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Original Article

Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

So Hui Kang1, Seon Young Hwang2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(2):180-190.
Published online: April 30, 2016

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Corresponding author: Hwang, Seon Young College of Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seondong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2220-0702, Fax: +82-2-2220-1163, E-mail: seon9772@hanyang.ac.kr
• Received: February 5, 2016   • Accepted: April 19, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study examined the influence of occupational type and lifestyle habits on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Korean male workers.
  • Methods
    Through secondary analysis of their four-year health examination data, 3,892 subjects were divided into four subgroups according to the presence of MetS now and four years ago.
  • Results
    Nineteen percent (n=739) suffered from MetS and these 739 subjects were classified into following occupations: 7.1% were office workers, 17.6% were non-office workers, and 42.2% were drivers. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that when the data adjusted for age, the predicting factors on the prevalence of MetS were heavy drinking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09~1.64) and the occupation of non-office workers (OR 2.99, 95% CI 2.13~4.18) and drivers (OR 7.97, 95% CI 4.89~10.83) among workers without MetS four years ago. Among workers already with a history of MetS, the predicting factors were less exercise (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02~2.35) and drivers (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.03~2.94).
  • Conclusion
    Heavy drinking and less exercise and drivers were reported as influencing factors on the prevalence of MetS by this sample. The findings suggest that employers need to provide their employees with screening and management program for those at risk of MetS.
  • Key Words: Metabolic syndrome; Occupational health; Life style; Risk factors
Figure 1.
Current lifestyle habits of male workers with metabolic syndrome by occupational type.
kjan-28-180f1.jpg
Table 1.
Comparison Male Workers' Characteristics by of Occupational Type (N=3,892)
Variables Office workers (n=774) Non-Office workers (n=2,568) Drivers (n=550) x2 or F p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Age (year) 42.7±7.3a 41.1±9.1b 53.1±7.2c 456.03 ＜.001
      b＜a＜c  
Body Mass Index 24.4±2.8a 23.9±3.2b 24.7.8±3.0c 18.66 ＜.001
      a=c＞b  
Systolic blood pressure 118.5±11.7a 120.7±12.5b 124.1±12.9c 33.20 ＜.001
      a＜b＜c  
Diastolic blood pressure 73.8±9.1a 76.4±9.2b 76.9±9.7c 27.85 ＜.001
      a＜b=c  
Fasting blood glucose 96.2±14.9a 100.9±24.6b 101.3±33.1c 12.01 ＜.001
      a＜b=c  
HDL cholesterol 50.6±11.6a 50.3±12.2b 44.3±10.7c 60.83 ＜.001
      c＜a=b  
Triglyceride 144.6±87.7a 158.9±101.8b 202.1±107.7c 57.06 ＜.001
      a＜b＜c  
LDL cholesterol 121.8±28.3a 117.3±31.8b 116.9±33.7c 6.67 .001
      a＞b=c  
No. of MetS Risk Factors 1.2±1.2a 1.4±1.1b 1.9±1.2c 72.63 ＜.001
      a＜b＜c  
Current smoking 259 (33.5) 1,261 (49.1) 220 (40.0) 64.61 ＜.001
Heavy drinking 249 (32.2) 523 (20.4) 97 (17.6) 55.92 ＜.001
Lack of exercise 654 (84.5) 2,175 (84.7) 345 (62.7) 150.88 ＜.001
Prevalence of 1st year 31 (4.0) 453 (17.6) 172 (31.3) 173.91 ＜.001
MetS 2nd year 42 (5.4) 391 (15.2) 174 (31.6) 168.58 ＜.001
3rd year 60 (7.8) 406 (15.8) 194 (35.3) 179.99 ＜.001
4th year 55 (7.1) 452 (17.6) 232 (42.2) 266.60 ＜.001

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; MetS=Metabolic syndrome.

Table 2.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Current and Four Years ago (N=3,892)
Variables MetS (Current) Non-MetS (Current) x2 p
MetS (4 yrs ago)
Non-MetS (4 yrs ago)		 Group 4: n=257, 6.6%
Group 3: n=482, 12.4%		 Group 2: n=399, 10.3%
Group 1: n=2,754, 70.8%		 209.07 ＜.001

MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 3.
Differences in Male Workers' Characteristics of Four Sub-groups (N=3,892)
Variables Group 1 (n=2,754) Group 2 (n=399) Group 3 (n=482) Group 4 (n=257) x2 or F (p) Scheffé
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Age(year) 41.9±9.0a 45.3±10.3b 45.2±9.4c 49.1±9.3d 68.76 (＜.001) a＜b=c＜d
Body mass index 23.5±2.8a 24.2±3.0b 26.2±3.1c 26.9±3.4d 194.23 (＜.001) a＜b＜c＜d
Occupation         388.49 (＜.001)  
Non-Office workers 1,807 (70.4) 309 (12.0) 308 (12.0) 144 (5.6)    
Office workers 700 (90.4) 19 (2.5) 43 (5.6) 12 (1.6)    
Drivers 247 (44.9) 71 (12.9) 131 (23.8) 101 (18.4)    
Total cholesterol 197.5±34.7a 202.0±35.5b 208.5±39.0c 206.1±38.5d 16.38 (＜.001) a＜c=d
HDL cholesterol 51.6±11.7a 50.8±12.3b 41.3±9.1c 40.3±9.7d 172.67 (＜.001) a=b＞c=d
Triglyceride 136.9±80.2a 151.7±88.4b 264.5±122.5c 256.7±106.2d 383.06 (＜.001) a=b＜c=d
LDL cholesterol 118.8±30.7a 120.7±31.0b 114.9±34.2c 114.0±33.5d 4.47 (.004) b＞c=d
Current smoking 1,194 (43.4) 190 (47.6) 229 (47.5) 127 (49.4) 7.24 (.065)  
Heavy drinking 629 (22.8) 80 (20.1) 102 (21.2) 58 (22.6) 2.00 (.573)
Lack of exercise 2,263 (82.2) 311 (77.9) 392 (81.3) 208 (80.9) 4.23 (.237)

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 4.
Predicting Factors on the Current Prevalence of MetS Compared with Non-MetS
Variables Group 3 (n=482) vs Group 1 (n=2,754) Group 4 (n=257) vs Group 2 (n=399)
B SE Exp (B) 95% CI p B SE Exp (B) 95% CI p
Age (year) 0.02 .01 1.02 1.01~1.04 ＜.001 0.02 .01 1.02 1.00~1.04 .026
Current smoking 0.17 .10 1.18 0.96~1.45 .112 0.17 .17 1.18 0.73~1.43 .335
Lack of exercise (＜＜3 times/week) 0.26 .14 1.29 0.98~1.68 .061 0.44 .21 1.55 1.02~2.35 .041
Heavy drinking (≥≥3 times/week) 0.29 .10 1.34 1.09~1.64 .005 0.02 .17 1.02 0.73~1.43 .903
Occupation type Non-office workers 1.09 .17 2.99 2.13~4.18 ＜.001 -0.18 .39 0.84 0.39~1.81 .646
Drivers 2.08 .21 7.97 4.89~10.83 ＜.001 0.79 .42 2.21 1.03~2.94 .050

MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Reference groups: Non- or Ex-smoking, exercise≥3 times/week, alcohol drinking＜3 times/week, Office workers; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

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    Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(2):180-190.   Published online April 30, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.2.180
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    Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(2):180-190.   Published online April 30, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.2.180
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    Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Image
    Figure 1. Current lifestyle habits of male workers with metabolic syndrome by occupational type.

    Figure 1.

    Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

    Comparison Male Workers' Characteristics by of Occupational Type (N=3,892)

    Variables Office workers (n=774) Non-Office workers (n=2,568) Drivers (n=550) x2 or F p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Age (year) 42.7±7.3a 41.1±9.1b 53.1±7.2c 456.03 ＜.001
          b＜a＜c  
    Body Mass Index 24.4±2.8a 23.9±3.2b 24.7.8±3.0c 18.66 ＜.001
          a=c＞b  
    Systolic blood pressure 118.5±11.7a 120.7±12.5b 124.1±12.9c 33.20 ＜.001
          a＜b＜c  
    Diastolic blood pressure 73.8±9.1a 76.4±9.2b 76.9±9.7c 27.85 ＜.001
          a＜b=c  
    Fasting blood glucose 96.2±14.9a 100.9±24.6b 101.3±33.1c 12.01 ＜.001
          a＜b=c  
    HDL cholesterol 50.6±11.6a 50.3±12.2b 44.3±10.7c 60.83 ＜.001
          c＜a=b  
    Triglyceride 144.6±87.7a 158.9±101.8b 202.1±107.7c 57.06 ＜.001
          a＜b＜c  
    LDL cholesterol 121.8±28.3a 117.3±31.8b 116.9±33.7c 6.67 .001
          a＞b=c  
    No. of MetS Risk Factors 1.2±1.2a 1.4±1.1b 1.9±1.2c 72.63 ＜.001
          a＜b＜c  
    Current smoking 259 (33.5) 1,261 (49.1) 220 (40.0) 64.61 ＜.001
    Heavy drinking 249 (32.2) 523 (20.4) 97 (17.6) 55.92 ＜.001
    Lack of exercise 654 (84.5) 2,175 (84.7) 345 (62.7) 150.88 ＜.001
    Prevalence of 1st year 31 (4.0) 453 (17.6) 172 (31.3) 173.91 ＜.001
    MetS 2nd year 42 (5.4) 391 (15.2) 174 (31.6) 168.58 ＜.001
    3rd year 60 (7.8) 406 (15.8) 194 (35.3) 179.99 ＜.001
    4th year 55 (7.1) 452 (17.6) 232 (42.2) 266.60 ＜.001

    HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; MetS=Metabolic syndrome.

    Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Current and Four Years ago (N=3,892)

    Variables MetS (Current) Non-MetS (Current) x2 p
    MetS (4 yrs ago)
    Non-MetS (4 yrs ago)    		 Group 4: n=257, 6.6%
    Group 3: n=482, 12.4%    		 Group 2: n=399, 10.3%
    Group 1: n=2,754, 70.8%    		 209.07 ＜.001

    MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

    Differences in Male Workers' Characteristics of Four Sub-groups (N=3,892)

    Variables Group 1 (n=2,754) Group 2 (n=399) Group 3 (n=482) Group 4 (n=257) x2 or F (p) Scheffé
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Age(year) 41.9±9.0a 45.3±10.3b 45.2±9.4c 49.1±9.3d 68.76 (＜.001) a＜b=c＜d
    Body mass index 23.5±2.8a 24.2±3.0b 26.2±3.1c 26.9±3.4d 194.23 (＜.001) a＜b＜c＜d
    Occupation         388.49 (＜.001)  
    Non-Office workers 1,807 (70.4) 309 (12.0) 308 (12.0) 144 (5.6)    
    Office workers 700 (90.4) 19 (2.5) 43 (5.6) 12 (1.6)    
    Drivers 247 (44.9) 71 (12.9) 131 (23.8) 101 (18.4)    
    Total cholesterol 197.5±34.7a 202.0±35.5b 208.5±39.0c 206.1±38.5d 16.38 (＜.001) a＜c=d
    HDL cholesterol 51.6±11.7a 50.8±12.3b 41.3±9.1c 40.3±9.7d 172.67 (＜.001) a=b＞c=d
    Triglyceride 136.9±80.2a 151.7±88.4b 264.5±122.5c 256.7±106.2d 383.06 (＜.001) a=b＜c=d
    LDL cholesterol 118.8±30.7a 120.7±31.0b 114.9±34.2c 114.0±33.5d 4.47 (.004) b＞c=d
    Current smoking 1,194 (43.4) 190 (47.6) 229 (47.5) 127 (49.4) 7.24 (.065)  
    Heavy drinking 629 (22.8) 80 (20.1) 102 (21.2) 58 (22.6) 2.00 (.573)
    Lack of exercise 2,263 (82.2) 311 (77.9) 392 (81.3) 208 (80.9) 4.23 (.237)

    HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

    Predicting Factors on the Current Prevalence of MetS Compared with Non-MetS

    Variables Group 3 (n=482) vs Group 1 (n=2,754) Group 4 (n=257) vs Group 2 (n=399)
    B SE Exp (B) 95% CI p B SE Exp (B) 95% CI p
    Age (year) 0.02 .01 1.02 1.01~1.04 ＜.001 0.02 .01 1.02 1.00~1.04 .026
    Current smoking 0.17 .10 1.18 0.96~1.45 .112 0.17 .17 1.18 0.73~1.43 .335
    Lack of exercise (＜＜3 times/week) 0.26 .14 1.29 0.98~1.68 .061 0.44 .21 1.55 1.02~2.35 .041
    Heavy drinking (≥≥3 times/week) 0.29 .10 1.34 1.09~1.64 .005 0.02 .17 1.02 0.73~1.43 .903
    Occupation type Non-office workers 1.09 .17 2.99 2.13~4.18 ＜.001 -0.18 .39 0.84 0.39~1.81 .646
    Drivers 2.08 .21 7.97 4.89~10.83 ＜.001 0.79 .42 2.21 1.03~2.94 .050

    MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Reference groups: Non- or Ex-smoking, exercise≥3 times/week, alcohol drinking＜3 times/week, Office workers; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).
    Table 1. Comparison Male Workers' Characteristics by of Occupational Type (N=3,892)

    HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; MetS=Metabolic syndrome.

    Table 2. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Current and Four Years ago (N=3,892)

    MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

    Table 3. Differences in Male Workers' Characteristics of Four Sub-groups (N=3,892)

    HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

    Table 4. Predicting Factors on the Current Prevalence of MetS Compared with Non-MetS

    MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Reference groups: Non- or Ex-smoking, exercise≥3 times/week, alcohol drinking＜3 times/week, Office workers; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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