Purpose
This study aims to identify predicting factors influencing Chinese students’ intentions to quit smoking. Methods Secondary data for this study came from a study on the change in smoking cessation among Asian students. Data on their intention to quit smoking was collected from October 2020 to January 2021 through an online survey. The study participants included 190 Chinese international students aged 19 to 29 who were smokers. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared test, independent-test, and decision-making trees were used for analysis. Results 73.2% (139 students) of Chinese international students in Korea intended to quit smoking; 97.8% of the groups intending to quit smoking had previously attempted to quit. The decision tree ultimately had seven sections. The attempt to quit smoking was the most significant predictor of smoking cessation intention. Stop smoking attempts, intent to participate in a nonsmoking programs, smoking parents, stop-smoking self attempts, and smoking after studying abroad were factors predicting intention to quit smoking. Conclusion The factors influencing Chinese students’ intention to quit smoking differed depending on their previous smoking cessation experience. Intention to participate in a smoking cessation program, parent smoking, and recent attempts to quit smoking were factors predicting intention to quit in those with previous smoking cessation experience. A program tailored to their needs should be developed to improve the smoking cessation intention of Chinese international students depending on their history of smoking cessation.

Purpose
This study was conducted to investigate selected constructs of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change regarding smoking behavior among Asian students in Korea.
Methods
A convenience sample of 240 Chinese and Vietnamese smokers studying in colleges, graduate schools, and language programs across the country completed the Chinese and Vietnamese versions of the short form questionnaire from October 2020 to January 2021, through an online survey. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and logistic regression.
Results
Analyses showed that 72.1% of participants were in contemplation and preparation stage. There were significant differences in the process of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy depending on the stages of change in smoking cessation. Factors influencing smoking cessation intention were consciousness raising (Odds Radio [OR]=1.22, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.00~1.15, p=.047), self-reevaluation (OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.15~1.70, p=.001), cons of smoking (OR=1.18, 95% CI=1.00~1.39, p=.045), and self-efficacy (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.00~1.15, p=039).
Conclusion
The results provide support on the advantages of including the concepts of consciousness raising, self-reevaluation, negative aspects of smoking (cons), and self-efficacy in intervention program development for smoking cessation.

Citations

• Comparison of the Predictors of Smoking Cessation Plans between Adolescent Conventional Cigarette Smokers and E-Cigarette Smokers Using the Transtheoretical Model
  Min-Hee Park, Bomi An
  Children.2024; 11(5): 598.     CrossRef
• Factors Predicting Chinese Students' Intention to Quit Smoking: Decision Tree Analysis
  Shinae Jung, Sung Rae Shin
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2022; 34(6): 545.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined influence of smoking and alcohol drinking on suicidal ideation and attempts among Korean adults.
METHODS
This cross sectional study used secondary data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2011. A total of 13,064 adults were included in the study. Logistic regression was used to analyze the combined influence of smoking and alcohol drinking on suicidal ideation and attempts.
RESULTS
Persons who smoke and use alcohol were more likely to report suicidal ideation and attempts than those who did not smoke and reported normal drinking. The group who reported both smoking and harmful drinking/alcohol had significantly higher incidence of suicidal ideation and attempts than the comparison group of non-smoking/normal drinking (Suicidal ideation: Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 2.13, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.60~2.83; suicidal attempts: AOR: 3.81, 95% CI: 1.60~9.05).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, smoking and alcohol drinking were individually important health behaviors for prevention of suicidal ideation and attempts. Especially, suicidal prevention programs might be needed for adults who smoke and drink at the same time to decrease suicidal ideation and attempt.

Citations

• Analysis of suicide statistics and trends between 2011 and 2021 among Korean women
  Hyunjung Jang, Seokmin Lee, Sanghee Park, Bobae Kang, Hyunkyung Choi
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2023; 29(4): 348.     CrossRef
• Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking Dual Use Experience on Culturally Diverse Adolescents’ Suicidal Behaviors: Using Date from the 15~17th Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
  Hyun Jung Lee, Euna Si
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2022; 31(4): 415.     CrossRef
• Perceived discrimination and suicidal ideation of Korean adults with disability: Examining the mediating role of depressive symptoms
  Seojin Won, Hyemee Kim
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(2): 65.     CrossRef
• Do the associated factors with high-risk drinking differ by smoking?
  Hyo Young Lee, Hyuk Im, Hye Sook Kim, Min Jung Kim
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(3): 15.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify association between maternal depression and multiple contextual factors in 1,519 mothers in Korea who participated in the 2009 Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC).
METHODS
The second wave data which was a comprehensive longitudinal data set with a nationally representative birth cohort was analyzed using SAS 9.3 software. Kessler depression scale was used for this study.
RESULTS
Of the mothers, 23.0% reported being mild to moderate depression and 4.5% of the mothers reported severe depression. The factors influencing maternal depression include; mother's self-efficacy, mother's marital conflict, mother's social support, infant's and toddler's emotionality, mother's smoking and infant's feeding & eating of daily routine. These variables explained 39.5% of maternal depression.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that the identified factors for maternal depression should be included in an intervention program to reduce the risk of depression.

Citations

• The longitudinal effects of children’s temperament on maternal depression: A hierarchical linear modeling approach
  Chul-Gyu Kim, Mi-Young Choi
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2022; 28(1): 91.     CrossRef
• The Influence of Ego-identity, Parenting Efficacy and Stress Coping Style on Depression in Mothers of Toddlers
  Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 196.     CrossRef
• Effects of Psychological, Parenting and Relational Characteristics of Mothers of Preschool Children on Their Depression Levels
  Hye Young Song, Won Jin Ju, Yanghee Pang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2018; 29(4): 393.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
Health care professionals represent an immediately available resource to promote smoking cessation. However, the content in smoking cessation intervention courses in most institutions is insufficiently covered due to the limited number of class hours. The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive tobacco cessation-web-based, multimedia, educational program for a range of medical professionals.
METHODS
Based on Jung's Teaching and Learning Structure Plan Model, a development process was proposed comprising four stages: (1) analysis, (2) planning, (3) production, and (4) operation/evaluation. The effectiveness of the program was tested using quasi-experimental design, and the participants in experimental group were required to complete the program. Changes in the level of knowledge and attitude were measured.
RESULTS
The educational program developed includes nine topics and 26 sub-topics. A total of 180 storyboards, 15 videos, and 27 pictures were made. After the education, the level of knowledge was significantly increased in the experimental group.
CONCLUSION
This web-based program can be recommended as a potential medium for health care professionals to use in counseling smoking cessation. The study findings also indicated that the program may be either offered as a teaching aid or utilized concurrently with lectures for students studying health care-related topics.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the clinical characteristics and risk factors on the occurrence of variant angina, and to examine the predicting factors on the vascular endothelial dysfunction of the patients with variant angina.
METHODS
A total of 134 patients diagnosed with variant angina were recruited from 2006 to 2008. The degrees of endothelial dysfunction were measured and recorded by the researcher using the values of flow-mediated vasodilation of their brachial arteries and Nitroglycerine-mediated dilation. Subjects' demographic data and risk factors were gathered after obtaining informed consent, and their electronic medical records were reviewed to collect laboratory data.
RESULTS
The mean age was 54.2 +/- 9.6 years and 52% was male patients. More than 50% of the male patients were cigarette smokers and had hypercholesterolemia. 84% of the male patients and 70% of the female patients had more than one risk factor of cardiovascular disease. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that smoking and hypercholesterolemia predicted the decrease of flow-mediated vasodilation (Adjusted R(2) = .204, p < .001).
CONCLUSION
Tailored educational interventions for smoking cessation and cholesterol management are needed to prevent recurrence of angina attack for patients with variant angina and to prevent cardiovascular disease for middle-aged workers.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify predictors of the stage of change for smoking cessation of male university students on the basis of the Transtheoretical model (TTM).
METHODS
The 388 current smokers or exsmokers who agreed to participate were recruited from three areas in Korea from August 2 to September 5, 2006. Data was analyzed using a SPSS program for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS
Most subjects (76.8%) were current smokers. According to stages of change, there were statistically significant differences in self efficacy, smoking temptation, decisional balance (cons, pros), and processes of change. The predictors of transition from contemplation to preparation were behavioral and experiential processes. The predictors of transition from preparation to action were pros of smoking and experiential process. The predictors of transition from action to maintenance were cons of smoking and behavioral process.
CONCLUSION
Specific nursing interventions based on stages of change need to be developed for smoking cessation of male university students.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors related to prehypertension in Korean adults.
METHODS
The data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005. The ubjects of this study were 3,981 adults aged over 20 years of age. Demographic characteristics, alcohol drinking, smoking, physical activity, stress, BMI, serum lipid profiles and blood pressure were analyzed in this study.
RESULTS
Prevalence of prehypertension was 38.9% in this study. As the result of multiple logistic regression, the risk of prehypertension in male, elderly and low income persons was increased. And the risk of prehypertension was increased in the case of problem drinking, alcohol abuse, formal smoker, overweight, obesity and hyperlipidemia in triglyceride.
CONCLUSION
To decrease prehypertension prevalence, it is necessary to detect and manage the influencing risk factors of prehypertension such as alcohol drinking, smoking, obesity, physical activity, stress and serum lipid profiles.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and attention concentration by smoking status among adolescents. METHODS: Depression was measured by Radloff's Center for Epidemiological studies Depression(1977) and modified by Korean(Chon & Lee, 1992), attention concentration measured by Nideffer's Test of Attention and Interpersonal Style(1976) and modified by Korean adolescents(Seo, 2004; Shin, 1988). The collected data was analyzed by the Mean +/- SD, chi-square-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient(SPSS 13.0).
RESULTS
1. The smoking level appeared to heavy smoking group 31(22%), light smoking group 15(11%), non smoking group 92(67%). 2. The smoking level was different between the time to begin smoking, period of smoking and smoking amount/day. 3. Smoking group's depression was higher than those of the non smoking group and attention concentration was lower than those of the non smoking group. 4. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation with depression and a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. Depression had a significant negative correlation with attention concentration.
CONCLUSION
The result of this study offered the basis data for smoking prevention and treatment of adolescents.

PURPOSE
This study attempted to identify influential variables on types of smoking in adult smokers, which have been derived from Q-study.
METHODS
A survey was conducted with 328 adult smokers at community settings in Seoul, South Korea from April 2006 to July 2006. To identify the influential variables related to smoking, variables from the Trans-theoretical model(i.e., self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, smoking temptation, process of change, decisional balance(pros and cons)) and nicotine dependency were analysed by ANOVA. Post-comparison tests were also done.
RESULTS
The scores of nicotine dependency and smoking temptation were higher in habitual craving types than any other types, while the scores of self-liberation and self-efficacy for smoking abstinence were higher in self control types than any other types.
CONCLUSION
Specific smoking intervention methods for each of the smoking types needs to be developed, based on how different groups of individuals gets into a decisions to quit smoking within their contexts.

PURPOSE
This study is to examine the effect of auricular acupressure therapy on smoking cessation for male adult in rural areas.
METHOD
Research design was nonequivalent control pretest-posttest design. The samples were 90 male adults(Experimental: 40, Control: 40) in a community. Measures were the number of cigarette smoking per day, dependency on nicotine, and need for smoking. Auricular acupressure therapy, experimental treatment was applied for 2 weeks, 2 times/week, 3 day/time. Data were collected from June 2005 to December 2005. Data were analyzed using SPSS PC+ 12 version. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square-test, were used for each aim of this study.
RESULTS
The number of cigarette smoking per day (t=-13.230, p=.000), dependency on nicotine (t=-29.743, p=.000), and need for smoking (t=-19.799, p=.000) were significantly decreased in the experimental group by application of the auricular acupressure therapy.
CONCLUSION
Auricular Acupressure Therapy can be a better effective primary nursing intervention on smoking cessation for male adults in rural areas through reverification by a study of repetition.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of smoking, process of smoking cessation, and nicotine dependency, and urine nicotine among adults with diabetes which are smokers and to examine the relationship among those variables.
METHOD
The subjects consisted of 62 adult men smokers with diabetes mellitus. FTQ and NicCheck 1 were used to measure the level of nicotine dependence. The amount of cigarette smoking was measured by the number of cigarette packs use per week. The stage of smoking cessation was measured by the Prochaska's method.
RESULTS
The Subjects smoked cigarettes with a mean of 5.97 packages per week. Seventy-seven percent of the subjects had a nicotine dependency. Fifty-two percent had a high level of nicotine dependency in urine nicotine. Nineteen percent were in the precontemplation stage. The level of cigarette consumption was related to nicotine dependence and urine nicotine. Also, nicotine dependency was related to urine nicotine.
CONCLUSION
A tailored smoking cessation program is needed to prevent the chronic complication for diabetes smokers. Self-reported smoking and nicotine dependency seemed to do equally well as NicCheck 1 in assessing nicotine intake.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a school based smoking prevention program for college freshmen.
METHOD
The nonequivalent control group, pretest-post-test design was used. Among 16 departments in a University located in S city, students in 8, randomly selected, departments received 6 sessions of smoking prevention program consisted of small group discussion led by smoking cessation leaders, video watching, and lectures from March 15 to June 9, 2004. Students in remaining 8 departments did not receive any education. Student's attitude, intention, stress, temptation, knowledge and self efficacy was measured.
RESULT
The level of stress and smoking temptation was significantly decreased in the experimental group over that of the control group.
CONCLUSION
It was proven that this school based smoking prevention program was effective for decreasing smoking temptation in college freshmen. In the future, more efforts should be given to college age students to prevent them becoming chronic smokers.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in smoking related characteristics and psychological features of coronary artery patients by the stages of change in smoking cessation behaviors. METHOD: Subjects for this survey were 97 patients who were smoking when doctors diagnosed them to have coronary artery diseases. RESULT: Subjects were distributed 21.6% in precontemplation stage, 24.7% in contemplation stage, 17.5% in preparation stage, 19.6% in action stage, and 16.5% in maintenance stage respectively. The numbers of previous attempts to quit smoking of subjects in precontemplation stage(mean=3.00, SD=3.71) and contemplation stage(mean=2.63, SD=2.32) were significantly lower than that of subjects in preparation stage(mean=5.82, SD= 6.20). Benefit scores of subjects in maintenance stage were significantly greater than those of subjects in precontemplation stage. Self-efficacy, barriers, seriousness, and nicotine dependency were not significantly different by the stages of change. Number of signs and symptoms related to smoking which subjects were experiencing were not significant by the stages of change too. CONCLUSION: Future intervention programs for smoking cessation should be focused on the strategies to enhance the realization of health benefits that patients might acquire from smoking cessation.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. METHOD: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. RESULTS: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. CONCLUSION: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.

PURPOSE
The specific aims of this study was to find out the barrier to smoking cessation intervention in clinical practice among clinical nurses and compare them in high barrier group with those in the low barrier group. METHOD: The sample of this study consisted of 738 nurses practicing in general hospitals with over 400 beds throughout the country. The questionnaire was adopted from the 'Oncology Nurse's Tobacco Control Survey' used in the United Stated by Sarna et al.(2001). RESULT: Age, marital status, hospital experience, position were the variables related to the mean score of subjective resource insufficiency. The perception that the patient was not motivated to quit smoking was the most commonly identified barrier in low barrier group and the second most common barrier in high barrier group. CONCLUSION: Younger, with less clinical experience, single, staff nurses were the characteristics of nurses in the high barrier group. The smoking cessation educational program should be targeted to these populations. Further research is needed to develope strategies to reduce the perception associated with barriers in delivery of tobacco cessation interventions.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in men with Diabetes Mellitus and to examine the relationships among those variables. METHOD: The subject consisted of 152 adult men with diabetes mellitus. Q-F methods and FTQ was used to measure the level of alcohol consumption and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was measured by the number of cigarette packs used per week. RESULTS: Prevalence of drinking was 63.6% and in the current drinkers, 34.4% were heavy drinkers. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 36.2% with a mean of 6.03 packs per week. Twenty percent of the smokers were dependent on nicotine. Subjects who had complications or other diseases drank alcohol more than who had not. There was a positive relationship between the level of smoking and nicotine dependency. CONCLUSION: Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is a serious health problem in men with diabetes. It is necessary to have an educational approach for controlling drinking and smoking in diabetes patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the subjectivity of smoking cessation methods of smokers. METHOD: The Q. methodology which provides a method of analyzing the individual's subjectivity was used. The 34 subjects classified 38 selected Q-statements into a 9 point scale to make a normal distribution. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of smoking cessation among smokers were identified. Type I, Family Centered; Type II, Suppressing Temptation; Type III, Self Overcoming. CONCLUSION: This study results revealed that different approaches of support programs are needed to address the three types of smoking cessation and their characteristics

PURPOSE
This study aimed to compare differences on sexual satisfaction between non-smokers and smokers of Korean adult males. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 304 current smokers and 331 current non-smokers(stop smokers, never smokers) (58.0%). Because of the nature of the study, the participants were recruited through a home page advertisement of a brand newspaper company in Korea, and the survey was done through Internet system. The tool to measure participant's sexual satisfaction was adopted from the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale-Male. RESULT: Participant's age ranged from 20 to 49, mostly in their 30s-40s(96.1%). They were smoking average of 15 cigarettes per day. There were no significant difference on sexual satisfaction between current smokers and non- smokers(t=-.55, p>.05). However, there were significant difference on sexual satisfaction between ever smokers(n=481) and never smokers(n=154) (t=2.10, p<.05). There were significant differences an erectile and orgasm satisfaction according to number of cigarettes they smoked per day. 54.5% smokers who said that they have difficulty in keeping erectile state considered on smoking cessation within 30 days whereas 24.2% in those who said that keeping erectile state was easy. CONCLUSION: Informing about the high risk of sexual dysfunction with cigarette smoking should become a important part of smoking cessation education and for smoking adolescents.

PURPOSE
The study was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of smoking cessation behavior based on Transtheoretical Model in industrial workers.
METHOD
A convenience sample of 146 industrial workers except for the never smokers, were recruited at a H industry in Ulsan. Data were collected from February 1 to 28, 2002. The research instruments were Stages of Change of Smoking Cessation Measure(DiClemente et al, 1991), Process of change(Prochaska, 1988), Smoking Abstinence Self Efficacy (SASE: DiClemente et al, 1985) and Decisional balance(SDB; Kim, 1999).
RESULT
The results of this study were as follows; 1. The subjects were distributed in each stage of smoking cessation change: There were 64 subjects (43.0%) in the precontemplation stage, 35 subjects(23.5%) in the contemplation stage, 28 subjects(18.8%) in the preparation stage, 14 subjects(10.1%) in the action stage and 7 subjects(4.7%) in the maintenance stage. 2. Analysis of variance showed that experiental process(F=2.808, p=.042), behavioral process (F=4.567, p=.004) self-efficacy(F=9.809, p=.000), pros(F=11.107, p=.000), cons(F=6.686, p=.000), pros- cons(F=3.446, p=.018) were significantly associated with the stages of smoking cessation change. 3. Through discriminant analysis, it was found that 'PROS' was the most influential variable in discriminating the four stages of change.
CONCLUSION
This study can provide the basis of staged matching smoking cessation program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.

PURPOSE
This study was to identify the meaning of the lived experiences, to describe of the meaning structures and to develop the strategies of nursing intervention centering to these meanings of the smoking cessation.
METHOD
This study was derived from a phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi. The participants in this study were five adults who had the previous experience of smoking cessation. The data were collected from September of 2001 to April of 2002 through systemic interviews and participatory observations. Average of five interviews were performed, and each interview lasted an hour and half.
RESULT
The meaning of smoking cessation was categorized with nine components. That is (1) obstinacy of the habit of smoking ; difficulty of endurance, succumb to temptation of smoking, repetition of smoking and smoking cessation, habit-forming. (2) Bring about a symptom of improving ; took place headache, expectoration of sputum, sense of instability. (3) Waver in worthy ; doubts about smoking cessation, ridiculed smoking cessation. (4) Be narrowed social life ; become estranged from friends. (5) Futility ; unnecessary, harm. (6) Self-repression ; occurred indomitable mind, strong will, endurance. (7) Gratification ; self-admiration, receive praise from family. (8) Delightfulness ; clean in body and clothes, be disgusted with the foul order of smoking. (9) Improvement in welfare ; a clear mind and good memory, improve in health, have a good appetite.
CONCLUSION
The nursing intervention must be focused on these concerns to accomplish successful smoking cessation program.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of anxiety, depression and self-esteem on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency among woman smokers.
METHOD
The convenience sample consisted of 121 unmarried woman smokers. The STAI, the CES-D Scale, the Self-Esteem scale and the FTQ were utilized to measure the level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was calculated based on the number of cigarette used.
RESULTS
Results indicated that woman smokers were depressed. Nicotine dependency was relatively low. Subjects had smoked a mean of 9.58 cigarettes per day. The level of depression influenced on smoking and nicotine dependency. Self-esteem influenced on the amount of smoking and anxiety influenced on nicotine dependency.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study revealed that the amount of smoking of unmarried woman smokers was very high. Both the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency were affected by levels of depression. Education programs and campaigns are needed to prevent smoking of young adult women.

The purpose of the study was to examine if individual characteristics and experiences related to smoking behavior identified from the literature were significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect in the same way as presented in Pender's Revised Health Promotion Model(Pender, 1996). The subjects selected for this study were 400 college students enrolled in more than 10 colleges located in Seoul and Kyunggi-Inchon province. According to the study results, personal factors (i.e., perceived health status, the past history of disease, and symptoms related to smoking) and related behavior (i.e., the degree of alcohol consumption, and exercise) are significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect (i.e., perceived barriers to smoking cessation, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits of smoking cessation). The canonical correlation between two groups of variables was .59, and it turned out to be statistically significant. Thirty-four percent of variance of the relationship between two group of variables was explained by two canonical variates which turned out to be significant in the study results. The result could be interpreted from the view of psycho-social area as follows: overall, this study includes important variables which explain the association between two groups of variables.

The purpose of the study was to investigate social support, depression, drinking and smoking in college and working females. The convenience sample consisted of 169 college females and 133 working females. Data were collected from March to May, 2000. Social support was measured by the 6-item Social Support Questionnaire which assesses the size of the emotional social support network and satisfaction with social support. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was utilized to measure the level of depression symptoms. The average number of drinks and cigarettes smoked per week during the previous month was assessed. Results indicated that college students had more social support than working females. However, there were no significant differences in satisfaction with their support, depression, drinking and smoking between two groups. College females who smoked cigarettes were more depressed and had less social support than those who did not smoke. Also college females who drank alcohol were more depressed than those who did not drink during the previous month. However, the level of social support and depression were not associated with drinking and smoking among working females. Based on the results, it is suggested the application of various interventions to deal with drinking and smoking behavior among college and working females.

This study was conducted to examine if the revised HPM was appropriate to explain smoking quitting behavior. A convenience sample of 400 college students enrolled in the universities located in Seoul and Kyunggi-Inchon province was selected. According to the study results, smoking-specific cognitions and affect included in the study could significantly explain commitment to a plan to quit smoking which was one of the behavioral outcomes in the revised HPM. The study result showed that among predictors, smoking-related affect, perceived benefit of quitting smoking, and perceived self-efficacy significantly explained commitment to a plan to quit smoking, but perceived barriers and interpersonal influences did not. The model for smoking quitting behavior formulated with smoking-specific cognitions and affect was statistically significant and the model explained 48 percent of variance in smoking quitting behavior. More specifically, it was shown that among smoking-specific cognitions and affect, only smoking-related affect, interpersonal influences, and perceived self-efficacy were the significant predictors to explain smoking quitting behavior. Smoking-related affect was the most important variable to explain smoking quitting behavior, followed by perceived self-efficacy. However, the influence of commitment to a plan to quit smoking on smoking quitting behavior was not statistically significant. Lastly, the model for smoking quitting behavior formulated with individual characteristics and experiences could explain 13 percent of the variance in behavior to quit smoking. Although the model is statistically significant, only the number of quitting attempts had significant and direct influence on behavior to quit smoking, while the remaining variables did not.

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of a self efficacy scale which was revised for Korean adolescents. The self efficacy scale was based on 48 smoking situations, developed by Best and Hakstian (1978), and was revised according to situations which tempt Korean adolescents to smoke. The 18 situations which were believed to have true characteristics of a temptation to smoke for Korean adolescents. The psychometric evaluation was done on 281 high school adolescents. The result revealed a high internal consistency Alpha coefficient of .97, Principal Component Factor Analysis with a varimax rotation which resulted in 3 factors with more than 1.0 of eigen value. The three factors were 'negative feelings, interpersonal relationship', 'dependence ', and 'self image'. There was a significant positive correlation of r=.290 between this self efficacy scale and the scale of intention for smoking cessation, and a significant negative correlation of r=-.330 between number of cigarettes they smoked. The result indicated that the self efficacy scale measuring adolescents' degree of efficacy in a smoking tempted situation was reliable and valid. Further application of research in the various age and sex groups was recommended for a generalization of the scale.

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationships between parental attitudes about smoking and parental smoking behavior as factors associated with adolescent's smoking behavior. Data were collected from Nov 20, 1997 to Feb 30, 1998 from 295 male high school students located in the Kyung Gi Do Province. Specific questions for adolescents concerning their parent's attitudes about their smoking, parental smoking behavior and the youth smoking behavior were included. Data were analyzed using a SPSS/PC program for the descriptive and chi-square statistics. Results indicated that parental attitudes are significantly associated with adolescents' smoking, both in behavior and amount smoked. Whereas parental behavior showed difference in means of adolescent's smoking behavior and smoking amount. In conclusion, parental attitudes toward adolescent smoking have a significantly greater effect on both the behavior and on the amount smoked than does parental antismoking educational efforts may find it helpful to include this factor.