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Original Research

Mediating Effect of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response among Nurses

Cheol Jeong1, Eun Nam Lee2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2018;30(1):41-48.
Published online: February 18, 2018

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Corresponding author: Lee, Eun Nam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-0118 Department of Nursing, Dong-A University, 32 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49201, Korea. Tel: +82-51-240-2864, Fax: +82-51-240-2920, E-mail: enlee@dau.ac.kr
- This article is a revision of the first author's master's thesis from Dong-A University.
• Received: September 28, 2017   • Accepted: February 16, 2018

© 2018 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to investigate resiliency and its mediating effect on the association between violence experience and violence response among nurses in intensive care units (ICU) and emergency departments (ED).
  • Methods
    Nurses working in ICU and ED were recruited from five hospitals in Busan city. Data were collected from 1st July to 31st August 2016 using structured questionnaires about violence experiences of nurses in the last three months and nurses’ resilience including Korean Version of the Assault Response Questionnaire (ARQ-K). Data from 195 nurses were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Baron & Kenny's 3-step hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between violence experience and violence response.
  • Results
    A positive correlational relationship between nurses’ violence experience and violence response was significant (r=.37, p<.001). Negative correlational relationships were found between nurses’ violence experience and resilience (r=-.19, p=.008) and between resil-ence and violence response (r=-.38, p<.001). This study found a partial mediating effect of resilience on the association between violence experience and violence response (z=2.49, p=.013).
  • Conclusion
    There is a need to develop a variety of intervention programs that can improve resilience in reducing violence response of nurses.
  • Key Words: Violence; Mediating; Nurses
Table 1.
Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response according to the Characteristics of Participants (N=195)
Variables Categories n (%) Violence experience Resilience Violence response
M± SD t or F (p) M± SD t or F (p) M± SD t or F (p)
Gender Male 7 (3.6) 38.43±9.07 0.25 110.86±18.33 0.86 72.29±14.21 -0.12
Female 188 (96.4) 37.19±13.16 (.805) 105.93±14.76 (.290) 73.16±19.74 (.907)
Age (year) 20~24 a 37 (19.0) 37.49±12.09 0.58 103.84±17.06 1.29 63.46±17.64 4.21
25~29 b 70 (35.9) 38.69±13.76 (.629) 104.44±14.20 (.279) 73.89±17.03 (.007)
30~34 c 39 (20.0) 36.23±11.97   107.92±12.56   75.90±17.29 c, d＞ a‡
≥35 d 49 (25.1) 35.76±13.54   108.74±15.59   77.16±23.69  
Marital status Single 137 (70.3) 37.71±12.72 0.63 104.97±15.40 -1.60 70.75±17.67 -2.36
Married 57 (29.2) 36.42±13.64 (.531) 108.70±13.39 (.112) 78.72±22.76 (.020)
Years of clinical experience ＜5 92 (47.2) 37.23±12.48 -0.01 103.27±15.80 -2.55 68.65±17.91 -3.09
≥5 103 (52.8) 37.23±13.53 (.998) 108.63±13.58 (.012) 77.14±20.14 (.002)
Experience of damage from violence Yes 60 (30.8) 42.65±12.90 4.03 103.68±15.81 -1.52 79.88±18.47 3.30
No† 135 (69.2) 34.82±12.37 (＜.001) 107.18±14.36 (.130) 70.13±19.32 (.001)
Disposition of security guard Yes 68 (34.9) 44.43±13.53 5.79 104.68±15.10 -0.98 81.53±19.58 4.61
No 127 (65.1) 33.38±10.98 (＜.001) 106.87±14.75 (.328) 68.64±18.05 (＜.001)
Experience of education for violence prevention Yes 102 (52.3) 35.27±11.80 -2.20 106.75±14.55 0.64 74.28±21.28 0.87
No 93 (47.7) 39.38±13.98 (.029) 105.39±15.26 (.523) 71.87±17.47 (.386)
Necessity of education for violence prevention Yes 171 (87.7) 37.11±12.83 -0.36 106.55±15.10 1.12 73.39±19.10 0.49
No 24 (12.3) 38.13±14.53 (.720) 102.92±12.97 (.263) 71.29±22.84 (.623)
Protocol for incidence of violence Yes a 70 (35.9) 34.47±12.68 4.43 110.53±13.77 5.04 71.80±21.00 1.07
No b 24 (12.3) 43.33±14.95 (.013) 103.50±14.32 (.007) 78.46±20.28 (.345)
Don't know c 101 (51.8) 37.69±12.32 b＞ a‡ 103.66±15.15 a＞ b‡ 72.79±18.27  

†Inclusion of a nurse without violence experience;

‡Scheffé test.

Table 2.
Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response of Nurses (N=195)
Variables Categories n M± SD Range M± SD
(Summed score) SD (Item score)
Violence experience Verbal abuse 7 18.56±7.21 7~35 2.65±1.05
Physical threat 6 12.02±4.92 6~30 2.02±0.84
Physical assault 5 6.65±2.71 5~20 1.32±0.53
Total 18 37.23±13.02 18~90 2.07±0.74
Resilience Dispositional pattern 5 16.87±2.95 5~25 3.38±0.59
Relational pattern 4 14.51±2.09 4~20 3.62±0.53
Situational pattern 10 36.13±5.46 10~50 3.61±0.55
Philosophical pattern 6 21.10±3.79 6~30 3.51±0.64
Professional pattern 5 17.50±2.92 5~25 3.50±0.59
Total 30 106.10±14.87 30~150 3.53±0.53
Violence response Emotional response 13 42.57±10.99 13~65 3.27±0.86
Physiological response 10 24.03±8.56 10~50 2.40±0.87
Social response 3 6.53±2.53 3~15 2.17±0.85
Total 26 73.13±19.54 26~130 2.81±0.77
Table 3.
Correlations among Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response (N=195)
Variables Violence experience Resilience Violence response
r (p) r (p) r (p)
Violence experience 1    
Resilience -.19 (.008) 1  
Violence response .37 (＜.001) -.38 (＜.001) 1
Table 4.
Mediating Effects of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response (N=195)
Step Independent variables Dependent variables B SE β t p F (p)
1 Violence experience Violence response .43 .11 .29 3.98 ＜.001 12.49 (＜.001)
2 Violence experience Resilience -.02 .08 -.19 -2.67 .008 7.12 (.008)
3 Violence experience Violence response .35 .10 .23 3.47 .001 18.42 (＜.001)
Resilience -.47 .08 -.36 -6.03 ＜.001

Sobel test (Z=2.49, p=.013).

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    Mediating Effect of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response among Nurses
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2018;30(1):41-48.   Published online February 28, 2018
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.41
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    Mediating Effect of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response among Nurses
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2018;30(1):41-48.   Published online February 28, 2018
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.41
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    Mediating Effect of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response among Nurses
    Mediating Effect of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response among Nurses

    Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response according to the Characteristics of Participants (N=195)

    Variables Categories n (%) Violence experience Resilience Violence response
    M± SD t or F (p) M± SD t or F (p) M± SD t or F (p)
    Gender Male 7 (3.6) 38.43±9.07 0.25 110.86±18.33 0.86 72.29±14.21 -0.12
    Female 188 (96.4) 37.19±13.16 (.805) 105.93±14.76 (.290) 73.16±19.74 (.907)
    Age (year) 20~24 a 37 (19.0) 37.49±12.09 0.58 103.84±17.06 1.29 63.46±17.64 4.21
    25~29 b 70 (35.9) 38.69±13.76 (.629) 104.44±14.20 (.279) 73.89±17.03 (.007)
    30~34 c 39 (20.0) 36.23±11.97   107.92±12.56   75.90±17.29 c, d＞ a‡
    ≥35 d 49 (25.1) 35.76±13.54   108.74±15.59   77.16±23.69  
    Marital status Single 137 (70.3) 37.71±12.72 0.63 104.97±15.40 -1.60 70.75±17.67 -2.36
    Married 57 (29.2) 36.42±13.64 (.531) 108.70±13.39 (.112) 78.72±22.76 (.020)
    Years of clinical experience ＜5 92 (47.2) 37.23±12.48 -0.01 103.27±15.80 -2.55 68.65±17.91 -3.09
    ≥5 103 (52.8) 37.23±13.53 (.998) 108.63±13.58 (.012) 77.14±20.14 (.002)
    Experience of damage from violence Yes 60 (30.8) 42.65±12.90 4.03 103.68±15.81 -1.52 79.88±18.47 3.30
    No† 135 (69.2) 34.82±12.37 (＜.001) 107.18±14.36 (.130) 70.13±19.32 (.001)
    Disposition of security guard Yes 68 (34.9) 44.43±13.53 5.79 104.68±15.10 -0.98 81.53±19.58 4.61
    No 127 (65.1) 33.38±10.98 (＜.001) 106.87±14.75 (.328) 68.64±18.05 (＜.001)
    Experience of education for violence prevention Yes 102 (52.3) 35.27±11.80 -2.20 106.75±14.55 0.64 74.28±21.28 0.87
    No 93 (47.7) 39.38±13.98 (.029) 105.39±15.26 (.523) 71.87±17.47 (.386)
    Necessity of education for violence prevention Yes 171 (87.7) 37.11±12.83 -0.36 106.55±15.10 1.12 73.39±19.10 0.49
    No 24 (12.3) 38.13±14.53 (.720) 102.92±12.97 (.263) 71.29±22.84 (.623)
    Protocol for incidence of violence Yes a 70 (35.9) 34.47±12.68 4.43 110.53±13.77 5.04 71.80±21.00 1.07
    No b 24 (12.3) 43.33±14.95 (.013) 103.50±14.32 (.007) 78.46±20.28 (.345)
    Don't know c 101 (51.8) 37.69±12.32 b＞ a‡ 103.66±15.15 a＞ b‡ 72.79±18.27  

    †Inclusion of a nurse without violence experience;

    ‡Scheffé test.

    Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response of Nurses (N=195)

    Variables Categories n M± SD Range M± SD
    (Summed score) SD (Item score)
    Violence experience Verbal abuse 7 18.56±7.21 7~35 2.65±1.05
    Physical threat 6 12.02±4.92 6~30 2.02±0.84
    Physical assault 5 6.65±2.71 5~20 1.32±0.53
    Total 18 37.23±13.02 18~90 2.07±0.74
    Resilience Dispositional pattern 5 16.87±2.95 5~25 3.38±0.59
    Relational pattern 4 14.51±2.09 4~20 3.62±0.53
    Situational pattern 10 36.13±5.46 10~50 3.61±0.55
    Philosophical pattern 6 21.10±3.79 6~30 3.51±0.64
    Professional pattern 5 17.50±2.92 5~25 3.50±0.59
    Total 30 106.10±14.87 30~150 3.53±0.53
    Violence response Emotional response 13 42.57±10.99 13~65 3.27±0.86
    Physiological response 10 24.03±8.56 10~50 2.40±0.87
    Social response 3 6.53±2.53 3~15 2.17±0.85
    Total 26 73.13±19.54 26~130 2.81±0.77

    Correlations among Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response (N=195)

    Variables Violence experience Resilience Violence response
    r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Violence experience 1    
    Resilience -.19 (.008) 1  
    Violence response .37 (＜.001) -.38 (＜.001) 1

    Mediating Effects of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response (N=195)

    Step Independent variables Dependent variables B SE β t p F (p)
    1 Violence experience Violence response .43 .11 .29 3.98 ＜.001 12.49 (＜.001)
    2 Violence experience Resilience -.02 .08 -.19 -2.67 .008 7.12 (.008)
    3 Violence experience Violence response .35 .10 .23 3.47 .001 18.42 (＜.001)
    Resilience -.47 .08 -.36 -6.03 ＜.001

    Sobel test (Z=2.49, p=.013).
    Table 1. Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response according to the Characteristics of Participants (N=195)

    Inclusion of a nurse without violence experience;

    Scheffé test.

    Table 2. Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response of Nurses (N=195)

    Table 3. Correlations among Violence Experience, Resilience, and Violence Response (N=195)

    Table 4. Mediating Effects of Resilience on the Association between Violence Experience and Violence Response (N=195)

    Sobel test (Z=2.49, p=.013).

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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