Differences of Upgrading Nurse Staffing in Nursing Care Activity, Work Performance Outcomes, and Job Satisfaction

Ju Yeun Kim; Young Whee Lee; Mi Kyoung Chung

doi:10.7469/kjan.2016.28.3.256

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Differences of Upgrading Nurse Staffing in Nursing Care Activity, Work Performance Outcomes, and Job Satisfaction

Ju Yeun Kim¹, Young Whee Lee², Mi Kyoung Chung³

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(3):256-265.
Published online: June 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7469/kjan.2016.28.3.256

¹Department of Nursing, Daewon University College, Jecheon

²Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon

³Department of Nursing, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea

Corresponding author: Lee, Young Whee Department of Nursing, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea. Tel: +82-32-860-8202, Fax: +82-32-874-5880, E-mail: ywlee@inha.ac.kr

• Received: February 16, 2016 • Accepted: June 20, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study examined differences in nursing care activity, work performance outcomes, and job satisfaction associated with upgrading nurse staffing of a nurse-to-patients ratio.
Methods
Descriptive design was used in this study. In total, 148 medical and surgical nurses were recruited from one university hospital. Three instruments were used for data collection: Scale of Nursing Care Activity, Nurses' Work Performance Outcome Measurement Scale and Nurses' Job Satisfaction Scale. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and paired t-test.
Results
There were significant differences in nursing care activity (t=-5.06, p<.001), in work performance outcomes (t=-5.46, p<.001) and in job satisfaction (t=4.61, p<.001) when the grading for the nursing staff was changed from three to two indicating increasing number of nurses.
Conclusion
The findings from this study showed that there were more nursing care activities, better work performance outcomes, and higher job satisfaction when numbers of nurses were increased. The changes in the scale to evaluate nursing staff influence nursing activities, work performance and job satisfaction.
Key Words: Nurse staffing; Nursing care activity; Work performance outcome; Job satisfaction

Table 1.

Difference es in Work Performance e Outcomes by Gene ral Characteristics of Nurses (N=148)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	M±SD	t or F	p	Duncan
Age (year)	≤25^a	33 (22.3)	3.75±0.48	18.10	＜.001	a＜b
	26~30^a	56 (37.8)	3.91±0.38
	≥31^b	59 (39.9)	4.26±0.42
Marital status	No	92 (62.2)	3.88±0.44	-4.88	＜.001
Marital status	Yes	56 (37.8)	4.24±0.43
Religion	Protestant	47 (31.8)	4.07±0.51	0.52	.669
	Catholic	22 (14.9)	3.99±0.43
	Buddhist	11 (7.4)	3.88±0.49
	None	68 (45.9)	4.01±0.45
Education level	3-year program^a	42 (28.4)	3.93±0.43	6.42	.002	a＜b
	4-year program^a	84 (56.7)	3.97±0.47
	≥Master program^b	22 (14.9)	4.33±0.44
Work place	Medical ward	73 (49.3)	3.40±0.49	-0.46	.642
Work place	Surgical ward	75 (50.7)	4.03±0.46
Career (year)	1~3^a	49 (33.1)	3.80±0.44	13.84	＜.001	a＜b
	4~6^a	42 (28.4)	3.97±0.43
	≥7^b	57 (38.5)	4.24±0.43

Table 2.

Comparison of Nursing Care Activity by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

Items	3rd Grade	2nd Grade	Difference	t	p
Items	M±SD	M±SD	Difference	t	p
Nutritional care	2.42±0.97	2.65±0.10	0.23	-2.66	.009
Mouth care	2.20±0.95	2.67±1.12	0.47	-4.34	＜.001
Hair care-shampoo	1.37±0.55	1.75±0.88	0.38	-4.24	＜.001
Bathing	1.21±0.49	1.53±0.75	0.32	-3.90	＜.001
Exchange of linen & clothes	3.17±0.91	3.42±1.02	0.25	-2.61	.010
Suctioning	3.86±0.95	3.99±0.89	0.13	-1.67	.098
Elimination care	2.75±0.94	2.90±0.97	0.15	-1.73	.085
Perineal care	3.50±1.42	4.06±1.25	0.56	-5.76	＜.001
Position change	2.84±0.99	3.41±1.09	0.57	-5.62	＜.001
Applying cold & hot	3.20±1.05	3.45±0.96	0.25	-2.69	.008
Psychological support for patient & family	3.49±0.92	3.75±0.98	0.26	-2.79	.006
Applying nursing process to patient at high-risk of fall	3.78±1.00	4.02±0.92	0.24	-2.56	.011
Applying nursing process to patient with pain	3.85±0.99	4.09±0.95	0.24	-2.64	.009
Total	2.87±0.53	3.17±0.54	0.30	-5.06	＜.001

Table 3.

Comparison of Work Performance Outcomes by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

Items	3rd Grade	2nd Grade	Difference	t (p)
Items	M±SD	M±SD	Difference	t (p)
Nursing practice performance competency	4.04±0.52	4.23±0.45	0.19	-4.34 (＜.001)
Understanding prescription content and performing appropriate tasks without error and omission within given time	4.13±0.65	4.26±0.53	0.13	-2.29 (.023)
Dealing with and performing many tasks within reasonable time limit	3.86±0.76	4.13±0.64	0.27	-3.69 (＜.001)
Performing accurately according to the guiding principles of medication management	4.36±0.78	4.50±0.54	0.14	-1.98 (.050)
Possessing knowledge and skills needed to carry out tasks	3.94±0.65	4.14±0.57	0.20	-3.99 (＜.001)
Taking over patients' information accurately during shift change	4.09±0.61	4.32±0.57	0.23	-3.64 (＜.001)
Managing nursing jobs correctly and perfectly	4.03±0.65	4.24±0.57	0.21	-3.36 (.001)
Accurately recording data according to nursing guide	3.86±0.62	4.00±0.60	0.14	-2.54 (.012)
Nursing practice attitude	3.58±0.66	3.86±0.57	0.28	-4.50 (＜.001)
Showing concern and receptive attitudes to patients and their families	3.69±0.83	3.94±0.65	0.25	-3.52 (.001)
Bringing harmony among health team members within the department, and promoting a climate of mutual trust and respect with other health team members	3.76±0.74	4.03±0.67	0.27	-3.79 (＜.001)
Giving trust to others as a nurse	3.68±0.72	3.94±0.60	0.26	-4.17 (＜.001)
Taking the initiative and setting an example for others; often seeking additional responsibility	3.21±0.85	3.55±0.79	0.34	-4.28 (＜.001)
Nursing practice level promotion	3.48±0.72	3.76±0.71	0.28	-4.54 (＜.001)
Reporting and examining equipment, repair of facilities, machine breakdown and missing	3.49±0.86	3.76±0.88	0.27	-3.45 (.001)
Completing learning credits to participate in continuing education and crash courses and trying to competency development as a professional nurse	3.60±0.87	3.83±0.87	0.23	-2.74 (.007)
Identifying the etiology of problems and utilizing methods for solving the problems	3.36±0.85	3.68±0.72	0.32	-4.36 (＜.001)
Nursing process application	3.74±0.70	3.99±0.61	0.25	-4.05 (＜.001)
Implementing nursing assessment accurately using instruments of nursing information form	3.79±0.78	4.07±0.74	0.28	-3.67 (＜.001)
After assessing patients, planning and implementing nursing care according to priority	3.76±0.82	4.05±0.68	0.29	-4.10 (＜.001)
Demonstrating and teaching self-care skills to patients and their families	3.66±0.86	3.86±0.77	0.20	-2.38 (.019)
Total	3.79±0.53	4.02±0.47	0.23	-5.46(＜.001)

Table 4.

Comparison of Job Satisfaction by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

Items	3rd Grade	2nd Grade	Difference	t (p)
Items	M±SD	M±SD	Difference	t (p)
I am satisfied with my current level of salary	3.15±0.79	2.93±0.72	-0.22	3.55(.001)
I get a chance to improve and stimulate my intelligence in my practice	2.76±0.73	2.61±0.71	-0.15	2.20(.029)
I am satisfied with my current nursing practice	3.10±0.81	2.91±0.77	-0.19	2.76(.006)
My nursing practice requires a lot of skills and special competencies	1.99±0.80	1.98±0.74	-0.01	0.19(.852)
I discuss with my nurse manager about problem and implementation of nursing practice	2.44±0.82	2.34±0.69	-0.10	1.28(.202)
I consider my nursing practice is systematically organized in terms of administration, in order for me to carry out efficient implementation	2.97±0.84	2.72±0.74	-0.25	3.18(.002)
My nurse manager supports my decision related to my practice	2.29±0.73	2.26±0.67	-0.03	0.37(.709)
My workload is appropriate	3.70±0.91	3.14±0.83	-0.56	6.94(＜.001)
There is good co-operation with medical professionals in my nursing units	3.27±0.89	3.05±0.88	-0.22	2.30(.003)
There is good co-operation with nurses in my nursing units	2.22±0.75	2.20±0.72	-0.02	0.32(.752)
I will choose to be a nurse again if another opportunity is given to me	3.42±1.09	3.25±1.12	-0.17	1.97(.051)
Total	2.85±0.49	2.67±0.47	-0.18	4.61(＜.001)

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Differences of Upgrading Nurse Staffing in Nursing Care Activity, Work Performance Outcomes, and Job Satisfaction

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(3):256-265. Published online June 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.3.256

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Differences of Upgrading Nurse Staffing in Nursing Care Activity, Work Performance Outcomes, and Job Satisfaction

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(3):256-265. Published online June 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.3.256

Differences of Upgrading Nurse Staffing in Nursing Care Activity, Work Performance Outcomes, and Job Satisfaction

Table 1.

Difference es in Work Performance e Outcomes by Gene ral Characteristics of Nurses (N=148)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	M±SD	t or F	p	Duncan
Age (year)	≤25^a	33 (22.3)	3.75±0.48	18.10	＜.001	a＜b
	26~30^a	56 (37.8)	3.91±0.38
	≥31^b	59 (39.9)	4.26±0.42
Marital status	No	92 (62.2)	3.88±0.44	-4.88	＜.001
Marital status	Yes	56 (37.8)	4.24±0.43
Religion	Protestant	47 (31.8)	4.07±0.51	0.52	.669
	Catholic	22 (14.9)	3.99±0.43
	Buddhist	11 (7.4)	3.88±0.49
	None	68 (45.9)	4.01±0.45
Education level	3-year program^a	42 (28.4)	3.93±0.43	6.42	.002	a＜b
	4-year program^a	84 (56.7)	3.97±0.47
	≥Master program^b	22 (14.9)	4.33±0.44
Work place	Medical ward	73 (49.3)	3.40±0.49	-0.46	.642
Work place	Surgical ward	75 (50.7)	4.03±0.46
Career (year)	1~3^a	49 (33.1)	3.80±0.44	13.84	＜.001	a＜b
	4~6^a	42 (28.4)	3.97±0.43
	≥7^b	57 (38.5)	4.24±0.43

Table 2.

Comparison of Nursing Care Activity by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

Items	3rd Grade	2nd Grade	Difference	t	p
Items	M±SD	M±SD	Difference	t	p
Nutritional care	2.42±0.97	2.65±0.10	0.23	-2.66	.009
Mouth care	2.20±0.95	2.67±1.12	0.47	-4.34	＜.001
Hair care-shampoo	1.37±0.55	1.75±0.88	0.38	-4.24	＜.001
Bathing	1.21±0.49	1.53±0.75	0.32	-3.90	＜.001
Exchange of linen & clothes	3.17±0.91	3.42±1.02	0.25	-2.61	.010
Suctioning	3.86±0.95	3.99±0.89	0.13	-1.67	.098
Elimination care	2.75±0.94	2.90±0.97	0.15	-1.73	.085
Perineal care	3.50±1.42	4.06±1.25	0.56	-5.76	＜.001
Position change	2.84±0.99	3.41±1.09	0.57	-5.62	＜.001
Applying cold & hot	3.20±1.05	3.45±0.96	0.25	-2.69	.008
Psychological support for patient & family	3.49±0.92	3.75±0.98	0.26	-2.79	.006
Applying nursing process to patient at high-risk of fall	3.78±1.00	4.02±0.92	0.24	-2.56	.011
Applying nursing process to patient with pain	3.85±0.99	4.09±0.95	0.24	-2.64	.009
Total	2.87±0.53	3.17±0.54	0.30	-5.06	＜.001

Table 3.

Comparison of Work Performance Outcomes by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

Items	3rd Grade	2nd Grade	Difference	t (p)
Items	M±SD	M±SD	Difference	t (p)
Nursing practice performance competency	4.04±0.52	4.23±0.45	0.19	-4.34 (＜.001)
Understanding prescription content and performing appropriate tasks without error and omission within given time	4.13±0.65	4.26±0.53	0.13	-2.29 (.023)
Dealing with and performing many tasks within reasonable time limit	3.86±0.76	4.13±0.64	0.27	-3.69 (＜.001)
Performing accurately according to the guiding principles of medication management	4.36±0.78	4.50±0.54	0.14	-1.98 (.050)
Possessing knowledge and skills needed to carry out tasks	3.94±0.65	4.14±0.57	0.20	-3.99 (＜.001)
Taking over patients' information accurately during shift change	4.09±0.61	4.32±0.57	0.23	-3.64 (＜.001)
Managing nursing jobs correctly and perfectly	4.03±0.65	4.24±0.57	0.21	-3.36 (.001)
Accurately recording data according to nursing guide	3.86±0.62	4.00±0.60	0.14	-2.54 (.012)
Nursing practice attitude	3.58±0.66	3.86±0.57	0.28	-4.50 (＜.001)
Showing concern and receptive attitudes to patients and their families	3.69±0.83	3.94±0.65	0.25	-3.52 (.001)
Bringing harmony among health team members within the department, and promoting a climate of mutual trust and respect with other health team members	3.76±0.74	4.03±0.67	0.27	-3.79 (＜.001)
Giving trust to others as a nurse	3.68±0.72	3.94±0.60	0.26	-4.17 (＜.001)
Taking the initiative and setting an example for others; often seeking additional responsibility	3.21±0.85	3.55±0.79	0.34	-4.28 (＜.001)
Nursing practice level promotion	3.48±0.72	3.76±0.71	0.28	-4.54 (＜.001)
Reporting and examining equipment, repair of facilities, machine breakdown and missing	3.49±0.86	3.76±0.88	0.27	-3.45 (.001)
Completing learning credits to participate in continuing education and crash courses and trying to competency development as a professional nurse	3.60±0.87	3.83±0.87	0.23	-2.74 (.007)
Identifying the etiology of problems and utilizing methods for solving the problems	3.36±0.85	3.68±0.72	0.32	-4.36 (＜.001)
Nursing process application	3.74±0.70	3.99±0.61	0.25	-4.05 (＜.001)
Implementing nursing assessment accurately using instruments of nursing information form	3.79±0.78	4.07±0.74	0.28	-3.67 (＜.001)
After assessing patients, planning and implementing nursing care according to priority	3.76±0.82	4.05±0.68	0.29	-4.10 (＜.001)
Demonstrating and teaching self-care skills to patients and their families	3.66±0.86	3.86±0.77	0.20	-2.38 (.019)
Total	3.79±0.53	4.02±0.47	0.23	-5.46(＜.001)

Table 4.

Comparison of Job Satisfaction by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

Items	3rd Grade	2nd Grade	Difference	t (p)
Items	M±SD	M±SD	Difference	t (p)
I am satisfied with my current level of salary	3.15±0.79	2.93±0.72	-0.22	3.55(.001)
I get a chance to improve and stimulate my intelligence in my practice	2.76±0.73	2.61±0.71	-0.15	2.20(.029)
I am satisfied with my current nursing practice	3.10±0.81	2.91±0.77	-0.19	2.76(.006)
My nursing practice requires a lot of skills and special competencies	1.99±0.80	1.98±0.74	-0.01	0.19(.852)
I discuss with my nurse manager about problem and implementation of nursing practice	2.44±0.82	2.34±0.69	-0.10	1.28(.202)
I consider my nursing practice is systematically organized in terms of administration, in order for me to carry out efficient implementation	2.97±0.84	2.72±0.74	-0.25	3.18(.002)
My nurse manager supports my decision related to my practice	2.29±0.73	2.26±0.67	-0.03	0.37(.709)
My workload is appropriate	3.70±0.91	3.14±0.83	-0.56	6.94(＜.001)
There is good co-operation with medical professionals in my nursing units	3.27±0.89	3.05±0.88	-0.22	2.30(.003)
There is good co-operation with nurses in my nursing units	2.22±0.75	2.20±0.72	-0.02	0.32(.752)
I will choose to be a nurse again if another opportunity is given to me	3.42±1.09	3.25±1.12	-0.17	1.97(.051)
Total	2.85±0.49	2.67±0.47	-0.18	4.61(＜.001)

Table 1. Difference es in Work Performance e Outcomes by Gene ral Characteristics of Nurses (N=148)

Table 2. Comparison of Nursing Care Activity by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

Table 3. Comparison of Work Performance Outcomes by Nurse Staffing Grade (N=148)

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Differences of Upgrading Nurse Staffing in Nursing Care Activity, Work Performance Outcomes, and Job Satisfaction

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