Purpose This study aimed to determine the impact of health literacy, self-efficacy, and social support on the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of Korean patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). Methods A cross-sectional design was used, and a total of 189 participants were enrolled. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires and patient medical records between September and November of 2021. Health literacy, self-efficacy, social support, and HRQoL were measured. The HRQoL was measured using the 12-item Short Form Survey, which included Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 26.0 program. Results The findings revealed statistically significant differences in the PCS according to gender, presence of hypertension, exercise, and sleep state. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in the MCS according to disease period and stress management. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that higher social support was a significant factor of better PCS (p<.005). Higher health literacy, self-efficacy, and social support were significant factors of better MCS (p<.005). Conclusion Nurses should play a key role in providing social support to ACS patients, particularly to female patients and patients with hypertension and poor sleep state and no regular exercise for better PCS. Also, nurses should think about how to promote health literacy, self-efficacy, and social support for better MCS, particularly in ACS patients who had undergone PCI, had longer diagnosis periods, and had no stress management.
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Purpose This study was conducted to confirm the effect of providing video-program-related information on coronary disease to patients undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) on anxiety, vital signs, pain, and knowledge level related to coronary disease.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design of nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest was used. The subjects of this study were 60 coronary heart disease patients hospitalized in the heart treatment center for Video educational Program (VP)-PCI (30 in the experimental group, 30 in the control group) in a general hospital in Gyeonggido Province. Data were collected from May 10 to November 30, 2019. Subjects of the experimental group were provided common nursing care and viewed a video education program before the PCI. The control group was provided common nursing care before the PCI. The data were analyzed via the χ2 test, independent t-test, and repeated measured ANOVA through the SPSS 23.0 program.
Results: There were significant differences in the pain of the puncture site (F=6.83, p=.011) and knowledge related to coronary disease (F=89.94, p<.001) between the experimental group and the control group.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, this study suggested that the nursing education program related to knowledge of coronary disease provided by tablet PC to PCI patients was effective to decrease the perception of pain and enhance levels of knowledge related to coronary disease. Therefore, the result is useful in nursing practice and should be utilized as a tool of nursing intervention to improve the knowledge of coronary disease patients.
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Purpose This study aimed to develop an intervention to reduce noise in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and evaluate the effects of applying it.
Methods: The research design was a non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental study. To develop noise reduction interventions in ICUs, preliminary intervention techniques to reduce noise were derived through a literature review, field survey, and focus group interviews. The intervention was developed by verifying the validity of the content and the clinical applicability, and the result was applied to practice. To assess the effect of the intervention, the following were evaluated: noise level in the ICU, perceived noise level, response to noise, satisfaction of patients and staff with noise management, sleep quality of patients, noise-related knowledge, and perception and performance of noise management of the staff.
Results: With the intervention developed in this study, the noise level in the ICU, perceived noise level, and response to noise of patients and staff decreased, and satisfaction with noise management increased. The sleep quality of patients, noise-related knowledge, and perception and performance of noise management of the staff increased.
Conclusion: This intervention is shown to be effective in reducing the noise level in the ICU. Therefore, if it is used actively in practice, it is expected to create a comfortable environment by reducing the noise level in the ICU.
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Purpose Identify the cluster-type risk factors when disease occurs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and examine the impact of the cluster-type on adverse clinical prognosis in CAD patients. Methods Secondary data analysis was utilized with data collected from electronic medical records of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in a university hospital from 2011 to 2015 and who were on an outpatient follow-up visit as of January 2020. The K-means cluster analysis was performed on seven cardiovascular risk factors. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), including hospitalization due to restenosis or cardiac-related death, was required in clinical prognosis. The Cox proportional-hazard regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used. Results Cluster analysis identified three clusters of ‘obesity and family history’ (n=150), ‘smoking and drinking’ (n=178), and ‘chronic disease’ (n=190). The MACEs occurred in 10.4% of study subjects. When the ‘obesity and family history’ cluster (62.94±12.09 years) was used as a reference, the relative risk of MACEs was 2.57 times higher in the ‘smoking and drinking’ cluster (62.63±13.31 years) and 2.41 times higher in the ‘chronic disease’ cluster (70.90±10.30 years). Conclusion Cluster-type risk factors are necessary when considering secondary prevention strategies for MACEs in patients with CAD. Patients with smoking, drinking, and chronic diseases are especially required to improve their lifestyles and to regularly monitor their management of underlying diseases during follow-up periods.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to systematically review the effects of cognitive-based interventions on the cognitive function of older adults with mild cognitive impairment and conduct a meta-analysis to present basic data based on objective evidence. METHODS This study analyzed the effects on older adults' cognitive function based on 21 studies using randomized controlled trials of cognitive-based interventions from 2000 to 2017. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the cognitive-based interventions showed statistically significant effects on language, global cognitive function, executive function, memory, visuospatial ability, and attention. All of them showed a medium effect size. CONCLUSION A cognitive-based intervention for older adults with mild cognitive impairment needs to be systematically and continuously applied to improve cognitive function. Such interventions can delay and prevent the progress of dementia, which will help in reducing the socioeconomic burden associated with it. In the future, it is necessary to study further, the various variables involved in continuous cognitive training programs.
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PURPOSE This study was to develop the patient-tailored education and counseling program (PTECP) for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and to identify the effects of PTECP on awareness of risk factors, knowledge, self-efficacy, self-care behavior, and blood cholesterol profile (BCP). METHODS A non-equivalent control group pre-post design was used. Sixty patients who were newly diagnosed with CAD and treated PCI were recruited and participated either in an intervention group or a control group, thirty each. The PTECP focused on managing their own risk factors consisted of two individual educations, two individual counselings, three telephone counselings, and two short message services for eight weeks. Data were collected two times at baseline and 8 weeks after beginning of the program. RESULTS After eight weeks, the patients' awareness of risk factor (p < .001), knowledge (p=.015), self-efficacy (p < .001), and self-care behavior (p < .001) in the intervention group were significantly different from those of the control group. However, no difference in BCP was found between the groups. CONCLUSION The PTECP was effective in improving the patients' awareness of CAD risk factors, knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-care behavior. Successful PTECP might lead to better health outcome in patients with CAD through effective self-management.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to identify factors influencing a relapse among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Of 250 participants enrolled in the original study 75 were selected as there was no relapse for more than one year following the initial treatment and 54 were selected because there was a relapse. Data were analyzed using χ² test, t-test or F test to determine if there were any significant differences in the study variables relative to the status of relapse. Predictors were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS Autonomy supported by healthcare providers was the significant predictor for relapse in patients with CAD. Patients with low autonomy supported by healthcare providers was 3.91 times more likely to relapse than patients with high autonomy supported. Patients with diabetes were at greater risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION Secondary prevention of CAD is a major task for patients with CAD. Behavioral strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction are essential and autonomy supported by healthcare providers should be included in their strategies.
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PURPOSE The aim of the study was to identify the effects of education from using cellular phones and a short messaging service. METHODS Collected data included baseline demographics, blood pressure, abdominal circumference, total cholesterol, body mass index and health behavior index (Dietary Practice Guidelines Score, Physical Activity, Drinking frequency, Stress score, Subjective health status, and Action change stage score). Data were collected at public health centers in Chungcheongnam-do from January to December, 2011. Data obtained from Individual health counseling Programs in Chungcheongnam-do. Analysis was divided into health risk group and Disease management group, using a paired t test. RESULTS Following the education of using short messaging service of cellular phones Health risk group was a reduction in the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference. Disease management group was a reduction in the systolic blood pressure and body mass index. In both groups, there were improvement in the Health behavior index; dietary practice guidelines score, physical activity, stress score, subjective health status and action change stage scores. CONCLUSION These results indicated that education using short messaging service of cellular phone for Community was effective in improving health behaviors and status. By applying the results, development of customized teaching messages for stable settlement is required.
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PURPOSE Purposes of this study were to develop a reliable and valid checklist to assess and manage post-stroke dysphagia and to identify its utilization. METHODS The first step was to develop checklist through systematic literatures reviews, to test the content validity from 11 clinical experts, and to test the construct validity and the internal consistency from 97 patients with post-stroke dysphagia. The second step was to identify clinical use of the checklist from the same 97 patients. RESULTS A total of 18 items compromised the assessment checklist and 64 items for intervention checklist. Internal consistencies of assessment checklist and intervention checklist were .84 and .98, respectively. In both checklists, level of utilization of general appearance was the highest, while that of early signs of aspiration was the lowest. The utilization levels of two checklists were significantly higher among patients who were less than 60 years old, and had liquid diet, facial paralysis, and previous history of aspiration pneumonia. CONCLUSION We found that the checklists were reliable and valid. Further study is needed to develop specific strategies to improve nurses' use of assessment and intervention checklists for post-stroke dysphagia.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of psychosocial intervention on depression, hope and quality of life of home-based cancer patients. METHODS The study design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected from September 21 to November 13, 2009. The subjects consisted of 81 cancer patients randomly selected who were registered at four public health center in Daegu, Korea. The 39 subjects in the experimental group received a psychosocial intervention and the 42 subjects in the control group received the usual nursing care. The weekly psychosocial Intervention protocol was comprised of health education, stress management, coping skill training and support (60 min) for eight weeks. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS Depression (F=23.303, p<.001) scores in the experimental group were significantly less than that of the control group. Further, hope (F=58.842, p<.001) and quality of life (F=31.515, p<.001) scores were significantly higher than those reported by the control group. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the psychosocial intervention was an effective intervention in decreasing depression and increasing hope and quality of life of home-based cancer patients.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a spirituality/hope promoting program on fighting spirit, helplessness, anxiety, and self-care behaviors. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pretest- posttest design was used. Study subjects were 22 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy for the experimental group and 31 for the control group. The experimental group received a 4-week intervention, 30-50 minutes a day weekly. Variables were measured at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks later. Fighting spirit and helplessness were measured by MAC(Mental Adjustment to Cancer) and anxiety was measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Self-care behaviors scale developed by Oh et al.,(1997) was used. RESULTS The experimental group revealed significantly more fighting spirit(t=-4.10, p=.000). more self-care behaviors(t=-5.91, p=.000). and less helplessness(t=3.94, p=.000). No difference, however, was found in anxiety between the two groups(t=.24, p=.861). CONCLUSION These results suggested positive effects of a spirituality/hope intervention program. Helplessness decreased mainly through an increase in fighting spirit. Self-care behaviors increased mainly through an decrease in helplessness and increase in fighting spirit.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of supportive nursing intervention on the anxiety and nursing satisfaction of mothers with children undergoing open-heart surgery. METHODS The research design involved a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest non synchronized design. The subjects consisted of 43 mothers of children who were expected to undergo open heart surgery, and were divided into two groups; an experimental group of 22 and a control group of 21. The experiment was administered to the experimental group a total of four times, following supportive nursing intervention protocols. The research tools used were Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory for anxiety and Park Jung-Eun's nursing satisfaction. The data were analyzed using the chi-square-test, and t-test with SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS Hypothes 1, 'The experimental group who are given supportive nursing intervention will have a lower anxiety score than the control group' was supported(t=5.658, p=.000). Hypothesis 2, 'The experimental group who are given supportive nursing intervention will have a higher nursing satisfaction score than the control gropu wasl supported(t=-9.549, p=.000). CONCLUSION The supportive nursing intervention protocol was effective in reducing anxiety and increasing the nursing satisfaction of mothers with children undergoing open-heart surgery.
PURPOSE This study was performed to understand the perceived importance and performance frequencies of nursing interventions and identify the core and major interventions in oncology units. METHODS Questionnaires using 151 nursing interventions were given to 45 nurses. The performance frequency was measured through the database of the nursing process recording system for 1 year. RESULTS The perceived importance of the nursing interventions averaged out to be 3.5 among 4 and on average 36.5 times of nursing interventions were performed on each patient. Fifteen core nursing interventions including 'pain management' were identified and they made up 82.7% of the entire performance frequency rate. And 26 interventions including 'drug administration: Amphotericin-B' were identified as major nursing interventions and occupied 10.6% of the entire performance frequency rate. CONCLUSION Since the core and the major nursing interventions were identified and these occupied 93.3% of the all nursing interventions, these results can be utilized as baseline data for establishing the guidelines and standards of nursing interventions and providing systematic education for oncology nurses in Korea.
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to analyze the core nursing interventions that are used in the medical and surgical units, and to present the basic data that can be applied in clinical fields. METHOD The data was collected from 353 nurses of the medical and surgical units from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2005, using the database of nursing process record system used at a tertiary hospital. RESULTS 190 interventions were performed in the medical units, with 21 core nursing interventions. 198 interventions were performed in the surgical units, with 16 core nursing interventions. There were 11 common core nursing interventions. CONCLUSION The results revealed that the ratio of physiological interventions and the interventions related to safety were high. The interventions were classified according to one's field of specialization, together with the common interventions were also being performed. According to the changes in the demands of consumers, there was also increases in the performance of 'pain management' and 'fall prevention.' We expect that this study will allow for the performance of standardized interventions, and that it will be helpful in the role of the experienced nurse, and in the approach to the nursing specialty.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to develop a set of standardized nursing interventions and their associated nursing activities according to the NIC system to guide home care nurses in performing nursing intervention activities for hospice patients. METHOD This study was a descriptive survey that first identified frequently used & specialized hospice nursing interventions based on the NIC systems and next validated a set of standardized nursing interventions and their associated nursing activities. One hundred chart records of home hospice patients were used to identify nursing interventions. Also, thirty-nine hospice specialized nurses participated twice using the Delphi technique to test the content validity of the standards. RESULTS Among the nursing interventions, 19 important nursing interventions and 418 associated nursing activities were selected after two rounds of Delphi technique by hospice specialized nurses. The mean content validity of the final nursing activities was 0.82. In this paper, only the 3 most frequently used nursing interventions and 3 hospice specialized nursing interventions with their associated nursing activities are presented since space is limited. CONCLUSION The nursing intervention standards will be a basis for home hospice nurses to improve quality of hospice care for hospice patients.
PURPOSE This study was conducted to 1) find out the frequency of tobacco control intervention, barriers, and facilitators. 2) compare the differences in tobacco control intervention, barriers, and facilitators between oncology nurses and general nurses. METHOD: A sample was composed of 96 oncology nurses and 284 general nurses. The survey questionnaire was mailed out to nurses who were working at the randomly selected hospitals throughout the country. The questionnaire was adopted from the study of national survey on oncology nurse's tobacco interventions in United States by Sarnar, et al.(2000). RESULTS: Oncology nurses were found to provide tobacco control interventions more frequently comparing to the general nurses. "Patient not motivated to quit smoking", "Lack of time", "Lack of recognition/ rewards", were the most commonly identified barriers. "Patient wants to quit", "Adequate time", "Confidence in ability help people to stop smoking", were the most commonly identified facilitators. CONCLUSIONS: Although oncology nurses are in an important position in delivering tobacco interventions and providing resources, their participation in consistent delivery of a tobacco control intervention was less than desirable. To help nurses participate in the assessment of tobacco use and interventions for cessation, the development of educational program is necessary.
PURPOSE The specific aims of this study was to find out the barrier to smoking cessation intervention in clinical practice among clinical nurses and compare them in high barrier group with those in the low barrier group. METHOD: The sample of this study consisted of 738 nurses practicing in general hospitals with over 400 beds throughout the country. The questionnaire was adopted from the 'Oncology Nurse's Tobacco Control Survey' used in the United Stated by Sarna et al.(2001). RESULT: Age, marital status, hospital experience, position were the variables related to the mean score of subjective resource insufficiency. The perception that the patient was not motivated to quit smoking was the most commonly identified barrier in low barrier group and the second most common barrier in high barrier group. CONCLUSION: Younger, with less clinical experience, single, staff nurses were the characteristics of nurses in the high barrier group. The smoking cessation educational program should be targeted to these populations. Further research is needed to develope strategies to reduce the perception associated with barriers in delivery of tobacco cessation interventions.
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the survey of analyzing nursing interventions and nursing outcomes of the patients with liver transplantation. METHOD: The subjects of this study consisted of 83 patients and fifteen nurses who took care of them. The methods of this study were retrospective and descriptive survey. RESULT: The mean age of patients was 42.7 years and the subjects were 62.7% males. 56.7% of these patients were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis of B type. The mean duration of hospitalization was 48.6 days. Ninety-five nursing interventions were performed at least daily. The most frequent used interventions were "environmental management: comfort", "medication administration: parenteral", "cough enhancement", and " oxygen therapy". Even though SGOT level to identify nursing outcomes was decreased, SGOT was not within normal limits. Therefore, even after discharge of patients, There is a need to take care of them carefully. CONCLUSION: Conclusion: These findings revealed the significance and need of nurse practitioners who performed professional nursing intervention for the patients with liver transplantation. Especially, it is necessary needs to develop the nursing intervention programs for comfort.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was the development of a comprehensive nursing intervention program for the client with acute lymph stasis and stage I lymphedema. METHOD The Quasi-experimental design using a non-equivalent control group was used. The subjects were 22 stroke patients with lymph stasis in the control group and 23 patients in the experimental group. The complex physical therapy of Casley-Smith was carried out to the control group for 10 hours, and comprehensive nursing intervention for the experimental group was carried out for 60 minutes. The data for this study was gathered from Feb. 2002 until June 2002 and pertains knowledge about lymphedema, self-care for managing lymphedema, and circumferences of affected limbs. Data was analyzed by mean, standard deviation, x2-test, and t-test. RESULT The changes in knowledge about lymphedema, self-care practices, and circumference of affected limbs after nursing intervention did not show significant differences between control group and experiment group. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that comprehensive nursing intervention had more efficiency than complex physical therapy in the treatment of edema for stroke patients because of it's simplicity and time saving. Thereby, the comprehensive nursing intervention program developed in this study would be a useful therapy for the clients with lymph stasis and early stage lymphedema.
PURPOSE This study was performed to validate the linkage between nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions by identifying performance and importance of nursing interventions linked to five NANDA nursing diagnoses. METHOD Data was collected from 153 staff and head nurses working in 4 hospitals in K city. The results were analyzed using mean, SD and spearman correlation for ranking correlation. RESULT The most importantly considered interventions were Medication Administration (IV) for pain, Pain Management for Constipation, Intravenous (IV) Insertion for Diarrhea, treatment, Vital Sign Monitoring for Hyperthermia, and Vital Sign Monitoring for Infection risk. The most frequently performed interventions was Medication Administration (IV) for Pain, Fluid Management for Constipation, Intravenous (IV) Insertion for Diarrhea, Vital Sign Monitoring for Hyperthermia, and Vital Sign Monitoring for Infection: Risk for. The rank correlations between importance and performance were highest in Diarrhea and lowest in Constipation. CONCLUSION The above findings can be used to develop a nursing information system which can be used to facilitate documenting the nursing process, and a nursing information system developed by this research process will ultimately contribute to identifying nurses contribution to patient health.
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to compare symptoms, medical therapies, and nursing interventions with terminal cancer patients during the last four weeks of their lives in a hospice unit and general units. METHOD For the descriptive survey study, data were collected by reviewing the medical records of 243 patients who died of terminal cancer at K hospital in Seoul. The data was analyzed by using Chi-square test and t-test. RESULT The study findings are summarized as follows: There were higher frequencies in physical symptoms of constipation, itching sensation, pain, sleeping disturbance, soreness and dysuria for those patients in the hospice unit than those patient in general units. All emotional symptoms were recorded significantly higher for those patients in the hospice unit than those in general units. Regarding the major medical interventions, pain management was used more significantly for those patients in the hospice unit, but antibiotic therapy and resuscitation were used more significantly for those patients in general units. CONCLUSION The hospice unit provided more comprehensive nursing interventions including psychological, spiritual, and family cares as well as physiological care for terminal cancer patients. The facts showed that those patients who would need hospice care in general units should be referred to the hospice unit at an appropriate time.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of spiritual nursing intervention on anxiety and depression of the hospice patients. METHOD It was devised with a quasi- experimental design using non-equivalent control group pre-post design. The data was from July 10 to September 25 in 2000 at the general hospital in CheonJu city. Subjects were 37 members of the experimental group and 30 members of the control. The tools were used Spielberger's State Anxiety Scale and Zung's Depression Inventory. The spiritual nursing intervention was carried out through Hymn, Scripture, Prayer, the therapeutic ues of self. Data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, x2-test, t-test. RESULT 1. After the spiritual nursing intervention, state anxiety of the experimental group was lower than those of the control (t=-5.987, p=0.000). 2. After the spiritual nursing intervention, depression of the experimental group were lower than those of the control (t=-9.128, p=0.000). CONCLUSION The hospice patients who were offered spiritual nursing intervention had lower anxiety and depression than not offered it. According to these results, it can be regarded as an effective one that relieved anxiety and depression of the hospice patients.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the selected nursing interventions and to describe the most common nursing interventions used by neurosurgery unit nurses. METHOD The data was collected from 65 nurses of 5 general hospitals from Jan. 8, 2001 to Feb. 28, 2001. The instrument for this study was the Korean translation of 486 nursing intervention classifications, developed by MacClosky and Bluecheck in 2000. In the 486 nursing interventions 310 nursing interventions were selected, 8 from among the 10 professional nurses group in the neurosurgery care unit. The 310 nursing interventions were used in a secondary questionnaire. In the secondary questionnaire, all 310 intervention lables and definitions were listed. The data was analysed with SPSS program. RESULT The results of this study are as follows. 1.The most frequently used nursing intervention domains were "physiological: complex", "physiological: basic", "Health system", "Behavior", "Safety", "Family". 2.Neurosurgery care unit core nursing interventions were performed several times a day by 50% or more of the Neurosurgery care unit. Neurosurgery core nursing intervention, 5 domain ("physiological: complex", "physiological: basic", "Health system", "Safety", "Behavior"), 16 class, 48 core nursing intervention. The most frequently used Neurosurgery core nursing interventions were Intravenous Therapy, Pressure ulcer prevention, Documentation, Airway suctioning, Medication: intravenous, Pain management, Medication: intramuscular, Shift report, Intravenous insertion, Positioning, Aspiration precaution, Pressure management, Physician support, Pressure ulcer care. 3.Compared with carrier and age of nurses, the more effective nursing interventions were "Family", Compared with the nursing place and the use of nursing interventions of nurses the most effective nursing interventions were "Health system" performed by nurse in university hospital. CONCLUSION The purpose of this study was to analysis the nursing intervention performed by neurosurgery unit nurses. This study analyses nursing intervention and core nursing interventions performed by neurosurgery unit nurses. Basis on this study result, neurosurgery nursing interventions will be systematized, and progression of qualitative nursing, data of computerized nusing information system will be utilized.
The reference study was performed to investigate the nursing importance which was based a theoretical background related to horticultural therapy and to examine the possibility which horticultural therapy was applicable as a nursing intervention through analysis on a preceding study. The research subjects related to the areas of horticultural therapy which related as a nursing intervention, were psychological, physical, environmental, and psycho-social aspects. It is judged that the horticultural therapy is effective in treating depression, emotional disruption or anxiety. It seems to be also effective in increasing the muscular tension and, thereby, expanding the scope of joint movements. Such theories show that horticultural therapy may be a good alternative nursing means. Plants act to create a pleasant interior atmosphere by generating anion, controlling the temperature and humidity and purifying the air, and therefore, the horticultural therapy may be applied to clinic or environmental therapy. When horticultural therapy is used as a nursing intervention, patients' socio-psychological needs may be fulfilled. It has been found that horticultural therapy is instrumental in treating perceptive or emotional disruption, depression, loss of self-respect, disrupted everyday activities and social behaviors. In particular, horticultural therapy seems to be effective in managing chronic patients' crisis or improving life quality. Intervention method applied on a preceding study was activity therapy and scene therapy in the horticultural therapy The above findings suggest that the pro-environmental horticultural therapy is useful as a new paradigm of nursing or holistic nursing conducive to improvement of health. So, it is desirable to prove its effects by applying it in the clinic. In order to apply horticultural therapy as a nursing intervention, it will be necessary to educate nurses on principles and methods of horticultural therapy and encourage them to apply it in nursing and clinics. Moreover, it may well be necessary to develop landscape therapy as nursing intervention as well as a variety of horticultural therapy programs befitting the clinic conditions. On the other hand, we need to provide for some scientific ground for horticultural therapy through continued studies. In this regard, this study which focuses on patients' health improvement through change of environment. may well provide for a framework for such studies.
The purpose of this study was to develop a standardized Nursing Diagnosis/ Intervention Protocol through a literature review and validity testing. Seven nursing diagnoses were selected as major nursing diagnosis in the field of Nutritional and Eliminative problem. The nursing intervention list was made by an expert group's review of Nursing Intervention Classification(NIC) suggested nursing interventions. Nursing activities which were included in each nursing intervention were sorted to follow the nursing intervention process after review and revision. The expert group's validity testing was done twice using the Likert scale. As a result the Nursing Diagnosis/ Intervention Protocol for Nutritional and Eliminative Problems was made to include 7 Nursing Diagnoses, 51 Nursing Interventions and 631 Nursing Activities.
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