Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop the Osteoporosis Self-Care Scale (OSCS-13) and verify its validity and reliability. Methods The subjects were 445 patients with osteoporosis who visited the hospital. They were randomly assigned into two groups as follows: 220 patients for exploratory factor analysis and 225 patients for confirmatory factor analysis. The OSCS-13’s construct validity, convergent-discriminant validity, structure validity, group validity, consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were evaluated. Results This study examined four factors and 13 items scored on a 5-point likert scale. The confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate model fit indices (Minimum/Degree of Freedom [CMIN/DF]=1.70, Root Mean Residual [RMR] =.03, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA]=.06, Comparative Fit Index [CFI]=.97, Tucker-Lewis Index [TNI]=.96, Incremental Fit Index [IFI]=.97). Convergent-discriminative validity and convergent validity were demonstrated using measures of defining issue. Internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were found to be acceptable, as indicated by a Cronbach’s α of .65~.92 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of .65~.80. Conclusion The OSCS-13 is a valid and reliable instrument. Hence, it is expected that this tool can be used to measure the level of self-care for patients with osteoporosis.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among male patients with osteoporosis over 50 years of age.
Methods
This study used a cross-sectional design with secondary data. The data of male patients with osteoporosis over 50 years of age (n=1,307) from the Community Health Survey (2016) were selected for analysis. Complex sampling design multiple regression analysis was conducted for influential factors on HRQoL, measured by the Euro Quality of Life-5D (EQ-5D).
Results
The mean HRQoL score of male patients with osteoporosis over 50 years of age was 0.74. Factors that influenced HRQoL included age, spouse, job, household income, body mass index, stress, depression, self-reported health status, hours of sleep per day, health examination experience, comorbidity (stroke, osteoarthritis), and osteoporosis fracture (hip bone, spine), which together explained 42% of the HRQoL.
Conclusion
To improve the HRQoL among male patients with osteoporosis over 50 years of age, comprehensive management is required from the stage of diagnosis. Developing and applying long-term programs including multidimensional approaches and early screenings of osteoporosis and prevention education for men are also needed.

PURPOSE
This study was to develop and test a theoretical model based on the revised health belief model explaining osteoporosis prevention behaviors among postmenopausal women under 65.
METHODS
This secondary data analysis included 342 postmenopausal women under 65 from original data sources of a total of 734 women. The measured instruments were scales for osteoporosis awareness, osteoporosis health belief scale (benefit, barrier, susceptibility, severity, and health motivation), self-efficacy, and osteoporosis prevention behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 20.0 and AMOS 20.0.
RESULTS
The mean age of the subjects was 55.2 years and the mean age of menopause was 51.10. The hypothetical model of osteoporosis prevention behaviors was relatively fit. Osteoporosis prevention behaviors were significantly explained up to 62% by expectation factors (relative benefit, self-efficacy, health motivation) and modifying factors(knowledge only). Expectation factors of health belief had a mediation effect between modifying factors and prevention behaviors.
CONCLUSION
This study partially supported the revised health belief model for explaining osteoporosis prevention behaviors. It provides a basis for developing an educational program focusing on expectation factors and knowledge with the aim of behavioral changes for osteoporosis prevention.

Citations

• Determinants of Intention Toward Dementia-Preventive Behaviors Among Middle-Aged Korean Adults
  Won-Hee Choi, Yeong-Mi Seo
  The International Journal of Aging and Human Development.2022; 95(1): 57.     CrossRef
• A preliminary study on the effects of an osteoporosis prevention program based on an Information-Motivation-Behavioral skill model in older adult women: A cluster randomized controlled trial
  Yeongsuk Lee, Dong-Hee Kim
  Geriatric Nursing.2022; 45: 55.     CrossRef
• Effects of a health-belief-model-based osteoporosis- and fall-prevention program on women at early old age
  Sukhee Ahn, Jiwon Oh
  Applied Nursing Research.2021; 59: 151430.     CrossRef
• The Factors Influencing Intention of Dementia Prevention Behavior in Adults with Hypertension or Diabetes
  Yeong-Mi Seo, Nam Joo Je, Eun Sook Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(4): 481.     CrossRef
• Relationships among Knowledge, Self-efficacy, and Health Behavior of Osteoporosis and Fall Prevention in Old Aged Women
  Sukhee Ahn, Jiwon Oh
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2018; 24(2): 209.     CrossRef
• A Study on the Effect of Info Seeking on Breast Cancer Screening Intention: Focusing on HBM and Autonomous Motives
  Yunhee Ku, Ghee Young Noh
  Journal of Digital Contents Society.2018; 19(7): 1381.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a model that explains causal relationships between post-menopausal women's osteoporosis general knowledge and awareness of their own bone mass density(BMD) and their osteoporosis health beliefs and preventive behaviors.
METHODS
Retrospective design using structural equation model tested seven variables by using questionnaires of osteoporosis knowledge test, osteoporosis health belief scale, osteoporosis self-efficacy scale, and osteoporosis preventive behaviors scale. 162 middle age and post-menopausal women were recruited.
RESULTS
Mediating effect of health beliefs was not significant in the relationship between BMD awareness and preventive behaviors. Instead, BMD awareness had a direct influence on the preventive behaviors that is strong and significant. Between the relationship of the BMD awareness and health beliefs, direct pathways of perceived threat, relative benefits, and self-efficacy were not significant. However, relative benefits and self-efficacy showed direct influence on the preventive behaviors.
CONCLUSION
Having middle age women get their BMD test done in order for them to be aware of their own BMD results might be a critical strategy to promote osteoporosis preventive behaviors. There is a need to develop diverse strategies to enhance their self-efficacy which has been shown to be important to osteoporosis preventive behaviors.

Citations

• Application and Effect of Mobiletype-Bone Health Intervention in Korean Young Adult Women with Low Bone Mass: A Randomized Control Trial
  Young-Joo Park, Sook-Ja Lee, Nah-Mee Shin, Hyunjeong Shin, Songi Jeon, Jungwoo Lee, Inhae Cho
  Asian Nursing Research.2017; 11(1): 56.     CrossRef
• An Equation Model Development and Test based on Health Belief Model Regarding Osteoporosis Prevention Behaviors among Postmenopausal Women
  Hyun-Jung Jang, Sukhee Ahn
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(6): 624.     CrossRef
• A Predictive Model of Fall Prevention Behaviors in Postmenopausal Women
  Hyun-Jung Jang, Sukhee Ahn
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(5): 525.     CrossRef
• Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Bone Turnover Markers and Factors associated with Bone Health in Young Korean Women
  Young-Joo Park, Sook Ja Lee, Nah-Mee Shin, Hyunjeong Shin, Yoo-Kyung Kim, Yunjung Cho, Songi Jeon, Inhae Cho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(5): 504.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate bone mineral density(BMD) and identify risk factors of osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women.
METHODS
The subjects consisted of 328 women. The BMD of the calcaneus were measured with peripheral dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The risk factors were collected by a self-report standardized questionnaire. The differences among the osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal group were compared by one way analysis of variance test, Scheffe's multiple comparison tests and Logistic regression.
RESULTS
The average age was 65 years old and the average T-score was 28.7% with osteoporosis. The Risk factors of osteoporosis were inclined by 24% in age (OR = 1.24, CI = 1.16 ~ 1.31), 53% in menarchal age (OR = 1.53, CI = 1.24 ~ 1.88), 3.5 times in vegetarian (OR = 3.52, CI = 1.66 ~ 7.47), 2 times in small-bowel disease (OR = 2.01, CI= 1.03 ~ 3.94), 5.3 times in arthritis (OR = 5.33, CI = 1.61 ~ 17.67), 5.5 times in eating disorder (OR = 5.50, CI = 1.43 ~ 21.17), 6 times in health perception (OR = 6.08, CI = 2.30 ~ 16.06). The Risk factors of osteoporosis were reduced by 10% in weight (OR = 0.90. CI = 0.83 ~ 0.97), and 10% in menopausal age (OR = 0.90. CI = 0.84 ~ 0.98).
CONCLUSION
The risk factors of osteoporosis were in the general characteristics, menstrual history, history of disease, life style & diet, and health perception. Eating disorder and health perception are highest on the risk factor of osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors of fall and to examine its results among patients aged 60 and over diagnosed with osteoporosis.
METHODS
A retrospective descriptive survey was conducted with 91 patients admitted in a university hospital in a city. Data were collected using an interview method with a structured questionnaire, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS
In patients with osteoporosis, the intrinsic risk factors of falls were aging (OR = 3.742), gait disturbance (OR = 12.565), taking one or fewer medicine (OR = 7.873), and having two or more diseases (OR = 5.173). The extrinsic risk factors included the use of a bed (OR = 3.093), slippery floors (OR = 12.130), bathroom mat without anti-slip rubber backing (OR = 3.564), and presence of a night light on the passage from the bedroom to the bathroom (OR = 2.980).
CONCLUSION
For the elderly aged over 70 who are most vulnerable to falls, screening tests such as bone mineral density (BMD) should be conducted in health examinations and the risk of fracture caused by osteoporosis should be communicated to the vulnerable elderly. Besides, development of new exercise programs combining weightbearing exercise is needed to prevent bone loss and increase functional activities.

PURPOSE
To identify the predictors of calcium intake behavior and examine the relationships among bone mineral density, osteoporosis knowledge, osteoporosis health belief, osteoporosis self efficacy and calcium intake behavior of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients.
METHODS
The subjects consisted of 94 patients. The measurement tools were osteoporosis knowledge test, osteoporosis health belief scale, osteoporosis self-efficacy and calcium intake frequency questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 11.0 program.
RESULTS
The bone mineral density of the lumbar were .75g/cm2, T-score -2.67 and the femur neck were .67g/cm2, T-score -2.30. There was statistically a significant correlation between calcium intake behavior and health motivation (r=.449, p=.000) among the osteoporosis health belief. In hierarchial multiple regression analysis, current spouse(12.8%) and health motivation(19.9%) of the osteoporosis health belief explained the 32.7% of variance in calcium intake behavior.
CONCLUSION
Nursing intervention should be developed for increasing the calcium intake behavior through promoting health motivation for the postmenopausal osteoporosis women having no spouse currently.

Purpose
s: This study was designed to explore the stage distribution of subjects according to stage of change for calcium intake and for exercise, and to identify factors that could discriminate among subjects in various stages.
METHODS
The sample consisted of 142 subjects who had taken bone mineral densitometry tests. The instruments used in this study were the Stage Placement Instrument for Calcium Intake and Exercise, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale and the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, and the Osteoporosis Self Efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed using chi square, ANOVA, and discriminant analysis by using the SPSS 12.0 program.
RESULTS
For calcium stages, economic level, calcium knowledge, positive social norms for calcium intake, & educational level showed high standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients. For exercise stages, exercise efficacy, susceptibility, exercise benefit, educational level, positive social norm to exercise, educational level, and exercise barrier showed high standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients.
CONCLUSION
This study implies that bone mass promoting program incorporating a stages of change model can be applied as useful nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
To evaluate physical characteristics, lifestyle related to bone-health, and bone mineral density (BMD) in mothers and their daughters and to determine the predictors of BMD. METHOD: BMDs at the forearm, lumbar spine, and femur were measured in 101 healthy, mother-daughter pairs by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Mother-daughter differences between general characteristics, means for BMDs were assessed by chi2-test, t-tests. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify predictors of BMD in each group. RESULTS: Mothers had significantly higher BMD than their daughters at forearm, lumbar spine, and femur. The predictors of mothers' BMDs were body weight, body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat, explaining 5.1~31.6% of the variation in BMDs. BMI, percentage body fat and their mother's BMD of the corresponding site bone were predictors in daughters, explaining 17.5~31.6% of the variations in BMDs. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the importance of weight on bone that the BMDs seems to be related to fat free mass both in young-adult daughters and in middle aged mothers. These also suggest the importance of intervention for the development of BMD in daughter of mother with low BMD.

PURPOSE
This study were to investigate BMD of middle-aged women and to examine the relationships between BMD and Physical, Obstetric characteristics METHOD: The data was collected from 119 healthy women who were 40-60 years old. they were examined for BMD at 4 regions(forearm, lumbar, femur, whole body), %fat by DEXA and investigated physical, obstetric characteristics using scale, questionnaire from January to March, 2001.
RESULT
1) According to bone diagnostic results by WHO classification, 95.8% of forearm and whole body BMD were normal but 21.8-48.7% of lumbar and femur BMD(neck, trochanter, ward's triangle) were diagnosed osteoporosis or osteopnea. 2) The bones were significantly positive correlations of each other (r=.19-.69, p=.04-.00) and there were significant correlations between BMD and physical, obstetric characteristics such as age (r=-.22, p=.02), weight(r=.36~.48, p=.00), height(r=.22, p=.02), %fat(r=.19, p=.04) and age of first delivery(r=-.28, p=.00).
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, healthy middle-aged women were also exposed to risk of osteoporosis related to aging, change of physical conditions or hormonal release. Further research to develop nursing interventions for the purpose of preventing osteoporosis by modifying risk factors is suggested.