Purpose This study aimed to examine the effects of health-related behaviors on metabolically healthy non-obese or obese groups and to analyze gender differences. Methods This study was a secondary descriptive study. A total of 14,277 adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2015 were classified as: metabolically healthy non-obese; metabolically unhealthy non-obese; metabolically healthy obese; or metabolically unhealthy obese. Five health-related behaviors (amount of alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, daily energy intake, and sleep duration) were included as independent variables. Results The health-related behaviors associated with metabolic status in non-obese participants were drinking and smoking, whereas those of obese individuals were associated with physical activity. Subgroup analysis showed that more metabolically healthy non-obese men were light drinkers and former smokers than metabolically unhealthy non-obese men.
Metabolically healthy non-obese women were more likely to engage in physical activity than metabolically unhealthy non-obese women. Among the obese men, light drinking and physical activity were associated with metabolic status. Conclusion Evidence-based interventions promoting health-related behaviors are needed to support metabolic health, considering the metabolic status and obesity phenotypes of the participants and their gender.
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PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the factors explaining the performance of health behaviors among adults with metabolic syndrome based on the theory of planned behavior. METHODS A total of 218 adults with metabolic syndrome were recruited for the study from September to December, 2017. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0 and AMOS 24.0. RESULTS The hypothetical model appeared to fit the data with χ²/df=2.65, SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Residual)=.07, PNFI (Parsimonious Normed Fit Index)=.67. Attitude toward health behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control explained 32.3% of variance in intention toward health behavior. Perceived behavioral control showed significant direct effects and mediating effect through intention on health behavior (γ=.57, t=5.85). Family support also had significant direct effects on health behavior (γ=.38, t=4.75). Attitude toward health behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and family support were the significant factors explaining 56.3% of variance in the performance of health behaviors among patients with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION Health promotion programs for behavioral modification in this population should focus on these factors to lead to better health outcomes. Further studies are warranted to test the health promotion strategies based on theory of planned behavior for long-term change toward a healthy lifestyle among individuals with metabolic syndrome.
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PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the relationship between illness perception, stress, and sleep, focusing on the influence of illness perception on the quality of sleep through the mediating effect of stress in patients with metabolic syndrome risk factors. METHODS A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with 219 patients with two metabolic syndrome risk factors. Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics in Daegu and Gyeongbuk between June and July 2016. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire that included items from the Brief Illness Perception Scale, the Perceived Stress Inventory, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pearson's correlation coefficient, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple linear regression analysis, and a SPSS macro bootstrap approach were performed. RESULTS There were significant correlations between illness perception and sleep (r=.42, p<.001) and between stress and sleep (r=.49, p<.001). Illness perception was a significant predictor of stress (t=7.99, p<.001) and sleep (t=5.83, p<.001) after adjusting for the influence of age, gender, job status, and body mass index. A mediating effect of stress on the relationship between illness perception and sleep was demonstrated by Baron and Kenny's approach (Z=4.57, p<.001) and the PROCESS macro for SPSS (95% confidence interval=0.04~0.13). CONCLUSION This study suggests that the negative impact of illness perception on sleep can be reduced by regulating stress. Further, it is necessary to develop intervention programs that can reduce stress linked to the illness perception among patients with metabolic syndrome risk factors.
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PURPOSE To provide basic data for the health management of adults with prolonged fatigue, demographic characteristics, stress, sleep quality, and metabolic syndrome were compared between groups with and without prolonged fatigue. METHODS Data of 370 adults (197 with Prolonged Fatigue [PF] and 173 without PF) from the 2014~2016 database of Korea Medicine Data Center were used. Fatigue, stress and sleep quality were measured with the revised Chalder Fatigue Scale, Psychosocial Well-being Index-Short Form, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS First, regarding demographic characteristics, there were significant differences in occupation, smoking, and Body Mass Index (BMI) between groups with and without PF. More of the participants with PF than those without PF were employed, and smokers. They were also more likely to be obese than the participants in the group without PF. Second, there were significant differences between the groups in terms of stress and sleep quality; the participants with PF showed higher stress and lower sleep quality than those without PF. Finally, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be higher in the participants with PF than those without PF. CONCLUSION Considering the characteristics of the participants with PF, it is necessary to develop nursing programs to improve stress, sleep quality, and metabolic syndrome to reduce fatigue. These kinds of nursing programs are particularly necessary for people who are smokers, obese and employed.
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PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to investigate the moderating effect of lifestyle and Type-D personality on the relation between metabolic syndrome and severity of coronary artery disease and to provide practical knowledge and directions for nursing intervention. METHODS The participants were 111 adult outpatients with coronary artery disease in the cardiology department of a medical center in Korea. The study tools included diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome, lifestyle evaluation tool for patients with metabolic syndrome, the Korean Type-D scale-14, and measures of severity of coronary artery disease. The data were obtained by electronic medical record reviews and surveys using structured questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ2 test, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression analysis and two-way ANOVA. RESULTS The severity of coronary artery disease was positively correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome (r=.26, p=.006) and type-D personality (r=.49, p < .001). There was a significant negative correlation (r=−.54, p < .001) between the severity of coronary artery disease and lifestyle. Lifestyle had the moderating effect on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and severity of coronary artery disease (β=−.22, p < .001), but type-D personality had no moderating effect (F=0.13, p=.719) on it. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to establish individualized intervention considering the condition of the patients according to the criteria of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis when establishing the lifestyle intervention plan. And also it is necessary to define influencing factors including the personality on lifestyle change.
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PURPOSE The study aims were to examine motivation factors for behavioral modification among individuals with metabolic syndrome at each stage of behavioral change. METHODS The correlational research design was used to explore motivation factors of self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and emotional salience to explain health behaviors. Total of 239 patients with metabolic syndrome completed the structured questionnaire and the data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 22.0 for ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The average age of participants were 59 years old, and 52.3% perceived their health relatively worse than others. The motivation and health behaviors except for smoking cessation were significantly different at each stage of planning, preparation, and action-maintenance. The motivation factors explained 25% of variance in health behavior at planning stage, 38% at preparation stage, and 31% at action-maintenance stage. Self-efficacy and perceived barriers were significant predictors at the planning and action-maintenance stages, while self-efficacy was a significant predictor at preparation stage. CONCLUSION The performance of health behaviors was significantly different at the stages of change along with a different set of motivation factors. Nursing strategies should focus on cognitive and emotional motivation factors to lead initiation and maintenance of behavioral modification in individuals with metabolic syndrome.
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PURPOSE This study examined the influence of occupational type and lifestyle habits on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Korean male workers. METHODS Through secondary analysis of their four-year health examination data, 3,892 subjects were divided into four subgroups according to the presence of MetS now and four years ago. RESULTS Nineteen percent (n=739) suffered from MetS and these 739 subjects were classified into following occupations: 7.1% were office workers, 17.6% were non-office workers, and 42.2% were drivers. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that when the data adjusted for age, the predicting factors on the prevalence of MetS were heavy drinking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09~1.64) and the occupation of non-office workers (OR 2.99, 95% CI 2.13~4.18) and drivers (OR 7.97, 95% CI 4.89~10.83) among workers without MetS four years ago. Among workers already with a history of MetS, the predicting factors were less exercise (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02~2.35) and drivers (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.03~2.94). CONCLUSION Heavy drinking and less exercise and drivers were reported as influencing factors on the prevalence of MetS by this sample. The findings suggest that employers need to provide their employees with screening and management program for those at risk of MetS.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to understand the risk of falling associated with postmenopausal women and to identify the relationships between this risk and factors such as lifestyle, metabolic syndrome, and bone mineral density. METHODS The sample was 128 postmenopausal women between 50 and 65 from one menopausal clinic in an urban city. The Risk Assessment for Falls Scale II, developed by Glydenvand and Reinboth (1982) and adapted by Park Young-Hye (2003), was modified and used for this study. RESULTS The average fall-risk score in postmenopausal women was 7.2 out of 33, the fall-risk score associated with lifestyle was higher in women exposed to stress frequently or who favored spicy or salty foods. The fall-risk score associated with metabolic syndrome was higher in groups with HBP or with a waist circumference of 80cm or greater. The fall-risk score in groups with three or more factors of metabolic syndrome was the highest. CONCLUSION The risk of fall in postmenopausal women was higher in groups with only elementary education, unemployed, reported two or more chronic diseases or reported frequent exposure to stress and for women who preferred spicy or salty foods or exhibited three or more factors of metabolic syndrome.
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PURPOSE This study was aimed to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risk factors among workers at small-sized companies having fewer than 50employees in Korea. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a secondary data analysis on workers' health examination data. Data from 21,784 employed workers were analyzed, including 16,488 males (mean age 38.7years)and 5,296 females (mean age 40.5 years). Participants were newly enrolled in annual health check-ups at a professional health clinic from 2009 to 2011. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify age-adjusted gender specific predicting factors of MetS incidence. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 13.4% in male and 7.7% in female workers. Logistic regression analysis showed that, when age was adjusted for, family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was a predicting factor in both male and female workers. For male workers, heavy alcohol drinking and non-manual occupation (office workers/drivers) predicted MetS. CONCLUSION Health care providers should screen for MetS periodically in small work places especially for those with a family history of CVD. Educational counseling needs to be given to male workers with sedentary occupations with an aim to reduce heavy drinking and encourage lifestyle modification.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components and to examine the related factors in urban and rural community, South Korea. METHODS The data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V) conducted in 2010 were utilized in this study. The subjects were 5,760 adults 20 years or over. The data were consisted with health survey questionnaire and health examination. chi2-test and logistic regression was used for the analysis SAS 9.3 applying sampling weights. RESULTS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome based on the latest definition proposed the joint scientific meeting was 23.4% and 29.0% respectively in urban and rural community. Rural community showed higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (29.9% vs 38.5%), elevated blood pressure (31.3% vs 38.5%), elevated blood glucose (24.3% vs 28.4%) than urban community. The related factors were age, marital status, high risk drinking, obesity in urban community and age, marital status high risk drinking, severe physical activity, obesity in rural community. CONCLUSION This study showed there was difference in prevalence and the related factors of metabolic syndrome and these findings have important implications to prevent and manage metabolic syndrome in public health field.
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PURPOSE This study was to identify the mental health and self-care activities according to perceived stress level in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS The descriptive survey design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and fifty-two diabetic participants with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Students' t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS The high, moderate, and low stress groups according to perceived stress score consisted of 30.9%, 38.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. Differences of mental health and total self-care activities among the three groups were statistically significant. Depression (F=46.73, p<.001), trait anger (F=5.75, p<.01), and anger expression-in (F=4.60, p<.01) of participants in the high stress group were higher than other groups, whereas the total of self-care activities (F=2.85, p<.05) and exercise (F=3.49, p<.05) were lower than other groups. CONCLUSION This study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome with a high stress level were low in self-care activities along with elevated depression and anger.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the difference between prevalence and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome(MS) by gender in type2 diabetic patients. METHOD 108 participants(males 69, females 39) were recruited from the endocrinology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in an urban city. MS was defined by a third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults(Adult Treatment Panel lll)(ATP lll), and abdominal obesity was determined by Asia-Pacific criteria in waist circumference. RESULTS The prevalence of MS by definition of NCEP-ATPlll and the Asia-Pacific criteria in waist circumference was 39.3% in males and 66.7% in females type2 diabetic patients. The abdominal obesity prevalence was seen in 44.9% of males and in 79.5% of females patients. The prevalence of low HDL-cholesterolemia in serum was 26.2% in male, 52.8% in female type2 diabetic patients. CONCLUSION These results show that nurses should focus on female diabetic patients for preventing MS.
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