PURPOSE
Purposes of this study were to develop a reliable and valid checklist to assess and manage post-stroke dysphagia and to identify its utilization.
METHODS
The first step was to develop checklist through systematic literatures reviews, to test the content validity from 11 clinical experts, and to test the construct validity and the internal consistency from 97 patients with post-stroke dysphagia. The second step was to identify clinical use of the checklist from the same 97 patients.
RESULTS
A total of 18 items compromised the assessment checklist and 64 items for intervention checklist. Internal consistencies of assessment checklist and intervention checklist were .84 and .98, respectively. In both checklists, level of utilization of general appearance was the highest, while that of early signs of aspiration was the lowest. The utilization levels of two checklists were significantly higher among patients who were less than 60 years old, and had liquid diet, facial paralysis, and previous history of aspiration pneumonia.
CONCLUSION
We found that the checklists were reliable and valid. Further study is needed to develop specific strategies to improve nurses' use of assessment and intervention checklists for post-stroke dysphagia.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to explore nursing education modality for facilitating undergraduate students' critical thinking within the Korean nursing education context.
METHODS
Data were collected from four group interviews from two focus groups, which were composed of six nursing professors in each group. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
RESULTS
Five themes with 13 sub-themes involving 10 categories were delineated. The five themes were managing shared resources, a supportive system in preparing qualified faculty, reflective thinking (self-directed learning), theory courses for understanding nursing resources, and clinical practicum for exercising critical thinking.
CONCLUSION
A nursing educational model for facilitating critical thinking within Korean context was suggested. This could be used as an accelerator in developing nursing undergraduate course programs for critical thinking in Korea.

PURPOSE
This study developed a program to facilitate evidence-based practice (EBP) in one nursing organization, and identifies the effects of the program on the nurses' EBP facilitators.
METHODS
The program was based on the Transtheoretical Model of stages of organizational change, a literature review, the cases of hospitals overseas, and a prior study. To identify the effects of the program, a one-group pretest-posttest study was conducted with 45 nurses who participated in the EBP implementation.
RESULTS
The program consisted of EBP educational sessions, consultations with academic nursing faculty and clinical EBP mentors, and support from the administration and relevant departments. After the EBP program, there was a statistically significant difference in belief in the value of EBP between the pretest and the posttest (t=2.31, p=.026). However, no significant differences were found between the pretest and the posttest for organizational support to develop EBP (t=0.62, p=.537), skills in locating and evaluating research reports (s=-1.00, p=.987), knowledge of research language and skills (s=-1.00, p=.986), and time to devote to EBP (s=-23.00, p=.711).
CONCLUSION
The findings provide important data that can be used to develop and implement strategies for enhancing EBP in clinical settings in Korea.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional response of family members of physically restrained patients in the intensive care units (ICUs).
METHODS
The study subjects were 200 family members of ICU patients who had been on physical restraints in two university hospitals. Data were collected using the "Instrument of family's emotional response toward physically restrained patients".
RESULTS
The mean score of familial emotional response was 2.69 out of a possible 5. The subcategory of acceptance was the highest with 3.56 points followed by depression (3.02), helplessness (2.94), anxiety (2.87), shock (2.74), avoidance (2.64), and grudge (2.08). Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that the age of family members, side effects of restraints, and information provision were the variables influencing on negative emotional response of family.
CONCLUSION
Family members showed slightly negative emotional response toward the physical restraints. This finding could be influenced by their limited knowledge of the need for the restraints. Educational programs or fact sheets to be given to family members may be helpful.

Citations

• The Conditions for Ethical Application of Restraints
  Parker Crutchfield, Tyler S. Gibb, Michael J. Redinger, Daniel Ferman, John Livingstone
  Chest.2019; 155(3): 617.     CrossRef
• A Study on Caregiver's Perception of Restraints
  Hye-kyung Kang
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(5): 452.     CrossRef
• Perceptions and Intention of Nurses in Using Physical Restraints for Dementia Patients in Geriatric Hospitals
  Hyunju Lee, Kye Ha Kim
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2016; 18(3): 159.     CrossRef
• Evidence-Based Practice Guideline: Changing the Practice of Physical Restraint Use in Acute Care
  Helen W. Lach, Kathy M. Leach, Howard K. Butcher
  Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2016; 42(2): 17.     CrossRef
• Families' Perception and Attitude toward Applied Physical Restraints in General Neurological Wards
  So-Yeon Ha, Yi-Kyung Ha, Myung-Hee Kim
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(5): 3293.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was to examine the impact of acculturation and social support on the mental health among Korean-American registered nurses.
METHODS
Data were collected with a convenience sample of 203 Korean-American registered nurses living in New York state and New Jersey state from 8th May to 25th August in 2012. The structured questionnaires measured the degree of acculturation, social support, and mental health. Data analysis was conducted using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation efficient, and Stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
Lower level of integration and higher level of marginalization were associated with the lower mental health. Social support was also positively related to mental health and had mediating effect on the relationship between acculturation and mental health. The five variables, including participants' educational background, work shift, integration, marginalization, and social support were significant to predict the level of mental health among Korean-American registered nurses, accounting for 41% of the variability.
CONCLUSION
The results imply that higher level of social support and strong identity of both home and host culture will enable Korean-American registered nurses to maintain sound mental health.

PURPOSE
This study investigated the effectiveness of simulation training with a hybrid model of student nurses' performance ability and reported self confidence.
METHODS
A nonequivalent control group with pre-posttest was designed. Data collection was done during the first semester in 2012 at a college of nursing in Seoul. Nursing performance ability and reported self confidence related to taking care of patients with urinary problems were evaluated. The treatment group (n=96) received simulation training of a catheterization procedure with a hybrid model involving standardized patients and a mannequin. Nursing students in the comparison group (n=84) did not receive the simulation training but would receive it prior to their next clinical practicum's.
RESULTS
The treatment group showed a significantly higher performance ability and reported self confidence than that of the comparison group. The perceived helpfulness and contentment of the simulation training in experimental group was high.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study demonstrated that simulation with a hybrid model was effective in teaching skills prior to the clinical experience which suggests that skill development is not dependent on the actual clinical situation. Nurse educators should consider simulation training as a tool beyond that of clinical practicum.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and risk factors of sleep disturbance among community dwelling adults in Korea.
METHODS
Data were collected from nine hundred fifty nine adults dwelling in a metropolitan city in Korea. Subjects were older than 45 years, did not take medication for sleep problems on a regular basis, and did not work at night. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to collect data about sleep disturbance. Sociodemographic, life style, and health related factors were included as risk factors. Chi square test and logistic stepwise regression were used to identify the risk factors.
RESULTS
The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 13.1%. The significant risk factors were being female, age, number of toilet use at night, perceived health, and pain. Risk factors were somewhat different by gender. Emotional and job status were the risk factors only for men and menopausal status were for women.
CONCLUSION
Prevalence of sleep disturbance in community dwelling adults in Korea was not greater than those dwelling in other countries. Females, older adults, the number of toilet use at night, perceived health, and pain were the most important risk factors for sleep disturbances. Gender was a factor in reported sleep disturbances. It might be useful to investigate the factors that contribute to the number of toilet use at night as this might have some underlying factors that could be corrected.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a health promotion program for frail elderly nursing home residents, and to analyze the effects of the program.
METHODS
The research was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data collection was performed from February 26, 2012, to April 26, 2012. The subjects were 28 residents for the experimental group, who were selected at A nursing home, D city, in Korea and 27 residents for the control group, who were selected at B nursing home. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, independent t-test, ANCOVA and Cronbach's alpha with SPSS/Win 17.0 program.
RESULTS
There was a significant improvement in health promoting behaviors (F=64.26, p<.001), Lt. Grip strength (F=39.76, p<.001), Rt. Grip strength (F=38.06, p<.001), Static balance (F=3.98, p=.050), TUG (F=18.60, p<.001), oral status (F=26.75, p<.001), depression (F=18.79, p<.001), and subjective health status (F=10.75, p<.002) in the treatment group compared to the comparison group.
CONCLUSION
The health promotion program improved the health promoting behavior, physical fitness, oral status, depression, and subjective health status of the frail elderly nursing home residents. Therefore, health promotion programs for frail elderly nursing home residents could be helpful.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore the chronic patients' references for care near the end of life.
METHODS
This is a descriptive survey research, with subjects of 161 outpatients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or chronic renal failure.
RESULTS
The majority of the subjects do not want meaningless life sustaining treatment and they report thinking positively about family or health care professional to participate in their end of life decision making process. Subjects reported preferring adequate pain management and spiritual support at the end of life. In regard to advance directives (ADs), those subjects with chronic disease report thinking positively about the necessity of ADs and its institutionalization. However, the subjects report not having the detailed information on the proper time and method of writing their ADs.
CONCLUSION
Based on these results, educational programs on end of life decision making for chronic patients need to be developed. Also, the nurse should try to reflect the opinion of chronic patients as much as possible when make an end-of-life decision.

PURPOSE
This study is reviewed of the available literature to identify the evidence of the value of Kegel exercise programs as an intervention to decrease urinary incontinence and the improvement of the quality of life following a radical prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer.
METHODS
We searched studies of randomized controlled trials that utilized the Kegel exercise programs with patient with a radical prostatectomy. The review was conducted electronic bibliographic database of Ovid-Medline, Embase, Scopus, KoreaMed and NDSL, etc. Of 630 publications identified, seven studies that met the inclusion criteria, and all studies analyzed by meta-analysis. To ensure the quality of the studies, we used Cochrane's Risk of Bias.
RESULTS
Kegel exercise helped patient to achieve continence more quickly (after 1, 3, 6, 12 months) than men not using Kegel exercises. Especially, Kegel exercise significantly reduced the development of urinary incontinence at one month after prostatectomy. The effectiveness of Kegel exercise after prostatectomy was found to improve the quality of life at a significant level.
CONCLUSION
Based on available evidence, Kegel exercise that nurses can teach improved the return to continence more than usual care in men with prostatectomy urinary incontinence.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the effects of video-audio information provision on physical discomfort, anxiety and nursing satisfaction of the clients for gastroscopy.
METHODS
The study design was nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The subjects were 50 patients who visited H hospital health examination center for gastroscopy. Video-audio information developed by the authors was used as educational material for the treatment group. The data were collected between September 15 and November 15, 2010. The study instruments were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Physical Discomfort Scale, and the Nursing Satisfaction Scale.
RESULTS
The level of anxiety and physical discomfort in the treatment group were not significantly different from that in the comparison group (t=-0.28, p=.781; t=-0.34, p=.741). The level of clients' satisfaction with nursing care in the treatment group was significantly higher than in the comparison group (t=-4.12, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Use of video-audio information was effective in the increase in satisfaction with care. Therefore, it could be useful in the nursing practice, and be utilized as a way of nursing intervention to improve nursing satisfaction.