Purpose
This study investigated factors affecting participation in dementia screening, based on the health belief model.
Methods
Data from 191 participants that fully answered the distributed questionnaires were analyzed. Data on the following variables were collected: general characteristics with modifying variables, health beliefs, and cue to action for dementia screening. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, x2 test, Fisher’s exact test, independent t-test, and logistic regression using SPSS/WIN software version 23.0.
Results
Factors affecting participation in dementia screening were as follows: For age, those in their 70s were more likely to participate in screening tests for dementia than those in their 60s (Odds Ratio [OR]=0.36, p=.003). For level of education, people with less than elementary school education were more likely to participate in screening tests for dementia than those with more than university education (OR=6.13, p=.020). Presence of spouse (OR=3.65, p=.027), presence of family or friends who underwent dementia screening tests (OR=5.63, p=.002), being exposed to dementia screening advertising (OR=3.94, p=.009), and having showed a lower average score of perceived barrier for dementia screening (OR=0.13, p=.002) were factors that increased the likelihood of participation in dementia screening.
Conclusion
To increase participation in dementia screening, strategies should be developed taking into account the influencing factors found by this study. In particular, an advertising strategy that emphasizes the importance of participating in dementia screening will be needed.

Citations

• Factors Related to the Dementia Prevention Behavior among Community-dwelling Older Adults based on the Health Belief Model: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study
  Jin Young Lee, Eun Ko
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2024; 31(3): 263.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing dementia preventive behaviors of older adults at high risk of dementia: Application of extended health belief model
  So Hee Jung, Mee Ock Gu
  Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2024; 35: 22.     CrossRef
• Effects of a 6-Week Integrated Dementia Awareness and Prevention Program for Community-Dwelling Older Adults
  Ji-yeon Kim, Sunghee H. Tak, Hana Ko, SuJung Jung, Jaegyeong Lee, Hyein Choi
  Sage Open.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Factors affecting preventive behaviors of Alzheimer’s disease in family members of patients with Alzheimer’s disease
  JiEun Kim, Min Young Kim, Jung-Ae Kim, Youngeun Lee
  Medicine.2022; 101(42): e31136.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study examined differences in nursing care activity, work performance outcomes, and job satisfaction associated with upgrading nurse staffing of a nurse-to-patients ratio.
METHODS
Descriptive design was used in this study. In total, 148 medical and surgical nurses were recruited from one university hospital. Three instruments were used for data collection: Scale of Nursing Care Activity, Nurses' Work Performance Outcome Measurement Scale and Nurses' Job Satisfaction Scale. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and paired t-test.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in nursing care activity (t=-5.06, p<.001), in work performance outcomes (t=-5.46, p<.001) and in job satisfaction (t=4.61, p<.001) when the grading for the nursing staff was changed from three to two indicating increasing number of nurses.
CONCLUSION
The findings from this study showed that there were more nursing care activities, better work performance outcomes, and higher job satisfaction when numbers of nurses were increased. The changes in the scale to evaluate nursing staff influence nursing activities, work performance and job satisfaction.

Citations

• Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of Nurses in a Tertiary Hospital toward Older Adults
  Eun Ji Kim, Kyung Hee Lee
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2020; 22(2): 165.     CrossRef
• Communication Competence, Nursing Professionalism and Job Performance among Home Healthcare Nurses
  Eunha Jeong, Sujeong Han
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2020; 26(4): 409.     CrossRef
• Emergency Department Nursing Activities: Retrospective Study on Data from Electronic Nursing Records
  Seung Yeon Baik, Eunhee Cho, Young Ah Kim, Mona Choi
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(5): 496.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was to provide understanding about the meaning of nasogastric tube feeding experiences by the cerebral stoke patients with dysphagia.
METHODS
Data were collected through a face to face interview from five cerebral stroke patients who had dysphagia along with a nasogastric tube insertion. The contents of the interviews were analyzed using the hermeneutics phenomenological method developed by van Manen.
RESULTS
The experience of having a nasogastric tube was not only limited to physical problems but also was linked to other psychological problems. Many patients reported that they tolerated the nasogastric tube in order to overcome the stroke along with the desire to eventually take food orally. The essential themes associated with the experience of nasogastric tube insertion were: "The loss of pleasure from food", "The loss of human relationship from surrounding table", "Cower and shrink from the different appearance to others" and "Acceptance for life in painful experiences".
CONCLUSION
This study would highlights the importance of not only physical focused care but also psychological and social aspects. Therefore, nurses should consider all factors when providing nursing care to stroke patient with nasogastric tube feeding.

Citations

• Dysphagia and quality of life: a narrative review
  Jung Mi Song
  Annals of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.2024; 16(2): 43.     CrossRef
• Community-based group rehabilitation program for stroke patients with dysphagia on quality of life, depression symptoms, and swallowing function: a randomized controlled trial
  Chen Yang, Fei Zhao, Chunqing Xie, Yaowen Zhang, Zulin Dou, Xiaomei Wei
  BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Dietary Habits, Food Product Selection Attributes, Nutritional Status, and Depression in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Dysphagia
  Dahyeon Ko, Jieun Oh, Soyoung Joo, Ju Yeon Park, Mi Sook Cho
  Nutrients.2022; 14(19): 4045.     CrossRef
• Combined Effects of NMES and Mendelsohn Maneuver on the Swallowing Function and Swallowing–Quality of Life of Patients with Stroke-Induced Sub-Acute Swallowing Disorders
  Haewon Byeon
  Biomedicines.2020; 8(1): 12.     CrossRef
• The mediating and moderating effects of meaning in life on the relationship between depression and quality of life in patients with dysphagia
  Ju‐Yeun Kim, Young Whee Lee, Hwa‐Soon Kim, Eun‐Hyun Lee
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2019; 28(15-16): 2782.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was undertaken to identify which delirium screening instrument would be more useful in clinical practice.
METHODS
Data were collected from 118 nurses from six hospitals in five provinces in Korea. For the delirium screening three instruments were compared: NEECHAM Confusion Scale (NEECHAM), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), Delirium Observation Scale (DOS). The MMSE-K was used for concurrent validity. The nurse subjects were surveyed as to the practical clinical value of each instrument. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Kuder-Richardson 20 were used to confirm the reliability.
RESULTS
The range of three scales reliability was .70~.82 and the range of correlation coefficient was .63~.82 with MMSE-K. For sensitivity of NEECHAM, Nu-DESC and DOS was 1.00, 1.00 and 0.81 respectively and specificity NEECHAM, Nu-DESC and DOS was 0.88, 0.89 and 0.89 respectively. Nurses rated the practical use of the DOS scale as significantly easier to use than the NEECHAM and Nu-DESC.
CONCLUSION
NEECHAM, Nu-DESC and DOS scales were acceptable in terms of reliability, validity, sensitivity and specificity. However, nurses rated the DOS scale as easier scale to use and had more relevance to their practice.

Citations

• Evaluation of Clinical Usefulness of Delirium Assessment Tools for Elderly Patients after Neurosurgery
  Su-Jung Kim, Jun-Ah Song
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2015; 17(1): 38.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to explore nursing education modality for facilitating undergraduate students' critical thinking within the Korean nursing education context.
METHODS
Data were collected from four group interviews from two focus groups, which were composed of six nursing professors in each group. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
RESULTS
Five themes with 13 sub-themes involving 10 categories were delineated. The five themes were managing shared resources, a supportive system in preparing qualified faculty, reflective thinking (self-directed learning), theory courses for understanding nursing resources, and clinical practicum for exercising critical thinking.
CONCLUSION
A nursing educational model for facilitating critical thinking within Korean context was suggested. This could be used as an accelerator in developing nursing undergraduate course programs for critical thinking in Korea.

PURPOSE
This retrospective study was designed to examine the frequency of unplanned extubation, and to identify the related factors of unplanned extubation in medical intensive care unit patients.
METHODS
Data were collected from medical records of patients who received intubation in a medical intensive care unit. One hundred eighteen patient charts were selected for the study. The Patient Severity Classification Scale and unplanned extubation risk factors were examined. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi2-test, Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS
The incidence of unplanned extubation was 11 (9.32%) out of 118 patients who had undergone intubation. There were statistically significant differences between the unplanned extubation and work shift (chi2=61.52, p=.001), ventilation mode (p=.001), number of days of ventilator application (U=366.00, p=.038) and administration of sedatives (p=.025).
CONCLUSION
Unplanned extubation is affected by the following variables: a) whether a nurse is in night shift, b) whether ventilation is mandatory, c) duration of ventilation use and d) administration of sedatives.

PURPOSE
This retrospective chart review study was carried out in order to examine the frequency of delirium, and to identify the risk factors associated with the development of delirium in elderly patients with arthroplasty.
METHODS
Data were collected from medical records of patients who received arthroplasty during one and half year in a hospital. Three hundred sixty five patients were selected for the study. The onset of delirium was reviewed based on the result of psychological doctor's consultation or nurse's assessment with Confusion Assessment Method and delirium onset risk factors were examined. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, chi2-test, Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Delirium occurred with 31 patients (8.5%) out of 365 patients who underwent arthroplasty. There were statistically significant differences between incidence of delirium and gender (chi2=6.11, p=.025), age (chi2=32.81, p<.001), hearing difficulty (chi2=8.08, p=.012), albumin level of preoperational day (t=-3.43, p<.001), albumin (t=-2.20, p=.028) and hemoglobin level (t=-2.83, p=.005) of operational day. Age and gender were the most significant predictive factors with regard to the incidence of delirium.
CONCLUSION
Through understanding of these results, nurses will be able to identify those patients who may be at risk for developing delirium in early stages.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify the factors that influenced the decision to have a colonoscopy.
METHODS
The sample was one hundred ninety four subjects who completed a self administrated survey. The survey posed questions of self-efficacy scale, fatalism scale and an intention scale. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics including t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
There were statistically significant differences among the intention of having a colonoscopy and age, educational background, occupation and income. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and intention of having a colonoscopy. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between fatalism and decision to have a colonoscopy. Self-efficacy, income and age were significant predictors of the decision to have a colonoscopy; accounting for 44.3% of the total variance.
CONCLUSION
Self-efficacy and fatalism were influence the decision to have a colonoscopy. As a result of these, it may be useful to develop strategies to foster decision making to have a colonoscopy utilizing the findings from this study.

PURPOSE
This correlation study was designed to examine the relationships among reported violence experience, hardiness, and job satisfaction of nurses in an emergency department and to identify the factors that predict their job satisfaction.
METHODS
The study was conducted using a convenience sample of one hundred and fifteen nurses from nine hospitals. Data were collected using structured questionnaires including Assault Response Questionnaire (Jung, 2008), Dispositional Resilience Scale-15 (Bartone, 1995) and job satisfaction Questionnaire (Yun, 2004). Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.
RESULTS
Hardiness and job satisfaction were statistically significant positive correlation (r=.44, p<.001). Further, there was a negative correlation between response to violence experiences and job satisfaction (r=-.33, p<.001) and between hardiness and response to violence experiences (r=-.41, p<.001). Emotional response and physiological responses of violence experience and hardiness were significant predictors of job satisfaction, and explained 29.6% of the total variance.
CONCLUSION
Previous experiences with violence were an important factor which contribute to lower job satisfaction as reported by emergency department nurses. However it was also noted that hardiness was an important factor that could be used to improve job satisfaction of emergency department nurses.

PURPOSE
A descriptive study was conducted to examine the relationship of illness perception, self-efficacy, and self-care of patients who were diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis.
METHODS
The study was conducted using a convenient sample from two hospitals in Incheon and Seoul. One hundred forty four patients completed a questionnaire which included questions on general characteristics, a Brief Illness Perception Scale, a Self-efficacy Scale and a Self-care Scale. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Moment Correlations and stepwise multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant positive correlation between illness perception and self-care (r=.335, p=.000) and between self-efficacy and self-care (r=.687, p=.000). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that among the three variables the most powerful predictor was self-efficacy. Self-efficacy and illness perception were significant factors and accounted for 54.2% of the variance of self care in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
CONCLUSION
Self-efficacy and illness perception were influencing factors in self care among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Hence further interventional researches are needed that consider these two variables.

PURPOSE
This correlational study was to examine the relationships between dementia knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and preventive behavior of low income middled-aged women.
METHODS
The subjects for this study were 125 low income middle aged women living in I city. The data were collected using the questionnaires for dementia knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and preventive behavior. The data analysis was done by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson product moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
The mean of dementia knowledge was 13.96 out of 20, attitude was 43.98 out of 60, self-efficacy was 54.07 out of 75 and preventive behavior was 25.98 out of 36. The positive correlations were revealed between dementia knowledge (r=.458, p=.000), attitude (r=.498, p=.000), self-efficacy (r=.573, p=.000) and preventive behavior. The influencing factors for dementia preventive behavior were self-efficacy, belief in Buddhism and attitude which accounted for 42.5% of the total variance.
CONCLUSION
Dementia knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy were identified as variables that correlate dementia preventive behavior. Also, self-efficacy is the most influential factor affecting dementia preventive behavior. On the basis of these results, it is necessary for nurses to consider using dementia knowledge and mode of efficacy expectation in order to improve dementia preventive behavior.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors of fall and to examine its results among patients aged 60 and over diagnosed with osteoporosis.
METHODS
A retrospective descriptive survey was conducted with 91 patients admitted in a university hospital in a city. Data were collected using an interview method with a structured questionnaire, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS
In patients with osteoporosis, the intrinsic risk factors of falls were aging (OR = 3.742), gait disturbance (OR = 12.565), taking one or fewer medicine (OR = 7.873), and having two or more diseases (OR = 5.173). The extrinsic risk factors included the use of a bed (OR = 3.093), slippery floors (OR = 12.130), bathroom mat without anti-slip rubber backing (OR = 3.564), and presence of a night light on the passage from the bedroom to the bathroom (OR = 2.980).
CONCLUSION
For the elderly aged over 70 who are most vulnerable to falls, screening tests such as bone mineral density (BMD) should be conducted in health examinations and the risk of fracture caused by osteoporosis should be communicated to the vulnerable elderly. Besides, development of new exercise programs combining weightbearing exercise is needed to prevent bone loss and increase functional activities.

PURPOSE
This study is to examine how dementia day care service affects fatigue, depression and life satisfaction of caregiver. METHODS: The study was conducted using a convenient sampling method from 6 Dementia Day Care Center in Incheon. Thirty nine primary caregivers answered the questionnaires. Pre-test was done before demented elders start using the dementia day care center and post-test was done five months after. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and paired t-test. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in caregivers' fatigue level after using dementia day care service(t=2.188, p=.035). Results of subcategories were as follows; There was a significant difference in caregivers' physical fatigue level(t=2.270, p=.029) and psychological fatigue level(t=2.277, p=.029) after using dementia day care service. However, there was not significant difference in caregivers' neurological fatigue level(t=1.312, p=.197). There was a significant difference in caregivers' depression level(t=3.066, p=.004) and life satisfaction(t=-2.131, p=.040) after using dementia day care service. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that dementia day care service is helpful for family with demented elders. Therefore it is necessary to expand dementia day care center in terms of its size and numbers in order to support increasing number of demented elders and their families.

PURPOSE
Regarding the respiratory function of patients with an artificial airway, this study compared the effects between normal saline with chest vibration and normal saline with expectorant mixture, administered before endotracheal suction.
METHODS
The study was conducted in the ICUs of one university hospital located in Incheon. The experimental group I received normal saline with chest vibration administered before endotracheal suction while the experimental group II received normal saline with expectorant mixture administered before endotracheal suction. For respiratory function, PaO2, PaCO2, and O2 saturation were measured by ABGA at 3 minutes after endotracheal suction for both pre-test and post-test.
RESULTS
The two groups were not different significantly regarding PaO2 level and O2 saturation after the treatments, while, the experimental group II had lower PaCO2 level than the experimental group I after the treatments (t = 2.075, p = .042). For experimental group II, post-test score of PaCO2 level was significantly lower than that of the pre-test score (t = 1.842, p = .075).
CONCLUSION
The administration of normal saline with expectorant mixture before endotracheal suction reduced PaCO2 level and improved the respiratory function.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the published articles in the Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing from 2004 through 2006.
METHODS
Two hundreds and ten articles were analyzed focusing on research methodology and key words using descriptive statistics.
RESULTS
The proportion of quantitative research was 88.1%, while the proportion of qualitative research was 5.2%. The majority of the qualitative research design was survey(67.1%). Seventy-four percent of the research had verbal consent and 8% had written consent from the participants. Eight percent of the research provided conceptual framework. The prevailing data collection settings were hospitals(50.5%) and community(37.1%). For the data analysis, 95% used parametric analysis methods; descriptive statistics(26.2%), chi-square test(18.3%), t-test(18%) and ANOVA(17.4%). Key words were categorized into four nursing domain: human, health, nursing, and environment. The most frequently used domain was health.
CONCLUSION
The number of the published articles in the Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing has been increased and quality has been improved compared with the articles published before the 2000 year. Varied research methodology and data analysis methods were utilized.

PURPOSE
This cross-sectional survey research was undertaken to identify the factors influencing time from onset to hospital arrival of stroke patients and to provide basic information for the development of intervention programs for stroke patients.
METHODS
The data were collected using a convenient sampling method from three hospitals in Inchon. The subjects were 78 patients who were diagnosed as stroke by doctor and they voluntarily participated in the study.
RESULTS
On the average, subjects arrived at the hospitals by 16.72 hours after the onset of stroke events with the range from 0.17 hours to 72 hours. Thirty-four(43.6%) subjects arrived within 3 hours which can maximize treatment effects. There was significant difference in hospital presentation time according to the level of knowledge(chi-square=18.629, p=.0003). A negative correlation was found between the hospital presentation time and self-efficacy (r= -.320, p=.004). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, the level of knowledge and physical symptoms were significant factors and accounted for 21.7% of the variance of hospital presentation time in stroke patients.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, self-efficacy is a useful concept for reducing the hospital presentation time from onset of attack in stroke patients. Therefore, nurses should consider educational programs which include not only a knowledge of stroke and recurrence prevention but also the concept of self-efficacy.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to examine the knowledge level and assessment experience of nurses in regards to delirium, and to utilize the study results as baseline data for planning delirium education programs for nurses.
METHODS
Subjects were 465 nurses who were working in a general hospital. A 'delirium related knowledge and assessment experience' questionnaire was used to collect data.
RESULTS
Knowledge levels regarding delirium averaged 70 out of 100, and at each domain, they scored 87 for etiology of delirium, 62 for symptoms, and 69 for nursing management. The knowledge level of delirium was significantly different according to educational level (F=3.851, p=.022), past education related to geriatrics(t=2.471, p=.014), and awareness of need for in-service education on geriatric nursing(F=2.663, p=.032). About 85% of nurses had past experience of dealing with delirious patients and only 7.7% of nurses used delirious state assessment tools.
CONCLUSION
According to the above results, it is necessary, not only to provide delirium related educational programs for nurses, but also to emphasize the usefulness of applying the assessment tool.

PURPOSE
This correlational study was undertaken to examine the relationship among daily life stress, self-efficacy, hardiness, and health behavior of university students.
METHODS
Two hundred sixty five university students were gathered from the undergraduate classes. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires which included daily life stress scale, self-efficacy scales, hardiness scales, and health behavior scales.
RESULTS
The daily life stress level had a maximum score of 4 with a mean score of 2.09 and the mean score of health behavior was 2.56. A negative correlation exists among daily life stress, self-efficacy, and health behavior. The self-efficacy is positively correlated with the health behavior. According to the hardiness factor, health behavior is positively correlated with hardiness. In the subareas, health behavior is positively correlated with control, commitment, and challenge. The self-efficacy factor was positively correlated with challenge.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, based onthe results of this study, both self-efficacy and hardiness are useful concepts in reducing the stress level and in increasing the health promoting behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a program based on both self-efficacy and hardiness.

PURPOSE
This study was performed to identify relationships among stress, hardiness, and the level of self-care in kidney transplant patients and use the results of this study as baseline data for developing self-care promotion programs.
METHOD
Subjects were 41 patients who undergone a kidney transplantation surgery at least one month before and were receiving regular follow-up care via OPD. Four researchers interviewed each subjects by filling out questionnaires.
RESULTS
The mean score of the level of stress was 2.32(SD=0.54) on a 4 point scale and the mean score of hardiness was 4.68(SD=0.62) on a 6 point scale. The mean score of self-care among the subjects was 3.83(SD=0.55). There was statistically a significant positive relationship between self-care and hardiness(r=0.42). Especially, relationships between self-care and commitment (r=.51) and control(r=.36) as the sub- dimensions of hardiness were significant. The item suggested as most stressful was economic burden and the item suggested as least stressful was sexual activity.
CONCLUSION
Although transplant patients have various stressors, the positive self-care activities of the patients could be increased if the commitment and control were enhanced by proper intervention programs.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this correlational study was to identify relationships among job stress, health beliefs and health behaviors of aircrews and contributing factors to aircrew's health promoting behaviors.
METHOD
Two-hundred twenty-four aircrew members completed questionnaires. The questionnaires were composed of a demographic form, health behavior scale, self-efficacy scale, perceived benefit scale, perceived barrier scale, job demand scale, and latitude scale.
RESULT
The subject's health behavior has shown significant correlations with self-efficacy, benefit, and barrier. Significant negative correlations were found between job stress and self-efficacy. Relationships between job stress and barriers were also statistically significant. In demographic features, statistically significant difference were found between subject's rank and job stress score. Also, there was a significant difference between health behavior and the subject's age.
CONCLUSION
Future efforts should focus on the development of a program to consider aircrew's perceived benefits, perceived barriers and self-efficacy to the compliance of health promoting behaviors.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify predicting factors of the performance of breast self-examination (BSE) among Korean middle-aged women based upon the Health Belief Model.
METHOD
A descriptive design was used for this study. A total of 309 convenience samples were recruited from Yonsu-Gu, Inchon. The Champion's Health Belief Model Scale was used to measure the health belief related variables of susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, confidence, and health motivation. The performance of BSE asked of it was as ever or never performed during the last year. The obtained data were analysed using descriptive statistics, x2-test, t-test, and logistic regression.
RESULT
Results showed that 32% had ever BSE last year. Age and BSE education among demographic characteristics were significantly associated with the performance of BSE. Thus, these demographic variables were added to the logistic regression analyses with the health belief variables. As a result, age, BSE education, health motivation, and confidence significantly explained the performance of BSE.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that it is important that the development of BSE educational programs increase confidence and motivation, particularly for middle aged-Korean women.

This study was undertaken to examine the degree of knowledge and compliance of breast self-examination with women. The subjects for this study were 474 women aged 35-65 receiving health examination from Yonsu-ku Public Health Service Center in Inchon. Data collection was conducted through the use of 2 questionnaires. Analysis of the data was done by used of descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were as follows: 1. There were significant differences in the breast self-examination compliance rate according to age(F=5.82, p=.000), marital status(F=2.67, p=.047), educational level (F=5.83, p=.000) and household income (F=3.41, p=.018). 2. The correct answer rate for each items of breast self-examination knowledge scale was between 14.1% of a minimum rate and 65.0% for a maximum rate of 100. The degree of knowledge for relation of breast cancer and menopause, the time of the highest occurance of breast cancer, the best time of breast self-examination and inspection methods of breast self-examination shows relatively low understanding. 3. The average score of breast self-examination was 1.34 from a maximum score of 6. The score of breast self-examination with palpation methods was higher than with inspection methods. 4. A positive correlation was found between breast self-examination knowledge and compliance rate (r=.417, p=.001). According to the results, it is necessary to provide knowledge of the relationship of breast cancer and menopause, the time of the highest occurance of breast cancer, and the best time of breast self-examination and inspection methods of breast self-examination. Also, it is necessary to provide detail guidance for inspection methods and develop a program for promoting the compliance of breast self-examination.

This descriptive correlational study was undertaken to examine the degree of health promoting behavior, and to analyze the factors affecting those health promoting behaviors of middle-aged men. The subjects for this study were 215 men aged by 35-55 from three business enterprises located in Seoul and Inchon. Data collection was conducted through the use of 5 questionnaires and analysis of the data was done by used of descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The average score of health promoting behavior was 2.58. And the average scores of the dimensions of health promoting behavior, i.e., self-actualization, interpersonal support, stress management, health responsibility, and exercise and nutrition were 2.92, 2.82, 2.48, 2.38 and 2.31 respectively. 2. There were significant differences in the health promoting behavior according to religion(F=3.58, p=0.0040), educational level (F=3.85, p=0.0104), household income (F=3.81, p=0.0051), smoking(F=3.90, p= 0.0097), alcohol(F=3.57, p=0.0149), check body weight(t=3.32, p=0.0069), and exercise(F= 14.56, p=0.0001). 3. A positive correlation was found between health promoting behavior and all the independent variables of perceived health status(r=0.319, p=0.0001), self-efficacy(r= 0.380, p=0.0001), self-esteem(r=0.487, p= 0.0001) and social support(r=0.474, p= 0.0001). 4. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was self-esteem. Self-esteem, exercise, social support, smoking and alcohol accounted for 44% of the variance in health promoting behavior in middle-aged men. Therefore health professionals firtst need to develop nursing interventions will enhance self-esteem. Above these findings partially support the relationships posited in Pender's health promotion model that individual perceptions influence health promoting behavior.

The concept of caring as the core value of nursing has been widely explored in many researchers. However, a clear conceptualization of what caring in nursing does not yet exist. The purpose of this study is to examine the attributes of caring by content analysis of journaling and to provide basic information for developing the theory of caring and teaching the humanism centered education. The study design was descriptive survey design. Data was colleged 82 cases of journaling which came from 26 junior and 30 senior nursing students from Oct. 1995 to June 1996. The collected data were analyzed using the content analysis by Ko, and et als.(1989) and Polit & Hngler(1987). To improve the validity two researchers examined the significant statements extracted from original contents. The results are as follows: The emphasized contents clusters of caring were 12 categories- , , , , , , , , , , , . , elements of the caring emerged new attributes of caring and the <> element of the caring was mentioned with high frequency as strongest element. The emphasized contents clusters of non caring were 9 categories - , , , , , , , , .