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Fall Risk Factors and Fall Risk Assessment of Inpatients
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Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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Original Research

Fall Risk Factors and Fall Risk Assessment of Inpatients

Yoon Sook Kim1, Choi-Kwon Smi2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2013;25(1):74-82.
Published online: February 18, 2013

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Corresponding author: Choi-Kwon, Smi College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8830, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, E-mail: smi@snu.ac.kr
• Received: August 7, 2012   • Accepted: February 21, 2013

© 2013 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify the fall risk factors and to evaluate the effectiveness of the Morse Fall Scale(MFS) as an assessment tool among hospitalized inpatients.
  • Methods
    The medical records of a total of 294 patients who admitted to hospital from January 1 to December 31, 2010 were reviewed. One hundred forth seven patients who had experienced fall were matched with 147 patients who have never experienced fall. The fall information was obtained from electronic medical records and fall reports.
  • Results
    There were significant differences in visual disturbances, pain, emotional disturbances, sleep disorder, urination problems and elimination disorder at admission between fallers and non-fallers. Patients who had higher MFS scores at admission were more likely to fall as compared to the patients with lower MFS scores. When falls did occur, these occurred within five days following admission, in the patient room, among patients with alert mental status, and among patients who were ambulant with some assistance.
  • Conclusion
    The findings of this study support the need of using risk assessment tool for predicting risk for falls. This finding can be used as a useful resource to develop nursing intervention strategies for fall prevention at the hospital.
  • Key Words: Accidental fall; Risk factor; Risk assessment
Table 1.
General Characteristics of the Subjects (N=294)
Characteristics　 Categories Fallers (n=147) Nonfallers (n=147)
n (%) n (%)
Age (year) 15~64 85 (57.8) 85 (57.8)
≥65 62 (42.2) 62 (42.2)
Gender Male 84 (57.1) 84 (57.1)
Female 63 (42.9) 63 (42.9)
Department Medical department 70 (47.6) 70 (47.6)
Surgical department 34 (23.1) 34 (23.1)
Others 43 (29.3) 43 (29.3)
Table 2.
Physical, Cognitive, an d Emotional Status s of Subjects (N=294)
Variables Categories Fallers (n=147) Nonfallers (n=147) x2 p
n (%) n (%)
Respiratory problems No 121 (82.3) 124 (84.4) 0.22 .643
Yes 26 (17.7) 23 (15.6)
Paralysis, general weakness No 126 (85.7) 133 (90.5) 1.59 .280
Yes 21 (14.3) 14 (9.5)
Visual problems No 106 (72.1) 90 (61.2) 3.92 .048
Yes 41 (27.9) 57 (38.8)
Hearing defects No 140 (95.2) 139 (94.6) 0.15 .929
Yes 7 (2.0) 8 (2.7)
Consciousness disorder No 133 (90.5) 140 (95.2) 5.85 .211
Yes 14 (9.5) 7 (4.8)
Pain No 89 (60.5) 106 (72.1) 4.40 .036
Yes 58 (39.5) 41 (27.9)
Emotional disturbances No 134 (91.2) 144 (98.0) 6.61 .010
Yes 13 (8.8) 3 (2.0)
Sleep disorder No 120 (81.6) 132 (89.8) 4.00 .046
Yes 27 (18.4) 15 (10.2)
Urination problems No 126 (85.7) 137 (93.2) 4.36 .037
Yes 21 (14.3) 10 (6.8)
Elimination disorder No 104 (70.7) 122 (83.0) 6.20 .013
Yes 43 (29.3) 25 (17.0)
Table 3.
Logistic Regression Analysis on the Predicting Factors of Fall
Risk factors p OR 95% CI
Age .592 0.87 0.53~1.43
Gender .929 0.98 0.60~1.59
Pain .047 1.68 1.01~2.81
Visual problems .050 0.60 0.36~1.00
Emotional disturbances .070 3.38 0.91~12.64
Urination problems .082 2.11 0.91~4.90
Sleeping disorder .166 1.66 0.81~3.38
Elimination disorder .155 1.54 0.85~2.79
x2=19.353 (df=4, p=.001)

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

Table 4.
Patient Characteristics and Types of Fall among Fallers (N=147)
Characteristics Categories n (%)
Mental status Alert 134 (91.2)
Drowsy 7 (4.8)
Stupor 6 (4.1)
Emotional disturbance No 135 (91.8)
Yes 12 (8.2)
Cognitive impairment No 131 (89.1)
Yes 16 (10.9)
Dizziness/vertigo No 124 (84.4)
Yes 23 (15.6)
General weakness No 86 (58.5)
Yes 61 (41.5)
Gait disability No 119 (81.0)
Yes 28 (19.0)
Sleep disorder No 134 (91.2)
Yes 13 (8.8)
Activity status Independent 59 (40.1)
Need support 86 (58.5)
Dependent 1 (0.7)
Etc. 2 (1.4)
Ambulatory device Wheelchair 40 (27.2)
Walker 6 (4.1)
Cane 3 (2.0)
Etc. 11 (7.5)
No 87 (59.2)
Places of fall Patient room 92 (62.6)
Corridor 18 (12.2)
Bathroom 16 (10.9)
Others† 21 (14.3)
Contexts of fall Using Bed (getting out bed) 32 (21.8)
Using Bed (others) 19 (13.0)
Sliding or falling on standing/walking 48 (32.7)
Others 48 (32.7)

†Using wheelchair, chair, equipment, etc.

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    Fall Risk Factors and Fall Risk Assessment of Inpatients
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(1):74-82.   Published online February 28, 2013
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.1.74
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    Fall Risk Factors and Fall Risk Assessment of Inpatients
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(1):74-82.   Published online February 28, 2013
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.1.74
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    Fall Risk Factors and Fall Risk Assessment of Inpatients
    Fall Risk Factors and Fall Risk Assessment of Inpatients

    General Characteristics of the Subjects (N=294)

    Characteristics　 Categories Fallers (n=147) Nonfallers (n=147)
    n (%) n (%)
    Age (year) 15~64 85 (57.8) 85 (57.8)
    ≥65 62 (42.2) 62 (42.2)
    Gender Male 84 (57.1) 84 (57.1)
    Female 63 (42.9) 63 (42.9)
    Department Medical department 70 (47.6) 70 (47.6)
    Surgical department 34 (23.1) 34 (23.1)
    Others 43 (29.3) 43 (29.3)

    Physical, Cognitive, an d Emotional Status s of Subjects (N=294)

    Variables Categories Fallers (n=147) Nonfallers (n=147) x2 p
    n (%) n (%)
    Respiratory problems No 121 (82.3) 124 (84.4) 0.22 .643
    Yes 26 (17.7) 23 (15.6)
    Paralysis, general weakness No 126 (85.7) 133 (90.5) 1.59 .280
    Yes 21 (14.3) 14 (9.5)
    Visual problems No 106 (72.1) 90 (61.2) 3.92 .048
    Yes 41 (27.9) 57 (38.8)
    Hearing defects No 140 (95.2) 139 (94.6) 0.15 .929
    Yes 7 (2.0) 8 (2.7)
    Consciousness disorder No 133 (90.5) 140 (95.2) 5.85 .211
    Yes 14 (9.5) 7 (4.8)
    Pain No 89 (60.5) 106 (72.1) 4.40 .036
    Yes 58 (39.5) 41 (27.9)
    Emotional disturbances No 134 (91.2) 144 (98.0) 6.61 .010
    Yes 13 (8.8) 3 (2.0)
    Sleep disorder No 120 (81.6) 132 (89.8) 4.00 .046
    Yes 27 (18.4) 15 (10.2)
    Urination problems No 126 (85.7) 137 (93.2) 4.36 .037
    Yes 21 (14.3) 10 (6.8)
    Elimination disorder No 104 (70.7) 122 (83.0) 6.20 .013
    Yes 43 (29.3) 25 (17.0)

    Logistic Regression Analysis on the Predicting Factors of Fall

    Risk factors p OR 95% CI
    Age .592 0.87 0.53~1.43
    Gender .929 0.98 0.60~1.59
    Pain .047 1.68 1.01~2.81
    Visual problems .050 0.60 0.36~1.00
    Emotional disturbances .070 3.38 0.91~12.64
    Urination problems .082 2.11 0.91~4.90
    Sleeping disorder .166 1.66 0.81~3.38
    Elimination disorder .155 1.54 0.85~2.79
    x2=19.353 (df=4, p=.001)

    OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

    Patient Characteristics and Types of Fall among Fallers (N=147)

    Characteristics Categories n (%)
    Mental status Alert 134 (91.2)
    Drowsy 7 (4.8)
    Stupor 6 (4.1)
    Emotional disturbance No 135 (91.8)
    Yes 12 (8.2)
    Cognitive impairment No 131 (89.1)
    Yes 16 (10.9)
    Dizziness/vertigo No 124 (84.4)
    Yes 23 (15.6)
    General weakness No 86 (58.5)
    Yes 61 (41.5)
    Gait disability No 119 (81.0)
    Yes 28 (19.0)
    Sleep disorder No 134 (91.2)
    Yes 13 (8.8)
    Activity status Independent 59 (40.1)
    Need support 86 (58.5)
    Dependent 1 (0.7)
    Etc. 2 (1.4)
    Ambulatory device Wheelchair 40 (27.2)
    Walker 6 (4.1)
    Cane 3 (2.0)
    Etc. 11 (7.5)
    No 87 (59.2)
    Places of fall Patient room 92 (62.6)
    Corridor 18 (12.2)
    Bathroom 16 (10.9)
    Others† 21 (14.3)
    Contexts of fall Using Bed (getting out bed) 32 (21.8)
    Using Bed (others) 19 (13.0)
    Sliding or falling on standing/walking 48 (32.7)
    Others 48 (32.7)

    †Using wheelchair, chair, equipment, etc.
    Table 1. General Characteristics of the Subjects (N=294)

    Table 2. Physical, Cognitive, an d Emotional Status s of Subjects (N=294)

    Table 3. Logistic Regression Analysis on the Predicting Factors of Fall

    OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

    Table 4. Patient Characteristics and Types of Fall among Fallers (N=147)

    Using wheelchair, chair, equipment, etc.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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