• KSAN
  • Contact us
  • E-Submission

Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

OPEN ACCESS
mobile search button mobile menu button
Search
Advanced Search
ABOUT
BROWSE ARTICLES
EDITORIAL POLICY
FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Articles

Page Path

Original Article

Factors Influencing Maternal Depression: Secondary Data Analysis

Chul-Gyu Kim, Mi-Young Choi
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(3):288-301.
Published online: June 30, 2016

Department of Nursing Science in the College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

Corresponding author: Choi, Mi-Young Department of Nursing Science in the College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chung-daero, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 362-763, Korea. Tel: +82-43-249-1798, Fax: +82-43-266-1710, E-mail: myb98@chungbuk.ac.kr
• Received: April 4, 2016   • Accepted: June 22, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 28 Views
  • 1 Download
  • 3 Crossref
prev next

Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF
  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify association between maternal depression and multiple contextual factors in 1,519 mothers in Korea who participated in the 2009 Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC).
  • Methods
    The second wave data which was a comprehensive longitudinal data set with a nationally representative birth cohort was analyzed using SAS 9.3 software. Kessler depression scale was used for this study.
  • Results
    Of the mothers, 23.0% reported being mild to moderate depression and 4.5% of the mothers reported severe depression. The factors influencing maternal depression include; mother's self-efficacy, mother's marital conflict, mother's social support, infant's and toddler's emotionality, mother's smoking and infant's feeding & eating of daily routine. These variables explained 39.5% of maternal depression.
  • Conclusion
    The results of this study suggest that the identified factors for maternal depression should be included in an intervention program to reduce the risk of depression.
  • Key Words: Maternal depression; Self-efficacy; Social support; Smoking
Table 1.
Mothers' General Characteristics (N=1,519)
Variables Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD
Mother Age (year) 20~29 349 (23.0) 32.17±3.64
30~39 1,132 (74.5)
≥40 38 (2.5)
Duration being married (months) ＜36 529 (34.8) 57.70±36.98
36~59 418 (27.5)
60~119 465 (30.6)
≥120 107 (7.1)
Educational level ≤High school 447 (29.4)
College & university 996 (65.6)
≥Master degree 76 (5.0)
Religion Yes 792 (52.1)
No 727 (47.9)
Marital status First marriage 1,501 (98.8)
Others 18 (1.2)
Job status Yes 477 (31.4)
No 1,042 (68.6)
Living with infant Yes 1,488 (98.0)
No 31 (2.0)
Living with infant's father Yes 1,458 (96.0)
No 61 (4.0)
Smoking Yes 23 (1.5)
No 1,496 (98.5)
Drinking Yes 535 (35.2)
No 984 (64.8)
Depression Normal 1,101 (72.5) 11.42±4.13
Mild & moderate depression 349 (23.0)
Severe depression 69 (4.5)
Father Age (year) 20~29 138 (9.1) 34.65±3.98
30~39 1,221 (80.4)
≥40 160 (10.5)
Education ≤High school 392 (25.8)
College & university 973 (64.1)
≥Master degree 154 (10.1)
Religion Yes 672 (44.2)
No 847 (55.8)
Job status Yes 1,494 (98.4)
No 25 (1.6)
Smoking Yes 799 (52.6)
No 720 (47.4)
Drinking Yes 1,195 (78.7)
No 324 (21.3)
Infant Gender Boy 763 (50.2)
Girl 756 (48.8)
Age (month) 11~12 97 (6.4) 14.05±1.06
13~15 1,305 (85.9)
16~18 117 (7.7)
Table 2.
Influencing Factors (N=1,519)
Variables   Categories n (%) or M±SD Range
Mother's independent variables Marital satisfaction   15.59±3.08 4~20
Marital conflict   16.16±6.04 8~39
Paternal participation in child rearing   14.55±3.51 4~20
Social support   46.48±7.64 12~60
Self-efficacy   9.15±2.78 4~19
Self-esteem   30.07±4.09 14~40
Parenting stress   27.21±6.41 10~50
Child rearing: parental style   23.44±2.93 12~30
Knowledge of child rearing   9.12±2.12 0~13
Value of children Emotional value 12.99±1.73 3~15
Instrumental value 11.74±3.08 4~20
Father's independent characteristics　 Marital satisfaction   16.99±3.31 4~20
Marital conflict   15.60±5.88 8~38
Value of children Emotional value 13.29±1.98 3~15
Instrumental value 13.19±3.35 4~20
Infant independent characteristics Temperament Emotionality 13.51±3.12 5~25
Activity 16.44±1.67 11~23
Developmental profiles-daily routines Sleep 8.17±2.20 3~15
Feeding & eating 11.27±2.76 4~19
Bowel/washing 11.00±2.92 4~20
Total 30.45±5.76 11~50
Korean-ages & stage Communication 49.52±11.24 5~60
Gross motor 56.63±8.75 0~60
Fine motor 47.63±11.92 0~60
Problem solving 49.54±11.95 0~60
Personal-social 52.85±10.75 0~60
Total    
 Number of below broken line 0~1 1,494 (98.0)  
 Number of below broken line≥2 25 (2.0)  
Denver developmental screening test II Normal development 1,146 (75.4)
Suspected development 373 (24.6)
Treatment due to accident/ poisoning Yes 237 (15.6)
No 1,282 (84.4)
Hospitalization in past Yes 317 (20.9)
No 1,202 (79.1)
Family's economic status Average monthly income (10,000 won)   333.98±215.22
National basic living security system state People on basic welfare 15 (1.0))
The second-to-the bottom income bracket 62 (4.1)
No 1,442 (94.9)
House One's own house/ leased house 1,372 (90.3)
Rental house/monthly rent house/others 147 (9.7)
Table 3.
Comparison of Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)
Variables Characteristics Categories Depression scores
n (%) M±SD t or F (p)
Mother's independent variables Age (year) 20~29 349 (23.0) 11.42±4.52 0.02
30~39 1,132 (74.5) 11.41±4.03 (.979)
≥40 38 (2.5) 11.55±3.66  
Duration being married ＜36 529 (34.8) 11.49±4.46 1.41
36~59 418 (27.5) 11.52±4.10 (.237)
60~119 465 (30.6) 11.43±3.91  
≥120 107 (7.1) 10.64±3.42  
Educational level ≤High school 447 (29.4) 12.08±4.74a 8.31
College & university 996 (65.6) 11.12±3.85b (＜.001)
≥Master degree 76 (5.0) 10.92±3.39b a＞b
Religion Yes 792 (52.1) 11.52±4.10 0.99
No 727 (47.9) 11.31±4.16 (.320)
Marital status First marriage 1,501 (98.8) 11.40±4.13 -1.87
Others 18 (1.2) 13.17±4.22 (.014)
Job status Yes 477 (31.4) 10.97±3.95 2.86
No 1,042 (68.6) 11.62±4.20 (.004)
Living with infant Yes 1,488 (98.0) 11.38±4.10 -1.87
No 31 (2.0) 13.19±5.42 (.014)
Living with infant's father Yes 1,458 (96.0) 11.41±4.11 -0.17
No 61 (4.0) 11.51±4.71 (.862)
Smoking Yes 23 (1.5) 15.61±5.84 3.48
No 1,496 (98.5) 11.35±4.07 (.002)
Drinking Yes 535 (35.2) 11.95±4.28 -3.71
No 984 (64.8) 11.13±4.02 (＜.001)
Father's demographic characteristics　 Age (year) 20~29 138 (9.1) 11.68±4.54 0.54
30~39 1,221 (80.4) 11.42±4.15 (.581)
≥40 160 (10.5) 11.18±3.60  
Educational level ≤High school 392 (25.8) 11.99±4.61a 8.79
College & university 973 (64.1) 11.35±3.98a (＜.001)
≥Master degree 154 (10.1) 10.40±3.51b a＞b
Religion Yes 672 (44.2) 11.18±3.98 -2.01
No 847 (55.8) 11.61±4.24 (.044)
Job status Yes 1,494 (98.4) 11.42±4.14 0.17
No 25 (1.6) 11.56±3.73 (.862)
Smoking Yes 799 (52.6) 11.77±4.38 3.57
No 720 (47.4) 11.02±3.81 (＜.001)
Drinking Yes 1,195 (78.7) 11.54±4.15 2.30
No 324 (21.3) 10.95±4.05 (.021)
Infant's and toddler's characteristics Gender Boy 763 (50.2) 11.44±4.13 0.17
Girl 11~12 756 (48.8) 11.40±4.13 (.861)
Age (month) 11~12 97 (6.4) 12.33±4.08a 3.00
13~15 1,305 (85.9) 11.32±4.07b (.050)
16~18 117 (7.7) 11.71±4.75a,b a＞b
Korean-age & stage Total
 Number of below broken line 0~1 1,494 (98.0) 11.37±4.10 -3.31
 Number of below broken line≥2 25 (2.0) 14.12±5.17 (.001)
DDST II Normal development 1,146 (75.4) 11.38±4.09 -0.59
Suspected development 373 (24.6) 11.53±4.27 (.553)
Treatment due to accident/poisoning Yes 237 (15.6) 11.69±3.95 1.09
No 1,282 (84.4) 11.37±4.17 (.274)
Hospitalization in past Yes 317 (20.9) 11.67±4.43 1.15
No 1,202 (79.1) 11.35±4.05 (.249)
Family's economic status The national basic living security system state People on basic welfare 15 (1.0) 11.20±4.96 0.85
Those in the second-to-the bottom income bracket 62 (4.1) 12.08±4.09 (.429)
No 1,442 (94.9) 11.39±4.13  
House One's own house/ leased house 1,372 (90.3) 11.33±4.08 -2.68
Rental house/monthly rent house/others 147 (9.7) 12.29±4.49 (.007)

a, b: Duncan grouping.

Table 4.
Correlation of Influencing Factors to Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)
Variables   Categories Depression scores
r(p)
Mother's independent variables Marital satisfaction   -.32 (＜.001)
Marital conflict   .48 (＜.001)
Paternal participation in child rearing   -.23 (＜.001)
Social support   -.32 (＜.001)
Self-efficacy   .54 (＜.001)
Self-esteem   -.55 (＜.001)
Parenting stress   .51 (＜.001)
Child rearing: parental style   -.34 (＜.001)
Knowledge of child rearing   -.08 (.001)
Value of children Emotional value -.26 (＜.001)
Instrumental value -.12 (＜.001)
Father's independent characteristics　 Marital satisfaction   -.21 (＜.001)
Marital conflict   .32 (＜.001)
Value of children Emotional value -.09 (＜.001)
Instrumental value -.04 (.141)
Infant's and toddler's independent characteristics Temperament survey Emotionality .27 (＜.001)
Activity .01 (.681)
Developmental profiles-daily routines Sleep -.01 (.613)
Feeding & eating .05 (.033)
Bowel/washing -.04 (.166)
Total .00 (.920)
Korean-ages & stage Communication -.02 (.432)
Gross motor -.07 (.005)
Fine motor -.01 (.596)
Problem solving -.02 (.450)
Personal-social -.07 (.004)
Family's economic status Average monthly income (10,000 won)   -.13(＜.001)
Table 5.
Factors Influencing on Mother's Depression (N=1,519)
Variables β SE Std. β t p Partial R2 Accum. R2
Intercept 3.90 0.81   4.80 ＜.001 　 　
Mother's self-efficacy 0.52 0.04 0.34 14.99 ＜.001 .304 .304
Mother's marital conflict 0.17 0.02 0.25 10.53 ＜.001 .058 .362
Mother's social support -0.06 0.01 -0.12 -5.55 ＜.001 .014 .376
Infant's and toddler's emotionality 0.14 0.03 0.11 5.49 ＜.001 .012 .388
Mother's smoking (ref non-smoking) 2.26 0.77 0.07 2.93 .003 .004 .392
Infant's and toddler's feeding & eating of daily routine 0.08 0.03 0.05 2.82 .004 .003 .395
R2=.395, Adj. R2=.392, F=164.26, p＜.001

Std. β=Standardized β; Accum. β=Accumulated R2.

  • 1.World Health Organization. Fact sheet on depression. [Internet]. Geneva, CH: Author; 2012. [cited 2015 August 25]. Available from:.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/.
  • 2.Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual Review of Public Health. 2013;34:119-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409.
  • 3.Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul National University College of Medicine. The 2011 Epidemiology of Survey of Mental Disorders in Korea 2011;1-439.
  • 4.Goodman SH, Rouse MH, Connell AM, Broth MR, Hall CM, Heyward D. Maternal depression and child psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2011;14(1):1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1.
  • 5.Surkan PJ, Kennedy CE, Hurley KM, Black MM. Maternal depression and early childhood growth in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89(8):607-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.11.088187.
  • 6.Letourneau NL, Tramonte L, Willms JD. Maternal depression, family functioning and children's longitudinal development. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2013;28(3):223-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2012.07.014.
  • 7.Gaillard A, Le Strat Y, Mandelbrot L, Keïta H, Dubertret C. Predictors of postpartum depression: prospective study of 264 women followed during pregnancy and postpartum. Psychiatry Research. 2014;215(2):341-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.003.
  • 8.Halbreich U, Karkun S. Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2006 4;91(2-3):97-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051.
  • 9.Klainin P, Arthur DG. Postpartum depression in Asian cultures: a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2009;46(10):1355-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.012.
  • 10.Mamun AA, Clavarino AM, Najman JM, Williams GM, O'Cal-laghan MJ, Bor W. Maternal depression and the quality of marital relationship: a 14-year prospective study. Journal of wom-en's Health. 2009;18(12):2023-31.
  • 11.Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nursing Research. 2001;50(5):275-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200109000-00004.
  • 12.Saligheh M, Rooney RM, McNamara B, Kane RT. The relationship between postnatal depression, sociodemographic factors, levels of partner support, and levels of physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology 2014;5http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00597.
  • 13.Leahy Warren P, McCarthy G, Corcoran P. First time mothers: social support, maternal parental self efficacy and postnatal depression. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2012;21(3-4):388-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x.
  • 14.McGrath M, Lyng C, Hourican S. From the simulation lab to the sard: preparing 4th year nursing students for the role of staff nurse. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. 2012;8(7):e265-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2010.10.003.
  • 15.Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. 2009 Korean Children Panel Study Tools Profile [Internet]. Seoul. Korea Institute of Child Care and Education; 2011. [cited 2015 August 25]. Available from:.http://panel.kicce.re.kr/kor/publication/01_02.jsp?mode=view&idx=7135&startPage=20&listNo=2&code=paneltoolsprofiles&search_item=&search_order=&order_list=10&list_scale=10&view_level=0.
  • 16.Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand S, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine. 2002;32(06):959-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006074.
  • 17.Kessler RC, Galea S, Jones RT, Parker HA. Mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84(12):930-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.06.033011.
  • 18.Chun H, Ok K. Analyzing the relationships between changes in postpartum depression and child-rearing system variables in Korean mothers. Journal of Korean Home Management Association. 2011;29(6):153-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7466/jkhma.2011.29.6.153.
  • 19.Bang K. Infants' temperament and health problems according to maternal postpartum depression. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2011;41(4):444-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.4.444.
  • 20.Choi IA, Lee KS, Shin YJ, Park JA. Mental health of mothers and their infant depending on degree of mothers' pre- and post-natal depression. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2012;25(3):125-48.
  • 21.Youn JH, Jeong IS. Predictors of postpartum depression: prospective cohort study. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2013;43(2):225-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.2.225.
  • 22.Song JE. Influencing factors of postpartum depression between 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth in the postpartum women. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2009;15(3):216-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2009.15.3.216.
  • 23.Park C, Lee J. Analysis of factors affecting the change of depression of korean adult male and female. Health and Social Science. 2011;29(6):99-128.
  • 24.Chu JE, Lee H, Yoon CH, Cho HI, Hwang JY, Park YJ. Relationships between depressed mood and life style patterns in Koreans aged 40 years. Journal of The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2014;43(5):772-83.
  • 25.Delgado PL. Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 6):7-11.
  • 26.Kang HK. Variables associated with depression in new mothers. Korean Journal of Child Education and Care. 2012;72(1):131-47.
  • 27.Yamamoto N, Abe Y, Arima K, Nishimura T, Akahoshi E, Oi-shi K, Aoyagi K. Mental health problems and influencing factors in Japanese women 4 months after delivery. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2014;33:32http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1880-6805-33-32.
  • 28.Akincigil A, Munch S, Niemczyk KC. Predictors of maternal depression in the first year postpartum: marital status and mediating role of relationship quality. Social Work in Health Care. 2010;49(3):227-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00981380903213055.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • The longitudinal effects of children’s temperament on maternal depression: A hierarchical linear modeling approach
      Chul-Gyu Kim, Mi-Young Choi
      The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2022; 28(1): 91.     CrossRef
    • The Influence of Ego-identity, Parenting Efficacy and Stress Coping Style on Depression in Mothers of Toddlers
      Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
      Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 196.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Psychological, Parenting and Relational Characteristics of Mothers of Preschool Children on Their Depression Levels
      Hye Young Song, Won Jin Ju, Yanghee Pang
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2018; 29(4): 393.     CrossRef

    Download Citation

    Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

    Format:

    Include:

    Factors Influencing Maternal Depression: Secondary Data Analysis
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(3):288-301.   Published online June 30, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.3.288
    Download Citation
    Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
    Format:
    • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
    • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
    Include:
    • Citation for the content below
    Factors Influencing Maternal Depression: Secondary Data Analysis
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(3):288-301.   Published online June 30, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.3.288
    Close

    Related articles

    Factors Influencing Maternal Depression: Secondary Data Analysis
    Factors Influencing Maternal Depression: Secondary Data Analysis

    Mothers' General Characteristics (N=1,519)

    Variables Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD
    Mother Age (year) 20~29 349 (23.0) 32.17±3.64
    30~39 1,132 (74.5)
    ≥40 38 (2.5)
    Duration being married (months) ＜36 529 (34.8) 57.70±36.98
    36~59 418 (27.5)
    60~119 465 (30.6)
    ≥120 107 (7.1)
    Educational level ≤High school 447 (29.4)
    College & university 996 (65.6)
    ≥Master degree 76 (5.0)
    Religion Yes 792 (52.1)
    No 727 (47.9)
    Marital status First marriage 1,501 (98.8)
    Others 18 (1.2)
    Job status Yes 477 (31.4)
    No 1,042 (68.6)
    Living with infant Yes 1,488 (98.0)
    No 31 (2.0)
    Living with infant's father Yes 1,458 (96.0)
    No 61 (4.0)
    Smoking Yes 23 (1.5)
    No 1,496 (98.5)
    Drinking Yes 535 (35.2)
    No 984 (64.8)
    Depression Normal 1,101 (72.5) 11.42±4.13
    Mild & moderate depression 349 (23.0)
    Severe depression 69 (4.5)
    Father Age (year) 20~29 138 (9.1) 34.65±3.98
    30~39 1,221 (80.4)
    ≥40 160 (10.5)
    Education ≤High school 392 (25.8)
    College & university 973 (64.1)
    ≥Master degree 154 (10.1)
    Religion Yes 672 (44.2)
    No 847 (55.8)
    Job status Yes 1,494 (98.4)
    No 25 (1.6)
    Smoking Yes 799 (52.6)
    No 720 (47.4)
    Drinking Yes 1,195 (78.7)
    No 324 (21.3)
    Infant Gender Boy 763 (50.2)
    Girl 756 (48.8)
    Age (month) 11~12 97 (6.4) 14.05±1.06
    13~15 1,305 (85.9)
    16~18 117 (7.7)

    Influencing Factors (N=1,519)

    Variables   Categories n (%) or M±SD Range
    Mother's independent variables Marital satisfaction   15.59±3.08 4~20
    Marital conflict   16.16±6.04 8~39
    Paternal participation in child rearing   14.55±3.51 4~20
    Social support   46.48±7.64 12~60
    Self-efficacy   9.15±2.78 4~19
    Self-esteem   30.07±4.09 14~40
    Parenting stress   27.21±6.41 10~50
    Child rearing: parental style   23.44±2.93 12~30
    Knowledge of child rearing   9.12±2.12 0~13
    Value of children Emotional value 12.99±1.73 3~15
    Instrumental value 11.74±3.08 4~20
    Father's independent characteristics　 Marital satisfaction   16.99±3.31 4~20
    Marital conflict   15.60±5.88 8~38
    Value of children Emotional value 13.29±1.98 3~15
    Instrumental value 13.19±3.35 4~20
    Infant independent characteristics Temperament Emotionality 13.51±3.12 5~25
    Activity 16.44±1.67 11~23
    Developmental profiles-daily routines Sleep 8.17±2.20 3~15
    Feeding & eating 11.27±2.76 4~19
    Bowel/washing 11.00±2.92 4~20
    Total 30.45±5.76 11~50
    Korean-ages & stage Communication 49.52±11.24 5~60
    Gross motor 56.63±8.75 0~60
    Fine motor 47.63±11.92 0~60
    Problem solving 49.54±11.95 0~60
    Personal-social 52.85±10.75 0~60
    Total    
     Number of below broken line 0~1 1,494 (98.0)  
     Number of below broken line≥2 25 (2.0)  
    Denver developmental screening test II Normal development 1,146 (75.4)
    Suspected development 373 (24.6)
    Treatment due to accident/ poisoning Yes 237 (15.6)
    No 1,282 (84.4)
    Hospitalization in past Yes 317 (20.9)
    No 1,202 (79.1)
    Family's economic status Average monthly income (10,000 won)   333.98±215.22
    National basic living security system state People on basic welfare 15 (1.0))
    The second-to-the bottom income bracket 62 (4.1)
    No 1,442 (94.9)
    House One's own house/ leased house 1,372 (90.3)
    Rental house/monthly rent house/others 147 (9.7)

    Comparison of Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)

    Variables Characteristics Categories Depression scores
    n (%) M±SD t or F (p)
    Mother's independent variables Age (year) 20~29 349 (23.0) 11.42±4.52 0.02
    30~39 1,132 (74.5) 11.41±4.03 (.979)
    ≥40 38 (2.5) 11.55±3.66  
    Duration being married ＜36 529 (34.8) 11.49±4.46 1.41
    36~59 418 (27.5) 11.52±4.10 (.237)
    60~119 465 (30.6) 11.43±3.91  
    ≥120 107 (7.1) 10.64±3.42  
    Educational level ≤High school 447 (29.4) 12.08±4.74a 8.31
    College & university 996 (65.6) 11.12±3.85b (＜.001)
    ≥Master degree 76 (5.0) 10.92±3.39b a＞b
    Religion Yes 792 (52.1) 11.52±4.10 0.99
    No 727 (47.9) 11.31±4.16 (.320)
    Marital status First marriage 1,501 (98.8) 11.40±4.13 -1.87
    Others 18 (1.2) 13.17±4.22 (.014)
    Job status Yes 477 (31.4) 10.97±3.95 2.86
    No 1,042 (68.6) 11.62±4.20 (.004)
    Living with infant Yes 1,488 (98.0) 11.38±4.10 -1.87
    No 31 (2.0) 13.19±5.42 (.014)
    Living with infant's father Yes 1,458 (96.0) 11.41±4.11 -0.17
    No 61 (4.0) 11.51±4.71 (.862)
    Smoking Yes 23 (1.5) 15.61±5.84 3.48
    No 1,496 (98.5) 11.35±4.07 (.002)
    Drinking Yes 535 (35.2) 11.95±4.28 -3.71
    No 984 (64.8) 11.13±4.02 (＜.001)
    Father's demographic characteristics　 Age (year) 20~29 138 (9.1) 11.68±4.54 0.54
    30~39 1,221 (80.4) 11.42±4.15 (.581)
    ≥40 160 (10.5) 11.18±3.60  
    Educational level ≤High school 392 (25.8) 11.99±4.61a 8.79
    College & university 973 (64.1) 11.35±3.98a (＜.001)
    ≥Master degree 154 (10.1) 10.40±3.51b a＞b
    Religion Yes 672 (44.2) 11.18±3.98 -2.01
    No 847 (55.8) 11.61±4.24 (.044)
    Job status Yes 1,494 (98.4) 11.42±4.14 0.17
    No 25 (1.6) 11.56±3.73 (.862)
    Smoking Yes 799 (52.6) 11.77±4.38 3.57
    No 720 (47.4) 11.02±3.81 (＜.001)
    Drinking Yes 1,195 (78.7) 11.54±4.15 2.30
    No 324 (21.3) 10.95±4.05 (.021)
    Infant's and toddler's characteristics Gender Boy 763 (50.2) 11.44±4.13 0.17
    Girl 11~12 756 (48.8) 11.40±4.13 (.861)
    Age (month) 11~12 97 (6.4) 12.33±4.08a 3.00
    13~15 1,305 (85.9) 11.32±4.07b (.050)
    16~18 117 (7.7) 11.71±4.75a,b a＞b
    Korean-age & stage Total
     Number of below broken line 0~1 1,494 (98.0) 11.37±4.10 -3.31
     Number of below broken line≥2 25 (2.0) 14.12±5.17 (.001)
    DDST II Normal development 1,146 (75.4) 11.38±4.09 -0.59
    Suspected development 373 (24.6) 11.53±4.27 (.553)
    Treatment due to accident/poisoning Yes 237 (15.6) 11.69±3.95 1.09
    No 1,282 (84.4) 11.37±4.17 (.274)
    Hospitalization in past Yes 317 (20.9) 11.67±4.43 1.15
    No 1,202 (79.1) 11.35±4.05 (.249)
    Family's economic status The national basic living security system state People on basic welfare 15 (1.0) 11.20±4.96 0.85
    Those in the second-to-the bottom income bracket 62 (4.1) 12.08±4.09 (.429)
    No 1,442 (94.9) 11.39±4.13  
    House One's own house/ leased house 1,372 (90.3) 11.33±4.08 -2.68
    Rental house/monthly rent house/others 147 (9.7) 12.29±4.49 (.007)

    a, b: Duncan grouping.

    Correlation of Influencing Factors to Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)

    Variables   Categories Depression scores
    r(p)
    Mother's independent variables Marital satisfaction   -.32 (＜.001)
    Marital conflict   .48 (＜.001)
    Paternal participation in child rearing   -.23 (＜.001)
    Social support   -.32 (＜.001)
    Self-efficacy   .54 (＜.001)
    Self-esteem   -.55 (＜.001)
    Parenting stress   .51 (＜.001)
    Child rearing: parental style   -.34 (＜.001)
    Knowledge of child rearing   -.08 (.001)
    Value of children Emotional value -.26 (＜.001)
    Instrumental value -.12 (＜.001)
    Father's independent characteristics　 Marital satisfaction   -.21 (＜.001)
    Marital conflict   .32 (＜.001)
    Value of children Emotional value -.09 (＜.001)
    Instrumental value -.04 (.141)
    Infant's and toddler's independent characteristics Temperament survey Emotionality .27 (＜.001)
    Activity .01 (.681)
    Developmental profiles-daily routines Sleep -.01 (.613)
    Feeding & eating .05 (.033)
    Bowel/washing -.04 (.166)
    Total .00 (.920)
    Korean-ages & stage Communication -.02 (.432)
    Gross motor -.07 (.005)
    Fine motor -.01 (.596)
    Problem solving -.02 (.450)
    Personal-social -.07 (.004)
    Family's economic status Average monthly income (10,000 won)   -.13(＜.001)

    Factors Influencing on Mother's Depression (N=1,519)

    Variables β SE Std. β t p Partial R2 Accum. R2
    Intercept 3.90 0.81   4.80 ＜.001 　 　
    Mother's self-efficacy 0.52 0.04 0.34 14.99 ＜.001 .304 .304
    Mother's marital conflict 0.17 0.02 0.25 10.53 ＜.001 .058 .362
    Mother's social support -0.06 0.01 -0.12 -5.55 ＜.001 .014 .376
    Infant's and toddler's emotionality 0.14 0.03 0.11 5.49 ＜.001 .012 .388
    Mother's smoking (ref non-smoking) 2.26 0.77 0.07 2.93 .003 .004 .392
    Infant's and toddler's feeding & eating of daily routine 0.08 0.03 0.05 2.82 .004 .003 .395
    R2=.395, Adj. R2=.392, F=164.26, p＜.001

    Std. β=Standardized β; Accum. β=Accumulated R2.
    Table 1. Mothers' General Characteristics (N=1,519)

    Table 2. Influencing Factors (N=1,519)

    Table 3. Comparison of Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)

    : Duncan grouping.

    Table 4. Correlation of Influencing Factors to Maternal Depression Scores (N=1,519)

    Table 5. Factors Influencing on Mother's Depression (N=1,519)

    Std. β=Standardized β; Accum. β=Accumulated R2.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

    Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

    ABOUT

    BROWSE ARTICLES 

    EDITORIAL POLICY

    FOR CONTRIBUTORS  

    © Korean Society of Adult Nursing.
    TOP