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Original Article

Influencing Effects of Type D Personality on Symptom Experiences and Quality of Life in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Eun Hee Jo, MSN, RN1, Sun Hee Han, MSN, RN2, Myung Ha Lee, Ph.D., RN3, Sung Reul Kim, Ph.D., APN4
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(5):536-545.
Published online: October 31, 2016

1Assistant Professor, Kunsan College of Nursing, Gunsan

2PhD Candidate, College of Nursing, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju

3Professor, College of Nursing, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju

4Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Sung Reul College of Nursing, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54899, Korea. Tel: +82-63-270-3118, Fax: +82-63-270-3127, E-mail: srkim@jbnu.ac.kr
• Received: July 17, 2016   • Accepted: October 24, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The aim of this study was to investigate the influencing effects of type D personality on symptom experiences and quality of life in percutaneous coronary intervention patients.
  • Methods
    A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 158 patients with percutaneous coronary intervention participated in this study, between July 1 and November 1, 2015. Data were analyzed by means, standard deviations, t-test, x2 test, ANCOVA, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS 22.0 program.
  • Results
    About 53.8% of participants were classified as type D personality. The type D personality group reported statistically significantly higher symptom experience, lower cardiac function, and lower cardiovascular-specific quality of life compared to non-type D personality group. On stepwise multiple regression, the most significant factor of quality of life was symptom experiences (adjusted R2=.25, p<.001), followed by type D personality (adjusted R2=.31, p<.001).
  • Conclusion
    Personality trait assessment is recommended for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention to assess symptom experiences and quality of life. In addition, development of nursing intervention might be beneficial to manage symptom experience and quality of life in percutaneous coronary intervention patients with type D personality.
  • Key Words: Percutaneous coronary intervention; Quality of life; Symptom; Type D personality
Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)
Variables Characteristics Categories Total Type D (n=85) Non-type D (n=73) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Demographic characteristics Gender Male 113 (71.5) 66 (77.6) 47 (64.4) 3.39 .078
Female 45 (28.5) 19 (22.4) 26 (35.6)    
Age (year)   62.0±12.4 61.5±12.4 62.5±12.5 -0.47 .643
Marital status Married 139 (88.0) 76 (89.4) 63 (86.3) 0.36 .627
Not married 19 (12.0) 9 (10.6) 10 (13.7)    
Religion Yes 66 (41.8) 30 (35.3) 36 (49.3) 3.17 .079
No 92 (58.2) 55 (64.7) 37 (50.7)    
Education ≤Elementary school 57 (36.1) 28 (32.9) 29 (39.7) 5.88 .120
Junior high school 33 (20.9) 14 (16.5) 19 (26.0)    
High school 25 (15.8) 18 (21.2) 7 (9.6)    
≥College 43 (27.2) 25 (29.4) 18 (24.7)    
Clinical characteristics Diagnosis Myocardial infarction 90 (57.0) 52 (61.2) 38 (52.1) 1.33 .263
Angina 68 (43.0) 33 (38.8) 35 (47.9)    
LVEF (%)   54.9±12.5 50.1±60.6 60.6±12.1 -5.72 ＜.001
Cardiac function I 26 (16.5) 4 (4.7) 22 (30.1) 21.98 ＜.001
II 32 (20.3) 17 (20.0) 15 (20.5)    
III 59 (37.3) 34 (40.0) 25 (34.2)    
IV 41 (25.9) 30 (35.3) 11 (15.1)    
Smoking Yes 48 (30.4) 25 (29.4) 23 (31.5) 0.08 .863
No 110 (69.6) 60 (70.6) 50 (68.5)    
Drinking Yes 60 (38.0) 30 (35.3) 30 (41.1) 0.56 .512
No 98 (62.0) 55 (64.7) 43 (58.9)    
Hypertension Yes 77 (48.7) 37 (43.5) 40 (54.8) 2.00 .202
No 82 (51.3) 48 (56.5) 33 (45.2)    
Hyperlipidemia Yes 31 (19.6) 16 (18.8) 15 (20.5) 0.07 .842
No 127 (80.4) 69 (81.2) 58 (79.5)    
Diabetes mellitus Yes 48 (30.4) 26 (30.6) 22 (30.1) 0.01 .100
No 110 (69.6) 59 (69.4) 51 (69.9)    

LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

Table 2.
Comparison of Symptom Experience and Quality of Life between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)
Variables Total Type D (n=85) Non-type D (n=73) F p
M±SD M±SD M±SD
Symptom experience 4.53±2.42 5.13±2.48 3.84±2.18 4.77† .031
Quality of life 58.42±11.75 54.35±9.79 63.17±12.11 10.63† .001
   Specific symptom 52.37±25.80 52.12±27.25 52.67±24.18 0.57† .450
   General symptom 52.37±25.36 49.31±23.40 55.93±27.20 0.56† .454
   Daily physical activity Inter-relationship 59.28±24.25 63.39±23.73 63.63±24.04 57.35±22.65 65.87±22.96 68.26±23.76 12.94† 5.74† ＜.001 .018
   Emotional status 65.69±25.34 59.33±22.34 73.09±26.73 2.75† .099

†Tested using t-test and ANCOVA (controlling cardiac function & left ventricular ejection fraction).

Table 3.
Symptom Experience and Quality of Life according to Demographic and Clinical Characteristics (N=158)
Variables Characteristics Categories Symptom experience Quality of life
M±SD t or F p M±SD t or F p
Demographic characteristics Gender Male 4.27±2.43 -2.15 .033 59.03±11.56 1.02 .308
Female 1.58±2.31     56.91±12.21    
Marital status Married 4.58±2.42 0.73 .469 58.12±11.73 -0.88 .381
Not married 4.15±2.46     60.64±11.93    
Religion Yes 4.71±2.38 0.78 .435 57.44±11.99 -0.89 .376
No 4.40±2.46     59.13±11.59    
Education ≤Elementary school 4.99±2.42 1.23 .299 57.73±12.30 0.53 .695
Junior high school 4.21±2.51     60.70±11.18    
High school 4.03±2.51     58.33±12.53    
≥College 4.47±2.30     57.65±11.14    
Clinical characteristics Diagnosis Myocardial infarction 3.95±2.25 -3.60 ＜.001 59.96±11.04 1.91 .058
Angina 5.30±2.45     56.39±12.42    
Cardiac function I 3.48±2.29a 7.29 ＜.001† 69.14±11.86a 10.47 ＜.001†
II 3.50±2.25a   (a＜b) 56.93±11.09b   (a＜b)
III 4.81±2.38b     55.36±10.54b    
IV 5.60±2.19b     57.20±10.35b    
Smoking Yes 4.18±0.98 0.94 .350 59.70±9.89 0.90 .370
No 1.71±1.03     57.87±12.48    
Drinking Yes 4.05±2.37 -1.99 .048 58.24±10.71 -0.15 .880
No 4.83±2.42     58.53±12.40    
Hypertension Yes 4.70±2.28 0.85 .398 58.46±11.81 -0.15 .880
No 4.37±2.56     58.53±12.40    
Hyperlipidemia Yes 4.19±2.25 -0.87 .387 57.98±12.63 -0.23 .815
No 4.61±2.47     58.53±11.57    
Diabetes mellitus Yes 4.88±2.32 1.18 .239 57.89±11.89 -0.38 .706
No 4.38±2.46     58.66±11.73    

†Scheffé test.

Table 4.
Correlations between Quality of Life and Related Variables (N=158)
Variables Cardiac function LVEF Symptoms experience
r (p) r (p) r (p)
LVEF -.24 (＜.001)    
Symptoms experience .34 (＜.001) -.06 (.432)  
Quality of life -.30 (＜.001) .20 (.012) -.51 (＜.001)

LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

Table 5.
Influencing Factors on Quality of Life according to Stepwise Multiple Regression (N=158)
Variables Step 1 Step 2
B t (p) B t (p)
(Constant) 69.56 40.50 (＜.001) 59.57 18.47 (＜.001)
Experienced symptoms -2.46 -7.38 (＜.001) -2.14 -6.40 (＜.001)
Type D personality     5.85 3.61 (＜.001)
  Adjusted R2=.25, F=53.97, p＜.001 Adjusted R2=.31, F=35.59, p＜.001
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    Influencing Effects of Type D Personality on Symptom Experiences and Quality of Life in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(5):536-545.   Published online October 31, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.5.536
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    Influencing Effects of Type D Personality on Symptom Experiences and Quality of Life in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(5):536-545.   Published online October 31, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.5.536
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    Influencing Effects of Type D Personality on Symptom Experiences and Quality of Life in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
    Influencing Effects of Type D Personality on Symptom Experiences and Quality of Life in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

    Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)

    Variables Characteristics Categories Total Type D (n=85) Non-type D (n=73) x2 or t p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Demographic characteristics Gender Male 113 (71.5) 66 (77.6) 47 (64.4) 3.39 .078
    Female 45 (28.5) 19 (22.4) 26 (35.6)    
    Age (year)   62.0±12.4 61.5±12.4 62.5±12.5 -0.47 .643
    Marital status Married 139 (88.0) 76 (89.4) 63 (86.3) 0.36 .627
    Not married 19 (12.0) 9 (10.6) 10 (13.7)    
    Religion Yes 66 (41.8) 30 (35.3) 36 (49.3) 3.17 .079
    No 92 (58.2) 55 (64.7) 37 (50.7)    
    Education ≤Elementary school 57 (36.1) 28 (32.9) 29 (39.7) 5.88 .120
    Junior high school 33 (20.9) 14 (16.5) 19 (26.0)    
    High school 25 (15.8) 18 (21.2) 7 (9.6)    
    ≥College 43 (27.2) 25 (29.4) 18 (24.7)    
    Clinical characteristics Diagnosis Myocardial infarction 90 (57.0) 52 (61.2) 38 (52.1) 1.33 .263
    Angina 68 (43.0) 33 (38.8) 35 (47.9)    
    LVEF (%)   54.9±12.5 50.1±60.6 60.6±12.1 -5.72 ＜.001
    Cardiac function I 26 (16.5) 4 (4.7) 22 (30.1) 21.98 ＜.001
    II 32 (20.3) 17 (20.0) 15 (20.5)    
    III 59 (37.3) 34 (40.0) 25 (34.2)    
    IV 41 (25.9) 30 (35.3) 11 (15.1)    
    Smoking Yes 48 (30.4) 25 (29.4) 23 (31.5) 0.08 .863
    No 110 (69.6) 60 (70.6) 50 (68.5)    
    Drinking Yes 60 (38.0) 30 (35.3) 30 (41.1) 0.56 .512
    No 98 (62.0) 55 (64.7) 43 (58.9)    
    Hypertension Yes 77 (48.7) 37 (43.5) 40 (54.8) 2.00 .202
    No 82 (51.3) 48 (56.5) 33 (45.2)    
    Hyperlipidemia Yes 31 (19.6) 16 (18.8) 15 (20.5) 0.07 .842
    No 127 (80.4) 69 (81.2) 58 (79.5)    
    Diabetes mellitus Yes 48 (30.4) 26 (30.6) 22 (30.1) 0.01 .100
    No 110 (69.6) 59 (69.4) 51 (69.9)    

    LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

    Comparison of Symptom Experience and Quality of Life between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)

    Variables Total Type D (n=85) Non-type D (n=73) F p
    M±SD M±SD M±SD
    Symptom experience 4.53±2.42 5.13±2.48 3.84±2.18 4.77† .031
    Quality of life 58.42±11.75 54.35±9.79 63.17±12.11 10.63† .001
       Specific symptom 52.37±25.80 52.12±27.25 52.67±24.18 0.57† .450
       General symptom 52.37±25.36 49.31±23.40 55.93±27.20 0.56† .454
       Daily physical activity Inter-relationship 59.28±24.25 63.39±23.73 63.63±24.04 57.35±22.65 65.87±22.96 68.26±23.76 12.94† 5.74† ＜.001 .018
       Emotional status 65.69±25.34 59.33±22.34 73.09±26.73 2.75† .099

    †Tested using t-test and ANCOVA (controlling cardiac function & left ventricular ejection fraction).

    Symptom Experience and Quality of Life according to Demographic and Clinical Characteristics (N=158)

    Variables Characteristics Categories Symptom experience Quality of life
    M±SD t or F p M±SD t or F p
    Demographic characteristics Gender Male 4.27±2.43 -2.15 .033 59.03±11.56 1.02 .308
    Female 1.58±2.31     56.91±12.21    
    Marital status Married 4.58±2.42 0.73 .469 58.12±11.73 -0.88 .381
    Not married 4.15±2.46     60.64±11.93    
    Religion Yes 4.71±2.38 0.78 .435 57.44±11.99 -0.89 .376
    No 4.40±2.46     59.13±11.59    
    Education ≤Elementary school 4.99±2.42 1.23 .299 57.73±12.30 0.53 .695
    Junior high school 4.21±2.51     60.70±11.18    
    High school 4.03±2.51     58.33±12.53    
    ≥College 4.47±2.30     57.65±11.14    
    Clinical characteristics Diagnosis Myocardial infarction 3.95±2.25 -3.60 ＜.001 59.96±11.04 1.91 .058
    Angina 5.30±2.45     56.39±12.42    
    Cardiac function I 3.48±2.29a 7.29 ＜.001† 69.14±11.86a 10.47 ＜.001†
    II 3.50±2.25a   (a＜b) 56.93±11.09b   (a＜b)
    III 4.81±2.38b     55.36±10.54b    
    IV 5.60±2.19b     57.20±10.35b    
    Smoking Yes 4.18±0.98 0.94 .350 59.70±9.89 0.90 .370
    No 1.71±1.03     57.87±12.48    
    Drinking Yes 4.05±2.37 -1.99 .048 58.24±10.71 -0.15 .880
    No 4.83±2.42     58.53±12.40    
    Hypertension Yes 4.70±2.28 0.85 .398 58.46±11.81 -0.15 .880
    No 4.37±2.56     58.53±12.40    
    Hyperlipidemia Yes 4.19±2.25 -0.87 .387 57.98±12.63 -0.23 .815
    No 4.61±2.47     58.53±11.57    
    Diabetes mellitus Yes 4.88±2.32 1.18 .239 57.89±11.89 -0.38 .706
    No 4.38±2.46     58.66±11.73    

    †Scheffé test.

    Correlations between Quality of Life and Related Variables (N=158)

    Variables Cardiac function LVEF Symptoms experience
    r (p) r (p) r (p)
    LVEF -.24 (＜.001)    
    Symptoms experience .34 (＜.001) -.06 (.432)  
    Quality of life -.30 (＜.001) .20 (.012) -.51 (＜.001)

    LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

    Influencing Factors on Quality of Life according to Stepwise Multiple Regression (N=158)

    Variables Step 1 Step 2
    B t (p) B t (p)
    (Constant) 69.56 40.50 (＜.001) 59.57 18.47 (＜.001)
    Experienced symptoms -2.46 -7.38 (＜.001) -2.14 -6.40 (＜.001)
    Type D personality     5.85 3.61 (＜.001)
      Adjusted R2=.25, F=53.97, p＜.001 Adjusted R2=.31, F=35.59, p＜.001
    Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)

    LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

    Table 2. Comparison of Symptom Experience and Quality of Life between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)

    Tested using t-test and ANCOVA (controlling cardiac function & left ventricular ejection fraction).

    Table 3. Symptom Experience and Quality of Life according to Demographic and Clinical Characteristics (N=158)

    Scheffé test.

    Table 4. Correlations between Quality of Life and Related Variables (N=158)

    LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

    Table 5. Influencing Factors on Quality of Life according to Stepwise Multiple Regression (N=158)

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

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