Purpose
This study aimed to develop the progressive lower-extremity exercise program for patients with total knee replacement arthroplasty and to evaluate its effectiveness on knee functions. Methods: A non-equivalent quasi-experimental design with matching sample was used. The control group was recruited prior to the experimental group with the matched inclusion criteria for age, gender, and duration of osteoarthritis. The experimental group (n=34) participated in the 8-week progressive lower-extremity exercise program and completed both pretest and posttest with the dropout rates of 15%. The control group (n=35) received conventional exercise intervention during the study period with the dropout rates of 17.5%. Outcome measures were days to achieve possible range of motion, lower-extremity strength, and knee symptoms and function. Data were collected from April, 2019 to March, 2020 and analyzed with a x ² test, independent t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS/WIN V. 23.0. Results: The progressive lower-extremity exercise program consisted of pre-op education, post-op progressive exercise provided 2~3 times/day with progressive intensity and duration, followed by pre-discharge education. The study participants were 71.7 years old in average, mostly women, and having osteoarthritis for 9.3 years. The experimental group reported significant improvement in lower-extremity strength and knee symptoms and function compared to their controls after 8 weeks based on interaction effects. No significant interaction effect was found in days to achieve possible range of motion. Conclusion: The progressive lower-extremity exercise program provided additional benefits over the conventional exercise to patients with total knee replacement arthroplasty. This program is easily applicable and useful as rehabilitation nursing strategies in this population.

Citations

• The Effects of a Self-Efficacy Theory-Based Exercise Program for Patients Undergoing with Total Knee Arthroplasty
  Kyung-Hye Park, Hee-Young Kang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(4): 547.     CrossRef
• Effects of lower-limb active resistance exercise on mobility, physical function, knee strength and pain intensity in patients with total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Guo Wei, Zhenghui Shang, Yupeng Li, Yu Wu, Li Zhang
  BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study aimed to identify the factors explaining the performance of health behaviors among adults with metabolic syndrome based on the theory of planned behavior.
METHODS
A total of 218 adults with metabolic syndrome were recruited for the study from September to December, 2017. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0 and AMOS 24.0.
RESULTS
The hypothetical model appeared to fit the data with χ²/df=2.65, SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Residual)=.07, PNFI (Parsimonious Normed Fit Index)=.67. Attitude toward health behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control explained 32.3% of variance in intention toward health behavior. Perceived behavioral control showed significant direct effects and mediating effect through intention on health behavior (γ=.57, t=5.85). Family support also had significant direct effects on health behavior (γ=.38, t=4.75). Attitude toward health behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and family support were the significant factors explaining 56.3% of variance in the performance of health behaviors among patients with metabolic syndrome.
CONCLUSION
Health promotion programs for behavioral modification in this population should focus on these factors to lead to better health outcomes. Further studies are warranted to test the health promotion strategies based on theory of planned behavior for long-term change toward a healthy lifestyle among individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Citations

• Factors Affecting Radiation Protective Behaviors in Perioperative Nurses Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior: Path Analysis
  Se Young Jang, Hee Sun Kim, Seok Hee Jeong, Young Man Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2023; 53(2): 222.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged Postmenopausal Korean Women: A Study Based on the Information, Motivation, Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model
  Yoonjung Kim, Sooyeon Park
  Patient Preference and Adherence.2023; Volume 17: 2279.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Health Promotion Behaviors Among Working Adults at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome
  Sungwon Park, Min Kyeong Jang, Chang Gi Park, Oi Saeng Hong
  Nursing Research.2022; 71(4): 275.     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Health Management Program for Psychiatric Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
  Yun Bock Kwak, Ji Young Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(3): 261.     CrossRef
• An Analysis and Evaluation of the Theory of Planned Behavior Using Fawcett and DeSanto-Madeya's Framework
  Sungwon Park, Hyewon Shin
  Advances in Nursing Science.2021; 44(4): E141.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The study aims were to examine motivation factors for behavioral modification among individuals with metabolic syndrome at each stage of behavioral change.
METHODS
The correlational research design was used to explore motivation factors of self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and emotional salience to explain health behaviors. Total of 239 patients with metabolic syndrome completed the structured questionnaire and the data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 22.0 for ANOVA and multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
The average age of participants were 59 years old, and 52.3% perceived their health relatively worse than others. The motivation and health behaviors except for smoking cessation were significantly different at each stage of planning, preparation, and action-maintenance. The motivation factors explained 25% of variance in health behavior at planning stage, 38% at preparation stage, and 31% at action-maintenance stage. Self-efficacy and perceived barriers were significant predictors at the planning and action-maintenance stages, while self-efficacy was a significant predictor at preparation stage.
CONCLUSION
The performance of health behaviors was significantly different at the stages of change along with a different set of motivation factors. Nursing strategies should focus on cognitive and emotional motivation factors to lead initiation and maintenance of behavioral modification in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Citations

• Factors Related to the Dementia Prevention Behavior among Community-dwelling Older Adults based on the Health Belief Model: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study
  Jin Young Lee, Eun Ko
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2024; 31(3): 263.     CrossRef
• Cognitive and Emotional Motivation to Explain Infection-Prevention Behaviors with Social Support as a Mediator During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea
  Myonghwa Park, Keunyeob Oh, Hyungjun Kim, Xing Fan, Thi-Thanh-Thnh Giap, Rhayun Song
  Patient Preference and Adherence.2023; Volume 17: 1063.     CrossRef
• Motivational Factors for Smoking Behaviors in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome
  Moonkyoung Park, Baram Kang, Ahyun Ryu, YueLin Li, Rhayun Song
  Patient Preference and Adherence.2021; Volume 15: 2847.     CrossRef
• The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
  Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, On-Ju Ju
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(3): 185.     CrossRef
• Effects of BeHaS Program on Health Behavior, Physiologic Index and Self-Esteem of the Elderly Living Alone with Metabolic Syndrome Based on Community Based Participatory Research
  Jong Im Kim, Sun Ae Kim, Keumok Park, Jiyoung Kim, Lina Lee, Si Wan Choi, Bon Jeong Ku
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(4): 571.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The aim of the study was to examine effects of a fall prevention education program among inpatients over 65 years old.
METHODS
A quasi- experimental study with two intervention groups and a comparison was used. One hundred and forty-three participants recruited from one university hospital were assigned to one of three groups: Video-only education (n=49), video plus leaflet education (n=45), and a comparison group who received a routine education (n=49). The data collection period was from March to August 2016.
RESULTS
The two intervention groups reported higher scores in fall prevention behaviors than the comparison group (F=19.83, p < .001). Participants who viewed the video and received the leaflet education reported higher scores than those with video only education. The scores of attitudes toward falls (F=16.05, p < .001), and satisfaction with education (F=40.02, p < .001) in both intervention groups were also significantly higher than the comparison group, with no significant difference between the two intervention groups.
CONCLUSION
The fall prevention program was effective in improving fall-related attitude and satisfaction among elderly inpatients. Since the video plus leaflet education was most effective in improving prevention behaviors, it might be included in routine orientation on admission for the elderly.

Citations

• The Impact of a Fall Prevention Education Program on Falls-related Knowledge, Prevention Behavior, and Falls Efficacy
  Jieun Oh, Taeyoung Lee, Joohyun Kim, Hyeonsuk Park, Suyeong Park, Jihye Jeong, Yeongeun Lee, Sujin Son, Ju Young Park
  Quality Improvement in Health Care.2024; 30(2): 62.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Multimedia Education on Patients' Knowledge and Behavior on Fall Prevention
  Shamsi Nasiri, Samira Daneshvar, Habib Emami, Fatemeh Nasiri, Dina Batebi, Fatemeh Bahrambeygi
  Journal of Preventive, Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies in Medicine.2023; 2(1): 33.     CrossRef
• Development and effectiveness of an integrated medication management program centered on senior welfare centers for older adults with hypertension: A cross-sectional study
  Heuijeong Moon, Dukyoo Jung
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(3): 297.     CrossRef
• Comparative Study of the Accuracy of At-Point Clinical Frailty Scale and Morse Fall Scale in Identifying High-Risk Fall Patients among Hospitalized Adults
  Sunghwan Ji, Hee-Won Jung, Jeounghee Kim, Younghye Kwon, Yeonmi Seo, Semin Choi, Hyoun Jin Oh, Ji Yeon Baek, Il-Young Jang, Eunju Lee
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2023; 27(2): 99.     CrossRef
• A comparative study on the training method that mixed face-to-face/non-face-to-face education for apprentice engineers in the training ship
  Jung-Ho Noh, Eun-Seok Jeong, Jin-Uk Lee, Sae-Gin Oh, Kyoung-Kuk Yoon, Jong-Su Kim, Hyeon-Min Jeon, Jae-Jung Hur
  Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology.2022; 46(2): 93.     CrossRef
• A comparative study on video training and lecture-style training for apprentice engineers of training ships
  Ki-Young Han, Jun-Soo Kim, Hong-Beom Kim, Jae Jung Hur
  Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology.2021; 45(6): 459.     CrossRef
• Development and Effect of a Fall Prevention Program Based on King’s Theory of Goal Attainment in Long-Term Care Hospitals: An Experimental Study
  Bom-Mi Park
  Healthcare.2021; 9(6): 715.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Video Education on Cancer Patient Advance Directive Writing
  Ji Su Kang, Hyeon Ok Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2020; 20(1): 39.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Venous Thromboembolism Prevention Education for Elderly Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty
  Mi Hee Lee, Mee Ock Gu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2019; 26(4): 269.     CrossRef
• Physical Attributes of Housing and Elderly Health: A New Dynamic Perspective
  Zan Yang, Yuqi Fu
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(24): 4961.     CrossRef
• Effects of Video-centered Nursing Education Program on Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Self-care among Cataract Surgery Patients
  Hyang Hee Jeon, Soo Jin Lee
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2018; 30(5): 482.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explain fall prevention behaviors of community-dwelling elderly with osteoarthritis based on the Health Belief Model.
METHODS
A total of 200 older adults with osteoarthritis residing in community was recruited from July 10 to August 30, 2013. The direct and indirect effects of perceived fall risk, perceived benefits and barriers, and self efficacy of fall prevention were examined on fall prevention behaviors. Data were collected with structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS/WIN 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 program.
RESULTS
The hypothetical model was a good fit for the data based on the model fit indices. Among socio-demographic variables, age and fall knowledge showed significant direct effects on fall prevention behaviors. The constructed model explained 34.2% of the variance of fall prevention behaviors, including perceived fall risk and efficacy of fall prevention behaviors as significant predictors.
CONCLUSION
The findings revealed the need to develop an effective nursing intervention to promote fall prevention behaviors of community-dwelling elderly with osteoarthritis by focusing on perceived fall risk and efficacy of fall prevention behaviors. Knowledge about fall can also be increased by an age-based education program.

Citations

• Effect of an educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model on prevention and fear of falling among older people
  Fatemeh Mohammadkhah, Fatemeh Razmjouie, Navid Alinejad, Pooyan Afzali Harsini, Ali Khani Jeihooni
  Global Health Promotion.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Risk Factors for Falls or Fractures in Stroke Patients: An Analysis of 2020 Patient Sample Data
  Miso Lee, Mikyung Moon
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2024; 27(1): 58.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Fall Prevention Program Based on Goal Attainment Theory for Homebound Older Adults With Osteoarthritis of the Lower Extremities
  Chunhee Lee, Heeok Park
  Orthopaedic Nursing.2022; 41(6): 414.     CrossRef
• Understanding and Prevention of Fall-related Injuries in Older Adults in South Korea: A Systematic Review
  Ki-taek Lim, Ji-eun Lee, Ha-eun Park, Su-young Park, Woochol Joseph Choi
  Physical Therapy Korea.2019; 26(2): 34.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to validate fall risk assessment scales among hospitalized adult patients in South Korea using the electronic medical records by comparing sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of Morse Fall Scale (MFS), Bobath Memorial Hospital Fall Risk Assessment Scale (BMFRAS), and Johns Hopkins Hospital Fall Risk Assessment tool (JHFRAT).
METHODS
A total of 120 patients who experienced fall episodes during their hospitalization from June 2010 to December 2013 was categorized into the fall group. Another 120 patients, who didn't experience fall episodes with age, sex, clinical departments, and the type of wards matched with the fall group, were categorized to the comparison group. Data were analyzed for the comparisons of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the curve of the three tools.
RESULTS
MFS at a cut-off score of 48 had .806 for ROC curves, 76.7% for sensitivity, 77.5% for specificity, 77.3% for positive predictive value, and 76.9% for negative predictive value, which were the highest values among the three fall assessment scales.
CONCLUSION
The MFS with the highest score and the highest discrimination was evaluated to be suitable and reasonable for predicting falls of inpatients in med-surg units of university hospitals.

Citations

• An inpatient fall risk assessment tool: Application of machine learning models on intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors
  Sonia Jahangiri, Masoud Abdollahi, Rasika Patil, Ehsan Rashedi, Nasibeh Azadeh-Fard
  Machine Learning with Applications.2024; 15: 100519.     CrossRef
• Mortality Analysis of Geriatric Patients Who Fell Off The Stretcher in The Emergency Department: A Retrospective Clinical Study
  Habibe Selmin Özensoy, Fatih Ahmet Kahraman, Selahattin Gürü, Sedat Özbay, Orhan Özsoy, Hakan Oğuztürk
  Anatolian Journal of Emergency Medicine.2024; 7(1): 8.     CrossRef
• A Clinical Data Warehouse Analysis of Risk Factors for Inpatient Falls in a Tertiary Hospital: A Case-Control Study
  Eunok Kwon, Sun Ju Chang, Mikyung Kwon
  Journal of Patient Safety.2023; 19(8): 501.     CrossRef
• Influence of Fall-related Perception on Behavioral Intention of Fall Prevention among Hospitalized Older Patients
  Young Ju Kim, Su Hyun Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2023; 30(1): 24.     CrossRef
• Falls in Patients of Medical Institutions in South Korea: A Literature Review
  Jongwon Choi, Woochol Joseph Choi
  Physical Therapy Korea.2023; 30(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Validity of the Morse Fall Scale and the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool for fall risk assessment in an acute care setting
  Young Ju Kim, Kyoung‐Ok Choi, Suk Hyun Cho, Seok Jung Kim
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2022; 31(23-24): 3584.     CrossRef
• Development and validation of interpretable machine learning models for inpatient fall events and electronic medical record integration
  Soyun Shim, Jae Yong Yu, Seyong Jekal, Yee Jun Song, Ki Tae Moon, Ju Hee Lee, Kyung Mi Yeom, Sook Hyun Park, In Sook Cho, Mi Ra Song, Sejin Heo, Jeong Hee Hong
  Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2022; 9(4): 345.     CrossRef
• Health-Related Quality of Life of Elderly Women with Fall Experiences
  Jiyoung Song, Eunwon Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 7804.     CrossRef
• Triggers and Outcomes of Falls in Hematology Patients: Analysis of Electronic Health Records
  Min Kyung Jung, Sun-Mi Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2019; 26(1): 1.     CrossRef
• The Influence of Health Belief on Fall Prevention Behavior among Patients Who Experienced Abdominal Surgeries
  Jinyoung Kim, Chiyoung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2018; 25(3): 155.     CrossRef
• Risk factors of falls among inpatients with cancer
  M.D. Jun, K.M. Lee, S.A. Park
  International Nursing Review.2018; 65(2): 254.     CrossRef
• Identifying Characteristics of Fall Episodes and Fall-related Risks of Hospitalized Patients
  Young Ok Kang, Rhayun Song
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2015; 22(3): 149.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Tai Chi exercise on muscle strength, balance, flexibility and bone mineral density among community dwelling elderly women.
METHODS
A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent comparison group was utilized, Elderly women were recruited from the community settings and assigned to either the treatment group (n=30) or the comparison group (n=34). Both groups completed the pretest and the posttest measures at six months with an 29.7% of dropouts. Tai Chi exercise was performed for 60 minutes, three times a week for 24 weeks. The study participants were referred to the sports clinic of the university hospital where an exercise therapist and a technician measured muscle strength, balance, flexibility, and bone mineral density without the knowledge of the group assignment. Data were collected from June 14, 2010 to May 27, 2011.
RESULTS
At the completion of 6 month Tai Chi exercise, the experimental group showed a significant difference in knee flexor strength (t=3.26, p=.002), flexibility (t=-2.93, p=.005), and bone mineral density in femur (t=2.20, p=.032), compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION
Tai Chi exercise could be performed safely to community dwelling elderly women and effective for preventing declining in physical function in this population. Whether or not this health benefits would lead fall prevention will require further study.

Citations

• A trend of Tai Chi in osteoporosis research: A bibliometric analysis
  Libing Liang, Mingyue Zhang, Kunpeng Li, Jianmiao Hou, Caiqin Wu
  Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2024; 86: 103083.     CrossRef
• Effects of 12-week Tai Chi program on physical function, depression, and quality of life among cognitively impaired older adults: a feasibility study
  Hyunkyoung Oh, Rhayun Song, Seon Joo Kim
  BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effects of Tai Chi Chuan Exercise Training on the Lower Extremities of Middle-Aged and Elderly
  Bo-Jen Ko, Ting-Ting Lee, Tai-Yen Hsu, Chen-Fu Huang
  Applied Sciences.2022; 12(9): 4460.     CrossRef
• The effects of tai chi chuan exercise training on countermovement jump performance in the elderly
  Bo-Jen Ko, Tai-Yen Hsu, Chen-Fu Huang
  Research in Sports Medicine.2020; 28(4): 563.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Hope, Dependency, and Perceived Health Status of Elderly Women
  Yong Ju Park, Ja Ok Kim
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2014; 21(2): 106.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify a model based on f the learning objectives in adult health nursing curriculums. The model can be eventually reflected in Korean National Nurse's Licensing Examination (KNNLE).
METHODS
The model was developed through a series of practical analysis by the task force team from June to October, 2011. The research team conducted the data synthesis and analysis from the learning objectives of adult health nursing drawn from selected national and international universities, from the adult health nursing areas in KNNLE, and from the current disease prevalence from clinical data in the representative university hospitals in Korea.
RESULTS
The current disease prevalence and mortality rates are on the increase especially for malignant neoplasm, heart diseases, suicide and diabetes. The items on the KNNLE of adult nursing are categorized by body systems into digestive system (15%), introduction (13.8%), respiratory system (11.3%), and cardiac system (11.3%). While the current system-based learning objectives covers extensive areas of adult health nursing, the core items are required to be selected based on core competences and core learning objectives to restructure the items of KNNLE. The first revised model is to consolidate and restructure the items microscopically in the subjects of adult health nursing by system. The second proposed model from macroscopic perspective is to build a comprehensive scheme of nursing curriculum by encompassing 8 subjects under current KNNLE and adjust the number of items accordingly.
CONCLUSION
The items of KNNLE need to be gradually redesigned by considering the intervention need at clinical practice and the modified learning objectives of adult health nursing. Based on the job analysis on core competences for newly employed nurses performed by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing, it is necessary to establish the core learning objectives of adult health nursing and set up standards for core items in KNNLE.

PURPOSE
The study aimed to apply Tai Chi exercise to patients with coronary artery disease for 6 months, and to examine changes on body composition, physical strength, and cardiovascular risks. METHODS: Applying a quasi experimental design with a nonequivalent control group, 90 subjects with cardiovascular disease were recruited at C university hospital. For 6 months, 44 subjects performed Tai Chi exercise once a week and daily home exercise, while 46 subjects did not. Body composition was assessed by body mass index, % body fat, and waist-hip ratio; physical strength by balance, mobility, flexibility, grip strength, and back muscle strength; and cardiovascular risk checklist for fixed and modifiable risk factors. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN program with ANCOVA to consider group differences at the pretest. RESULTS: The subjects were 66 years old in average. In 6 months, Tai Chi group improved significantly in balance, mobility, and flexibility with decreased modifiable cardiovascular risks after adjusting for the pretest scores. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi exercise was safely applicable to individuals with coronary artery disease, and effective in some measures of physical strength and modifiable cardiovascular risks. It could be an alternative exercise for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program in this population.

PURPOSE
The study was to examine the effect of lumbar stabilization exercise on back pain, physical fitness, sleep, and depression in middle-aged women who have chronic back pain.
METHODS
With one group pre-post test design, 18 subjects who have had more than 6 months of back pain were recruited by convenience sampling in D metropolitan area. Lumbar stabilization exercise was based on Tai Chi for back pain program developed by Lam(2003). This program was mainly focusing on strengthening lumbar stabilizing muscle for one hour per session, twice a week for 20 weeks. Degree of back pain, back pain disability, sleep, and depression were measured at three time points(pretest, 12 weeks, and 20 weeks) by a structured study questionnaire. Physical fitness variables including waist flexibility, mobility, and back muscle strength were measured three times at health promotion center located in the university hospital. Data were analyzed by frequency, descriptive statistics, and repeated measures of ANOVA.
RESULTS
Mean age of subjects was 52 years(SD = 6.4). Most of them(90%) had suffered from back pain more than one year and 67% was taking medicine to relieve their back pain. Results showed that back pain score and disability score were not significantly decreased after the exercise. On physical fitness variables, however, waist flexibility(F = 3.50, p = .04) and mobility(F = 3.31, p = .04) were improved after the exercise. Quality of sleep(F = 4.48, p = .03) was improved gradually and depression scores were also decreased(F = 3.12, p = .05) after the exercise.
CONCLUSION
This lumbar stabilization exercise was not able to reduce chronic back pain, but could improve physical fitness and psycho-social variables for community dwelling women who have chronic back pain. Further study is needed to replicate this exercise with control group to confirm the positive effect.

PURPOSE
The positive effects of health behaviors in older population are well recognized, but maintenance of health habits was more difficult than initiation. The purposes of the study were to identify predictors of health behavior based on motivation theories, and to analyze predicting power of motivational factors to explain health behaviors in older adults.
METHODS
The data were collected from older adults either institutionalized or living in the community. Total of 159 subjects with 72 years old in average were recruited for an interview. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis were utilized to analyze the data with age, residential type, and motivational variables.
RESULTS
The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that age and residential type explained 3% of variance in health behaviors (F=3.705, p=0.027). When motivational variables were entered, additional 56.9% of variance were explained by the model (F=33.275, p<0.001). Among motivational variables, perceived benefits was the most important variable (beta=0.346, t=4.582, p<0.001), followed by self efficacy, emotional salience, and perceived barriers.
CONCLUSION
Considering the importance of each motivational variable, the focus of intervention strategies to assist older adults to maintain health behaviors should be on modifiable and important motivational variables, such as self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers, and emotional salience.

The purpose of this study was to test psychometric properties Health-Related Hardiness Scale(HRHS) for Korean elderly. HRHS has been developed by Pollock to measure the effect of hardiness in individuals with actual health problems. Items were generated to measure dimensions based on theoretical definitions of health-related control, commitment, and challenge. In 1990, Pollcok and Duffy revised HRHS to be 34 items. In this study, 34-item HRHS(Pollock & Duffy, 1990) was translated into Korean and administered to 193 elderly involving in 95 hospitalized patients and 98 outpatients or healthy people. The subjects were 80 women and 112 men with an age range of 65 to 95 years(M=71 years) in whom 82.6% classified themselves as moderate or pretty active. Most subjects(80.2%) had education of elementary school or less. The 34-item HRHS consists of three subscales: control, commitment, and challenge, and was measured with 1(strongly disagree) to 6(strongly agree) Likert scale. The higher the score is, the higher people's hardiness. Factor analysis was performed to confirm whether the scale represents three sub-areas as suggested in the literature. Two factors were isolated, using principle components analysis. Two factor solution was accepted for the study since Pollock described the possibility of classifying sub-areas into two divisions. These two factors, commitment/challenge and control accounted for 31.9% of variance of the scale. Factor loadings were string, ranging from .41 to .77. The moderate correlation with task self-efficacy scale also supported the validity(r=.35, p<.05). The scale was found to be internally consistent, showing Cronbanch;s alpha of .90 for the total items with the range of .82 and .90 for three subscales. The findings revealed the potential applicability of HRHS to nursing intervention studies for elderly.