Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

So Hui Kang; Seon Young Hwang

doi:10.7469/kjan.2016.28.2.180

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Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

So Hui Kang¹, Seon Young Hwang²

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(2):180-190.
Published online: April 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7469/kjan.2016.28.2.180

¹Hanwha Techwin R&D Center, Seongnam

²College of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Hwang, Seon Young College of Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seondong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2220-0702, Fax: +82-2-2220-1163, E-mail: seon9772@hanyang.ac.kr

• Received: February 5, 2016 • Accepted: April 19, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study examined the influence of occupational type and lifestyle habits on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Korean male workers.
Methods
Through secondary analysis of their four-year health examination data, 3,892 subjects were divided into four subgroups according to the presence of MetS now and four years ago.
Results
Nineteen percent (n=739) suffered from MetS and these 739 subjects were classified into following occupations: 7.1% were office workers, 17.6% were non-office workers, and 42.2% were drivers. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that when the data adjusted for age, the predicting factors on the prevalence of MetS were heavy drinking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09~1.64) and the occupation of non-office workers (OR 2.99, 95% CI 2.13~4.18) and drivers (OR 7.97, 95% CI 4.89~10.83) among workers without MetS four years ago. Among workers already with a history of MetS, the predicting factors were less exercise (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02~2.35) and drivers (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.03~2.94).
Conclusion
Heavy drinking and less exercise and drivers were reported as influencing factors on the prevalence of MetS by this sample. The findings suggest that employers need to provide their employees with screening and management program for those at risk of MetS.
Key Words: Metabolic syndrome; Occupational health; Life style; Risk factors

Figure 1.

Current lifestyle habits of male workers with metabolic syndrome by occupational type.

Table 1.

Comparison Male Workers' Characteristics by of Occupational Type (N=3,892)

Variables	Office workers (n=774)	Non-Office workers (n=2,568)	Drivers (n=550)	x² or F	p
Variables	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or F	p
Age (year)	42.7±7.3^a	41.1±9.1^b	53.1±7.2^c	456.03	＜.001
Age (year)				b＜a＜c
Body Mass Index	24.4±2.8^a	23.9±3.2^b	24.7.8±3.0^c	18.66	＜.001
Body Mass Index				a=c＞b
Systolic blood pressure	118.5±11.7^a	120.7±12.5^b	124.1±12.9^c	33.20	＜.001
Systolic blood pressure				a＜b＜c
Diastolic blood pressure	73.8±9.1^a	76.4±9.2^b	76.9±9.7^c	27.85	＜.001
Diastolic blood pressure				a＜b=c
Fasting blood glucose	96.2±14.9^a	100.9±24.6^b	101.3±33.1^c	12.01	＜.001
Fasting blood glucose				a＜b=c
HDL cholesterol	50.6±11.6^a	50.3±12.2^b	44.3±10.7^c	60.83	＜.001
HDL cholesterol				c＜a=b
Triglyceride	144.6±87.7^a	158.9±101.8^b	202.1±107.7^c	57.06	＜.001
Triglyceride				a＜b＜c
LDL cholesterol	121.8±28.3^a	117.3±31.8^b	116.9±33.7^c	6.67	.001
LDL cholesterol				a＞b=c
No. of MetS Risk Factors	1.2±1.2^a	1.4±1.1^b	1.9±1.2^c	72.63	＜.001
No. of MetS Risk Factors				a＜b＜c
Current smoking	259 (33.5)	1,261 (49.1)	220 (40.0)	64.61	＜.001
Heavy drinking	249 (32.2)	523 (20.4)	97 (17.6)	55.92	＜.001
Lack of exercise	654 (84.5)	2,175 (84.7)	345 (62.7)	150.88	＜.001
Prevalence of 1st year	31 (4.0)	453 (17.6)	172 (31.3)	173.91	＜.001
MetS 2nd year	42 (5.4)	391 (15.2)	174 (31.6)	168.58	＜.001
3rd year	60 (7.8)	406 (15.8)	194 (35.3)	179.99	＜.001
4th year	55 (7.1)	452 (17.6)	232 (42.2)	266.60	＜.001

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; MetS=Metabolic syndrome.

Table 2.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Current and Four Years ago (N=3,892)

Variables	MetS (Current)	Non-MetS (Current)	x²	p
MetS (4 yrs ago) Non-MetS (4 yrs ago)	Group 4: n=257, 6.6% Group 3: n=482, 12.4%	Group 2: n=399, 10.3% Group 1: n=2,754, 70.8%	209.07	＜.001

MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 3.

Differences in Male Workers' Characteristics of Four Sub-groups (N=3,892)

Variables	Group 1 (n=2,754)	Group 2 (n=399)	Group 3 (n=482)	Group 4 (n=257)	x² or F (p)	Scheffé
Variables	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or F (p)	Scheffé
Age(year)	41.9±9.0^a	45.3±10.3^b	45.2±9.4^c	49.1±9.3^d	68.76 (＜.001)	a＜b=c＜d
Body mass index	23.5±2.8^a	24.2±3.0^b	26.2±3.1^c	26.9±3.4^d	194.23 (＜.001)	a＜b＜c＜d
Occupation					388.49 (＜.001)
Non-Office workers	1,807 (70.4)	309 (12.0)	308 (12.0)	144 (5.6)
Office workers	700 (90.4)	19 (2.5)	43 (5.6)	12 (1.6)
Drivers	247 (44.9)	71 (12.9)	131 (23.8)	101 (18.4)
Total cholesterol	197.5±34.7^a	202.0±35.5^b	208.5±39.0^c	206.1±38.5^d	16.38 (＜.001)	a＜c=d
HDL cholesterol	51.6±11.7^a	50.8±12.3^b	41.3±9.1^c	40.3±9.7^d	172.67 (＜.001)	a=b＞c=d
Triglyceride	136.9±80.2^a	151.7±88.4^b	264.5±122.5^c	256.7±106.2^d	383.06 (＜.001)	a=b＜c=d
LDL cholesterol	118.8±30.7^a	120.7±31.0^b	114.9±34.2^c	114.0±33.5^d	4.47 (.004)	b＞c=d
Current smoking	1,194 (43.4)	190 (47.6)	229 (47.5)	127 (49.4)	7.24 (.065)
Heavy drinking	629 (22.8)	80 (20.1)	102 (21.2)	58 (22.6)	2.00 (.573)
Lack of exercise	2,263 (82.2)	311 (77.9)	392 (81.3)	208 (80.9)	4.23 (.237)

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 4.

Predicting Factors on the Current Prevalence of MetS Compared with Non-MetS

Variables		Group 3 (n=482) vs Group 1 (n=2,754)					Group 4 (n=257) vs Group 2 (n=399)
Variables		B	SE	Exp (B)	95% CI	p	B	SE	Exp (B)	95% CI	p
Age (year)		0.02	.01	1.02	1.01~1.04	＜.001	0.02	.01	1.02	1.00~1.04	.026
Current smoking		0.17	.10	1.18	0.96~1.45	.112	0.17	.17	1.18	0.73~1.43	.335
Lack of exercise (＜＜3 times/week)		0.26	.14	1.29	0.98~1.68	.061	0.44	.21	1.55	1.02~2.35	.041
Heavy drinking (≥≥3 times/week)		0.29	.10	1.34	1.09~1.64	.005	0.02	.17	1.02	0.73~1.43	.903
Occupation type	Non-office workers	1.09	.17	2.99	2.13~4.18	＜.001	-0.18	.39	0.84	0.39~1.81	.646
Occupation type	Drivers	2.08	.21	7.97	4.89~10.83	＜.001	0.79	.42	2.21	1.03~2.94	.050

MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Reference groups: Non- or Ex-smoking, exercise≥3 times/week, alcohol drinking＜3 times/week, Office workers; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

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Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(2):180-190. Published online April 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.2.180

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Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(2):180-190. Published online April 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.2.180

Figure

Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Figure 1. Current lifestyle habits of male workers with metabolic syndrome by occupational type.

Figure 1.

Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Table 1.

Comparison Male Workers' Characteristics by of Occupational Type (N=3,892)

Variables	Office workers (n=774)	Non-Office workers (n=2,568)	Drivers (n=550)	x² or F	p
Variables	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or F	p
Age (year)	42.7±7.3^a	41.1±9.1^b	53.1±7.2^c	456.03	＜.001
Age (year)				b＜a＜c
Body Mass Index	24.4±2.8^a	23.9±3.2^b	24.7.8±3.0^c	18.66	＜.001
Body Mass Index				a=c＞b
Systolic blood pressure	118.5±11.7^a	120.7±12.5^b	124.1±12.9^c	33.20	＜.001
Systolic blood pressure				a＜b＜c
Diastolic blood pressure	73.8±9.1^a	76.4±9.2^b	76.9±9.7^c	27.85	＜.001
Diastolic blood pressure				a＜b=c
Fasting blood glucose	96.2±14.9^a	100.9±24.6^b	101.3±33.1^c	12.01	＜.001
Fasting blood glucose				a＜b=c
HDL cholesterol	50.6±11.6^a	50.3±12.2^b	44.3±10.7^c	60.83	＜.001
HDL cholesterol				c＜a=b
Triglyceride	144.6±87.7^a	158.9±101.8^b	202.1±107.7^c	57.06	＜.001
Triglyceride				a＜b＜c
LDL cholesterol	121.8±28.3^a	117.3±31.8^b	116.9±33.7^c	6.67	.001
LDL cholesterol				a＞b=c
No. of MetS Risk Factors	1.2±1.2^a	1.4±1.1^b	1.9±1.2^c	72.63	＜.001
No. of MetS Risk Factors				a＜b＜c
Current smoking	259 (33.5)	1,261 (49.1)	220 (40.0)	64.61	＜.001
Heavy drinking	249 (32.2)	523 (20.4)	97 (17.6)	55.92	＜.001
Lack of exercise	654 (84.5)	2,175 (84.7)	345 (62.7)	150.88	＜.001
Prevalence of 1st year	31 (4.0)	453 (17.6)	172 (31.3)	173.91	＜.001
MetS 2nd year	42 (5.4)	391 (15.2)	174 (31.6)	168.58	＜.001
3rd year	60 (7.8)	406 (15.8)	194 (35.3)	179.99	＜.001
4th year	55 (7.1)	452 (17.6)	232 (42.2)	266.60	＜.001

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; MetS=Metabolic syndrome.

Table 2.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Current and Four Years ago (N=3,892)

Variables	MetS (Current)	Non-MetS (Current)	x²	p
MetS (4 yrs ago) Non-MetS (4 yrs ago)	Group 4: n=257, 6.6% Group 3: n=482, 12.4%	Group 2: n=399, 10.3% Group 1: n=2,754, 70.8%	209.07	＜.001

MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 3.

Differences in Male Workers' Characteristics of Four Sub-groups (N=3,892)

Variables	Group 1 (n=2,754)	Group 2 (n=399)	Group 3 (n=482)	Group 4 (n=257)	x² or F (p)	Scheffé
Variables	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or F (p)	Scheffé
Age(year)	41.9±9.0^a	45.3±10.3^b	45.2±9.4^c	49.1±9.3^d	68.76 (＜.001)	a＜b=c＜d
Body mass index	23.5±2.8^a	24.2±3.0^b	26.2±3.1^c	26.9±3.4^d	194.23 (＜.001)	a＜b＜c＜d
Occupation					388.49 (＜.001)
Non-Office workers	1,807 (70.4)	309 (12.0)	308 (12.0)	144 (5.6)
Office workers	700 (90.4)	19 (2.5)	43 (5.6)	12 (1.6)
Drivers	247 (44.9)	71 (12.9)	131 (23.8)	101 (18.4)
Total cholesterol	197.5±34.7^a	202.0±35.5^b	208.5±39.0^c	206.1±38.5^d	16.38 (＜.001)	a＜c=d
HDL cholesterol	51.6±11.7^a	50.8±12.3^b	41.3±9.1^c	40.3±9.7^d	172.67 (＜.001)	a=b＞c=d
Triglyceride	136.9±80.2^a	151.7±88.4^b	264.5±122.5^c	256.7±106.2^d	383.06 (＜.001)	a=b＜c=d
LDL cholesterol	118.8±30.7^a	120.7±31.0^b	114.9±34.2^c	114.0±33.5^d	4.47 (.004)	b＞c=d
Current smoking	1,194 (43.4)	190 (47.6)	229 (47.5)	127 (49.4)	7.24 (.065)
Heavy drinking	629 (22.8)	80 (20.1)	102 (21.2)	58 (22.6)	2.00 (.573)
Lack of exercise	2,263 (82.2)	311 (77.9)	392 (81.3)	208 (80.9)	4.23 (.237)

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 4.

Predicting Factors on the Current Prevalence of MetS Compared with Non-MetS

Variables		Group 3 (n=482) vs Group 1 (n=2,754)					Group 4 (n=257) vs Group 2 (n=399)
Variables		B	SE	Exp (B)	95% CI	p	B	SE	Exp (B)	95% CI	p
Age (year)		0.02	.01	1.02	1.01~1.04	＜.001	0.02	.01	1.02	1.00~1.04	.026
Current smoking		0.17	.10	1.18	0.96~1.45	.112	0.17	.17	1.18	0.73~1.43	.335
Lack of exercise (＜＜3 times/week)		0.26	.14	1.29	0.98~1.68	.061	0.44	.21	1.55	1.02~2.35	.041
Heavy drinking (≥≥3 times/week)		0.29	.10	1.34	1.09~1.64	.005	0.02	.17	1.02	0.73~1.43	.903
Occupation type	Non-office workers	1.09	.17	2.99	2.13~4.18	＜.001	-0.18	.39	0.84	0.39~1.81	.646
Occupation type	Drivers	2.08	.21	7.97	4.89~10.83	＜.001	0.79	.42	2.21	1.03~2.94	.050

Table 1. Comparison Male Workers' Characteristics by of Occupational Type (N=3,892)

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; MetS=Metabolic syndrome.

Table 2. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Current and Four Years ago (N=3,892)

MetS=Metabolic syndrome; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 3. Differences in Male Workers' Characteristics of Four Sub-groups (N=3,892)

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; Group 1 (Non-MetS → Non-MetS); Group 2 (MetS → Non-MetS); Group 3 (Non-MetS → MetS); Group 4 (MetS → MetS).

Table 4. Predicting Factors on the Current Prevalence of MetS Compared with Non-MetS

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Influence of Occupational Type and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Male Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

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