.42±30.00d d 38.05±15.66c  

HSCT=hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, ECOG PS=Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, QLQ-MY=Quality of Life Questionnaire-Multiple Myeloma;

†Kruskal-Wallis test,

‡Mann-Whitney test.

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    Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.3.314
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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.3.314
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    Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
    Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

    Health-related Quality of Life (QLQ-C30) according to General Characteristics of Participants (N=189

    Characteristics Categories n (%) Global health status Functional 　 Symptom
    M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
    Age (year) ≤49 16 (8.5) 54.16±23.57 0.10 68.75±15.42 1.22 31.17±14.16 1.84
    50~59 67 (35.5) 54.35±22.20 (.957) 71.22±19.83 (.302) 22.62±16.23 (.140)
    60~69 77 (40.7) 52.71±20.51   74.75±17.54   23.93±15.68  
    ≥70 29 (15.3) 52.01±23.21   77.19±17.48   20.28±12.76  
    Gender 　 Male 101 (53.4) 55.44±21.74 1.42 76.29±17.05 2.38 21.72±15.02 1.72
    Female 88 (46.6) 50.94±21.60 (.156) 70.01±19.10 (.018) 25.59±15.78 (.086)
    Education completed Elementary school 28 (14.8) 52.08±18.92 0.97 71.39±18.75 1.41 21.00±13.59 0.45
    Middle school 32 (16.9) 50.78±20.45 (.405) 75.62±16.75 (.241) 25.67±16.26 (.711)
    High school 58 (30.7) 51.14±20.85   69.96±20.17   23.79±16.55  
    ≥College 71 (37.6) 56.80±23.91   75.37±18.26   23.32±15.02  
    Marital status 　 Married 176 (93.1) 54.16±21.73 1.91 73.62±18.32 0.69 23.12±15.54 1.30
    Single 13 (6.9) 42.30±19.38 (.057) 69.94±17.76 (.485) 28.91±13.68 (.193)
    Religion Yes 119 (63.0) 53.92±22.14 0.46 74.02±18.08 0.64 23.87±15.06 0.40
    No 70 (37.0) 52.38±21.14 (.639) 72.25±18.64 (.520) 22.92±15.32 (.685)
    Monthly household income (10,000 won) ≤100 56 (29.6) 51.93±20.03 1.55 73.96±17.39 0.35 22.74±13.94 0.26
    101~200 38 (20.1) 51.09±18.39 (.817)† 71.23±17.34 (.839) 25.55±16.57 (.902)
    201~300 38 (20.1) 55.04±22.63   75.04±16.35   22.95±13.63  
    301~400 23 (12.2) 57.60±19.77   75.24±19.69   24.44±17.81  
    ≥401 34 (18.0) 53.43±27.98   71.63±22.03   22.56±17.40  
    Payer of treatment fee Patient 103 (54.5) 56.22±22.61 2.10 76.22±18.15 1.97 21.53±15.46 1.70
    Spouse 53 (28.0) 52.51±21.90 (.101) 69.52±18.70 (.119) 26.69±15.47 (.167)
    Offspring 27 (14.3) 46.60±17.33   71.40±17.53   23.41±12.93  
    Sibling 6 (3.2) 41.66±13.94   67.22±13.93   30.24±22.56  
    Job 　 Yes 58 (30.7) 56.17±56.17 1.19 77.70±17.32 2.19 20.12±14.12 2.02
    No 131 (69.3) 52.09±20.76 (.235) 71.45±18.40 (.029) 25.03±15.84 (.044)
    Renal failure Yes 12 (6.3) 58.33±25.12 0.82 71.16±20.33 0.43 24.02±13.06 0.11
    No 177 (93.7) 53.01±21.53 (.413) 73.51±18.16 (.667) 23.49±15.64 (.909)
    Anemia 　 Yes 27 (14.3) 43.20±23.34 2.66 68.46±19.67 1.51 32.32±19.40 3.27
    No 162 (85.7) 55.04±21.06 (.008) 74.18±18.95 (.132) 22.05±14.25 (.001)
    Bone destruction Yes 62 (32.8) 50.67±21.88 1.18 73.07±17.99 0.15 21.66±14.52 1.15
    No 127 (67.2) 54.65±21.63 (.238) 73.51±18.46 (.877) 24.43±15.88 (.204)
    HSCT Yes 113 (59.8) 53.83±22.41 0.37 71.65±19.18 1.58 24.22±16.77 0.76
    No 76 (40.2) 52.63±20.82 (.710) 75.92±16.60 (.116) 22.48±13.32 (.448)
    Ongoing treatment Yes 90 (47.6) 46.20±19.75 4.52 68.77±17.20 3.38 28.65±13.86 4.57
    No 99 (52.4) 59.84±21.50 (.001) 77.54±18.27 (.001) 18.86±15.42 (.001)
    Months since diagnosis made ≤12 55 (29.1) 49.09±20.51 1.35 70.87±19.43 2.40 26.61±15.50 2.41
    13~24 48 (25.4) 57.11±19.44 (.258) 76.93±16.92 (.069) 19.89±13.97 (.068)
    25~36 25 (13.2) 56.33±21.14   79.24±14.17   19.67±12.75  
    ≥37 61 (32.3) 53.00±24.39   70.40±19.01   25.17±16.93  
    ECOG PS 0 21 (11.1) 71.82±18.7a 14.22 83.07±12.07a 8.50 17.96±13.60a 5.02
    1 134 (70.9) 53.91±20.53b (.001) 74.81±17.55ab (.001) 22.70±15.08a (.002)
    2 29 (15.3) 43.67±17.48b c＜b＜a 63.52±18.44bc c＜a 27.82±13.23a a＜b
    3 5 (2.7) 16.66±11.78c   50.86±20.43c   44.07±26.09b  
    Peripheral neuropathy 　 　 Grade I 52 (27.5) 60.57±23.51a 6.33 78.76±16.38a 3.77 20.50±16.08a 4.22
    Grade II 75 (39.7) 55.22±19.65ab (.001) 73.29±17.87a (.012) 22.08±13.87a (.006)
    Grade III 50 (26.5) 47.00±1835bc c＜a 70.79±18.05a b＜a 25.72±14.73a a＜b
    Grade IV 12 (6.3) 36.80±25.24c   61.22±22.93b   36.47±19.09b  

    HSCT=hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, ECOG PS=eastern cooperative oncology group performance score, QLQ-C=quality of life questionnaire-core;

    †Kruskal-Wallis test.

    Health-related and Multiple Myeloma related Quality of Life (N=189)

    Variables　   M±SD
    Health-related quality of life (QLQ-C30) General health status 53.35±21.73
     Functional 　 73.37±18.26
     Role 69.22±27.24
     Physical 70.86±20.25
     Emotional 74.95±21.44
     Social 74.95±25.93
     Cognitive 76.85±21.16
    Symptom 23.52±15.46
     Fatigue 38.97±22.79
     Insomnia 30.15±29.40
     Pain 29.18±29.35
     Financial difficulties 25.22±27.15
     Dyspnea 22.39±25.68
     Constipation 22.39±29.74
     Appetite loss 22.22±28.96
     Diarrhea 11.46±21.28
     Nausea and vomiting 9.70±18.59
    Multiple myeloma related quality of life (QLQ-MY20) Functional  
     Body image 59.78±31.22
     Future perspective 60.49±25.32
    Symptom  
     Side effect of treatment 24.99±16.70
     Disease associated symptoms 20.25±19.58

    QLQ-C=quality of life questionnaire-core; QLQ-MY=quality of life questionnaire-multiple myeloma.

    Multiple Myeloma related Quality of Life (QLQ-MY20) according to General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

    Characteristics Categories Future perspective Body image Disease symptom Side effect of treatment
    M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
    Age (year) ≤49 52.08±28.89 0.85 58.33±33.33ab a 2.87 24.30±20.67 0.39 31.04±14.59 5.22 †
    50~59 59.36±26.83 (.496) 52.23±33.44a ab (.037) 21.14±21.41 (.754) 26.97±19.93 (.156)†
    60~69 62.77±24.03   62.33±27.75ab a＜b 19.11±18.37   23.89±15.15  
    ≥70 61.68±23.11   71.26±60.50b   18.96±18.27   20.00±11.81  
    Gender 　 Male 66.00±24.58 3.28 66.99±28.08 3.46 14.13±14.56 4.73 19.81±13.72 4.75
    Female 54.16±24.80 (.001) 51.51±32.71 (.001) 27.27±22.18 (.001) 30.94±17.89 (.001)
    Education completed Elementary school 55.15±24.65 0.85 57.14±29.89 0.81 25.39±17.98 7.43 † 27.14±14.53 1.00
    Middle school 62.84±25.49 (.466) 54.16±33.60 (.486) 19.44±22.04 (.059)† 25.31±18.01 (.393)
    High school 58.62±22.96   59.19±29.97   23.27±22.03   26.96±16.37  
    ≥College 63.06±27.33   63.84±31.74   16.11±16.10   22.39±17.13  
    Marital status Married 60.60±25.55 0.22 59.84±31.53 0.09 20.35±19.83 0.27 24.64±16.87 1.06
    Single 58.97±22.85 (.823) 58.97±27.73 (.923) 18.80±16.43 (.783) 29.74±13.90 (.289)
    Religion Yes 59.85±24.84 0.45 58.30±30.60 1.88 20.35±19.66 0.09 26.33±17.34 1.43
    No 61.58±26.25 (.650) 60.71±31.58 (.052) 20.07±19.59 (.926) 22.72±15.40 (.153)
    Monthly household income (10,000 won) ≤100 60.51±23.39 0.28 56.54±28.36 1.74 22.51±19.11 5.93 24.28±16.27 0.87
    101~200 59.64±26.77 (.887) 54.38±30.43 (.142) 22.66±21.15 (.204)† 28.07±17.06 (.479)
    201~300 63.15±22.53   67.54±30.49   13.74±14.19   24.49±15.22  
    301~400 62.31±24.55   69.56±34.68   23.18±24.42   20.28±17.60  
    ≥401 57.18±30.72   55.88±33.55   19.11±20.66   26.47±18.03  
    Payer of Treatment fee Patient 67.31±25.79a 6.05 63.43±31.48a 2.89 16.72±19.12 2.74 20.97±15.59a 5.78
    Spouse 52.41±21.72ab ab (.001) 53.45±27.95ab a (.037) 23.79±19.00 (.045) 30.52±16.54ab a (.001)
    Offspring 53.49±23.27ab b＜a 64.19±31.92a b＜a 24.48±19.68   26.41±14.64a a＜b
    Sibling 46.29±25.74b   33.33±36.51b   30.55±24.02   38.88±25.87b  
    Job 　 Yes 63.98±28.93 1.16 63.79±30.12 1.17 13.02±14.47 3.97 21.20±14.55 2.09
    No 58.94±23.50 (.247) 58.01±31.64 (.242) 23.45±20.72 (.001) 26.67±17.35 (.038)
    Renal failure Yes 52.77±29.63 1.09 55.55±41.03 0.48 19.90±21.38 0.06 25.55±15.52 0.12
    No 61.01±25.01 (.277) 60.07±30.57 (.629) 20.27±19.52 (.950) 24.95±16.82 (.905)
    Anemia 　 Yes 57.20±23.05 0.72 61.72±35.45 0.34 21.39±22.89 0.32 30.86±17.50 1.98
    No 61.04±25.71 (.467) 59.46±30.57 (.728) 20.06±19.05 (.744) 24.01±16.41 (.048)
    Bone destruction Yes 62.18±25.08 0.64 60.21±31.26 0.13 22.84±19.37 1.27 24.26±15.70 0.42
    No 59.66±25.49 (.522) 59.58±31.32 (.896) 18.98±19.64 (.204) 25.35±17.21 (.674)
    HSCT Yes 60.57±26.72 0.05 58.11±32.96 0.90 20.94±20.86 0.61 26.13±16.75 1.14
    No 60.38±23.25 (.960) 62.28±28.46 (.370) 19.22±17.60 (.542) 23.30±16.59 (.254)
    Ongoing treatment Yes 56.54±24.28 2.06 57.03±30.08 1.15 22.28±19.32 1.36 29.89±15.74 3.99
    No 64.08±25.83 (.041) 62.28±32.17 (.249) 18.40±19.74 (.175) 20.53±16.36 (.001)
    Months since diagnosis made ≤12 55.55±23.61 2.67 58.18±31.56 0.39 21.31±17.46 0.92 27.34±19.00 4.75
    13~24 68.75±22.65 (.050) 63.88±29.84 (.758) 17.59±16.85 (.428) 20.41±13.00 (.191)†
    25~36 61.77±27.04   60.02±36.00   16.88±19.14   22.80±14.22  
    ≥37 57.92±26.99   57.92±30.36   22.76±23.25   27.37±17.49  
    ECOG PS 0 65.07±28.39a 4.22 71.42±26.42a 2.85 10.58±14.58a a 9.59 17.46±19.23a 3.48
    1 63.10±24.81a (.006) 60.94±30.73ab (.039) 18.86±17.81a ab (.001) 24.80±15.91a (.017)
    2 49.04±19.58ab b＜a 49.42±31.64ab b＜a 27.77±20.99b bc a＜c 28.62±15.34ab a＜b
    3 37.77±32.01b   40.00±43.46b   54.44±30.02c c 40.66±22.28b  
    Peripheral neuropathy 　 　 Grade I 64.31±24.82a 2.76 64.74±33.27 8.34 13.78±15.26a a 13.40 19.61±16.88a 5.35
    Grade II 61.62±22.01a a (.043) 63.55±25.80 (.039)† 19.70±18.52b c b c (.004)† ‡ 24.33±15.94ab b (.001)
    Grade III 59.33±28.80a b＜a 54.66±32.82   23.44±19.31c c a＜c, d‡ 28.46±15.78b a＜c
    Grade IV 41.66±26.00b   36.11±36.22   38.42±30.00d d 38.05±15.66c  

    HSCT=hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, ECOG PS=Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, QLQ-MY=Quality of Life Questionnaire-Multiple Myeloma;

    †Kruskal-Wallis test,

    ‡Mann-Whitney test.
    Table 1. Health-related Quality of Life (QLQ-C30) according to General Characteristics of Participants (N=189

    HSCT=hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, ECOG PS=eastern cooperative oncology group performance score, QLQ-C=quality of life questionnaire-core;

    Kruskal-Wallis test.

    Table 2. Health-related and Multiple Myeloma related Quality of Life (N=189)

    QLQ-C=quality of life questionnaire-core; QLQ-MY=quality of life questionnaire-multiple myeloma.

    Table 3. Multiple Myeloma related Quality of Life (QLQ-MY20) according to General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

    HSCT=hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, ECOG PS=Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, QLQ-MY=Quality of Life Questionnaire-Multiple Myeloma;

    Kruskal-Wallis test,

    Mann-Whitney test.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

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