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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance in Community Dwelling Adults in Korea

Heejung Choi1, Beomjong Kim2, Inja Kim3
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2013;25(2):183-193.
Published online: April 18, 2013

1Department of Nursing, Kunkuk University, Chungju

2Department of Business Administration, Seowon University, Cheongju

3Department of Nursing, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Inja Department of Nursing, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-716, Korea. Tel: +82-42-280-2655, Fax: +82-42-280-2785, E-mail: inja@dju.kr
• Received: October 25, 2012   • Accepted: April 23, 2013

© 2013 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and risk factors of sleep disturbance among community dwelling adults in Korea.
  • Methods
    Data were collected from nine hundred fifty nine adults dwelling in a metropolitan city in Korea. Subjects were older than 45 years, did not take medication for sleep problems on a regular basis, and did not work at night. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to collect data about sleep disturbance. Sociodemographic, life style, and health related factors were included as risk factors. Chi square test and logistic stepwise regression were used to identify the risk factors.
  • Results
    The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 13.1%. The significant risk factors were being female, age, number of toilet use at night, perceived health, and pain. Risk factors were somewhat different by gender. Emotional and job status were the risk factors only for men and menopausal status were for women.
  • Conclusion
    Prevalence of sleep disturbance in community dwelling adults in Korea was not greater than those dwelling in other countries. Females, older adults, the number of toilet use at night, perceived health, and pain were the most important risk factors for sleep disturbances. Gender was a factor in reported sleep disturbances. It might be useful to investigate the factors that contribute to the number of toilet use at night as this might have some underlying factors that could be corrected.
  • Key Words: Sleep; Prevalence; Risk factors
Table 1.
Difference Test on Sociodemographic, Life Style, and Health related Factors
Variables Characteristics Categories   Total Sleep disturbance x2 or t p
n (%) No Yes
n (%) n (%)
Sociodemographic Age (year) 45~54   320 (33.4) 297 (92.8) 23 (7.2) 25.02 ＜.001
55~64   320 (33.4) 282 (88.1) 38 (11.9)
≥65   319 (33.3) 254 (79.6) 65 (20.4)
Gender Male   480 (50.1) 430 (89.6) 50 (10.4) 6.24 .013
Female   479 (49.9) 403 (84.1) 76 (15.9)
Education ＜Elementary school   124 (12.9) 97 (78.2) 27 (21.8) 12.30 .006
Middle school   166 (17.4) 141 (84.9) 25 (15.1)
High school   546 (56.9) 482 (88.3) 64 (11.7)
≥College   123 (12.8) 113 (91.9) 10 (8.1)
Job Having a job   547 (57.0) 502 (91.8) 45 (8.2) 27.45 ＜.001
No job   247 (25.8) 196 (79.4) 51 (20.6)
Housewife   165 (17.2) 135 (81.8) 30 (18.2)
Life style Number of toilet use at night None   301 (31.4) 283 (94.0) 18 (6.0) 62.54 ＜.001
1   545 (56.8) 476 (87.3) 69 (12.7)
2   76 (7.9) 53 (69.7) 23 (30.3)
≥3   37 (3.9) 21 (56.8) 16 (43.2)
Smoking Yes   205 (78.6) 180 (87.8) 25 (12.2) 0.20 .727
No   754 (21.4) 653 (86.6) 101 (13.4)
Drinking Yes   456 (47.5) 399 (87.5) 57 (12.5) 0.31 .632
No   503 (52.5) 434 (86.3) 69 (13.7)
Regular exercise Yes   372 (38.8) 313 (84.1) 59 (15.9) 3.94 .050
No   587 (61.2) 520 (88.6) 67 (11.4)
Stressful events Yes   120 (12.5) 89 (74.2) 31 (25.8) 19.37 ＜.001
No   839 (87.5) 744 (88.7) 95 (11.3)
Health related Illness Yes   393 (41.0) 284 (75.5) 92 (24.5) 68.18 ＜.001
No   566 (59.0) 533 (94.2) 33 (5.8)
Type of illness Hypertension Yes 266 (27.7) 204 (76.7) 62 (23.3) 19.37 ＜.001
No 693 (72.3) 629 (90.8) 64 (9.2)
DM Yes 101 (10.5) 81 (80.2) 20 (19.8) 4.39 .043
No 858 (89.5) 752 (87.6) 106 (12.4)
Heart disease Yes 31 (3.2) 25 (80.6) 6 (19.4) 1.09 .212
No 928 (96.8) 808 (87.1) 120 (12.9)
Respiratory disease Yes 21 (2.2) 12 (57.1) 9 (42.9) 16.62 .001
No 938 (97.8) 821 (87.5) 117 (12.5)
Arthritis Yes 90 (9.4) 66 (73.3) 24 (26.7) 15.93 .001
No 869 (90.6) 767 (88.3) 102 (11.7)
Urinary incontinence Yes 24 (2.5) 16 (66.7) 8 (33.3) 8.80 .008
No 935 (97.5) 817 (87.4) 118 (12.6)
Cancer Yes 13 (1.4) 9 (69.2) 4 (30.8) 3.59 .079
No 946 (98.6) 824 (87.1) 122 (12.9)
Others Yes 41 (4.28) 28 (68.3) 13 (31.7) 12.94 .001
No 918 (95.72) 805 (87.7) 113 (12.3)
Medication Yes   334 (34.8) 248 (74.3) 86 (25.7) 71.40 ＜001
No   625 (65.2) 585 (93.6) 40 (6.4)
Perceived health Good   807 (84.2) 747 (92.6) 60 (7.4) 145.14 ＜.001
Bad   152 (15.8) 86 (56.6) 66 (43.4)
Menopausal status Pre   67 (14.0) 66 (98.5) 1 (1.5) 12.40 .002
During   28 (5.8) 24 (85.7) 4 (14.3)
Post   384 (80.2) 313 (81.5) 71 (18.5)
Pain Yes   292 (30.4) 197 (67.5) 95 (32.5) 138.39 ＜.001
No   667 (69.6) 636 (95.4) 31 (4.6)
Emotion Good   175 (18.2) 159 (90.9) 16 (9.1) 2.99 .050
Bad   784 (81.8) 674 (86.0) 110 (14.0)
BMI Underweight   12 (1.3) 9 (75.0) 3 (25.0) 13.36 .004
Normal   359 (37.4) 324 (90.3) 35 (9.7)
Overweight   343 (35.8) 302 (88.0) 41 (12.0)
Obese   245 (25.5) 198 (80.8) 47 (13.1)

DM=diabetes mellitus; BMI=body mass index.

Table 2.
Logistic Regression on Sleep Disturbance
Variables Characteristics Categories Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
OR (CI) OR (CI) OR (CI)
Sociodemographic variables Age (year) 45~54 Ref Ref Ref
55~64 1.61 (0.91~2.85) 1.41 (0.78~2.54) 1.30 (0.68~2.40)
≥65 2.48 (1.33~4.62)∗∗ 2.18 (1.14~4.17)∗ 2.39 (0.66~2.91)
Gender Male Ref Ref Ref
Female 1.31 (0.83~2.09) 1.26 (0.77~2.07) 1.00 (0.58~1.73)
Education ≤6 Ref Ref Ref
7~≤9 0.78 (0.42~1.44) 0.76 (0.39~1.46) 0.77 (0.37~1.62)
10~≤12 0.96 (0.54~1.71) 0.99 (0.54~1.82) 1.40 (0.69~2.85)
＞12 0.79 (0.33~1.89) 0.84 (0.34~2.09) 1.25 (0.45~3.45)
Job Yes Ref Ref Ref
No 1.90 (1.15~3.14)∗ 1.33 (0.77~2.28) 1.09 (0.59~2.01)
Housewife 1.76 (0.96~3.21) 1.84 (0.98~3.45)∗ 1.28 (0.62~2.65)
Lifestyle related variable Number of toilet use at night None   Ref Ref
1 2.03 (0.16~0.54)∗ 1.38 (0.75~2.54)
2 5.06 (2.45~10.42)∗∗∗ 3.01 (1.35~6.71)∗∗
≥3 8.90 (3.73~21.23)∗∗∗ 4.10 (1.53~10.97)∗∗
Regular exercise Yes Ref Ref
No 0.67 ((0.45~1.00)∗ 0.64 (0.41~1.00)∗
Stressful event No Ref Ref
Yes 0.38 (0.23~0.63)∗∗∗ 0.71 (0.41~1.27)
Health related variables Illness No     Ref
Yes 1.28 (0.49~3.33)
Med No Ref
Yes 1.29 (0.51~3.26)
Perceived health Good Ref
Bad 2.79 (1.61~4.86)∗∗∗
Pain No Ref
Yes 4.80 (2.83~8.17)∗∗∗
Emotion Bad Ref
Good 0.51 (0.27~.98)
BMI Under Ref
Norm 0.29 (0.06~1.47)
Over 0.29 (0.06~1.48)
Obese 0.44 (0.09~2.25)

∗p＜.05;

∗∗p＜.01;

∗∗∗p＜.001.

Table 3.
Logistic Regression Analysis on Sleep Disturbance by Gender
Variables Characteristics Categories Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
OR (CI) of Male OR (CI) of Female OR (CI) of Male OR (CI) of Female OR (CI) of Male OR (CI) of Female
Sociodemogrphic variables Age (year) 45~54 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
55~64 0.92 (0.37~2.23) 2.15 (1.02~4.54)∗ 0.68 (0.26~1.79) 2.09 (0.95~4.61) 0.60 (0.19~1.84) 1.60 (0.55~4.67)
≥65 1.34 (0.48~3.74) 3.18 (1.39~7.28)∗∗ 1.09 (0.37~3.21) 2.95 (1.22~7.14)∗ 0.50 (0.13~1.90) 1.47 (0.46~4.70)
Education ≤6 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
≤9 0.51 (0.17~1.58) 0.90 (0.43~1.89) 0.44 (0.13~1.47) 0.95 (0.42~2.119) 0.08 (0.02~0.37) 1.32 (0.53~3.26)
≤12 0.93 (0.36~2.39) 0.93 (0.45~1.93) 0.84 (0.31~2.29) 1.03 (0.46~2.29) 0.53 (0.16~1.81) 1.67 (0.67~4.20)
＞12 0.56 (0.17~2.05) 0.87 (0.24~3.10) 0.62 (0.17~2.27) 0.91 (0.23~3.60) 0.61 (1.36~2.80) 1.31 (0.29~6.02)
Job Yes Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
No 3.80 (1.71~8.47)∗∗ 1.08 (0.54~2.16) 3.09 (1.30~7.33)∗ 0.65 (0.30~1.41) 4.10 (1.36~12.40)∗ 0.49 (0.20~1.17)
Housewife   1.26 (0.67~2.39)   1.24 (0.63~2.42)   0.77 (.35~1.70)
Lifestyle related variable Number of toilet use at night None   Ref Ref Ref Ref
1 2.78 (1.10~7.04)∗ 1.64 (0.81~3.35) 2.15 (0.75~6.18) 1.18 (0.53~2.65)
2 2.80 (0.79~9.94) 7.25 (2.87~18.33)∗∗∗ 0.98 (0.21~4.61) 6.40 (2.11~19.47)∗∗∗
≥3 18.55 (4.75~72.44)∗∗∗ 5.96 (1.80~19.74)∗∗ 15.82 (2.87~87.11)∗∗ 3.42 (0.89~13.16)
Regular exercise Yes Ref Ref Ref Ref
No 0.63 (0.34~1.19) 0.67 (0.39~0.52) 0.54 (0.24~1.20) 0.73 (0.40~1.35)
Stressful event No Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 0.61 (0.24~1.56) 0.27 (0.15~0.52)∗∗∗ 0.89 (0.26~3.05) 0.59 (0.27~1.18)
Health related variables Illness No   Ref Ref
Yes 5.21 (1.30~20.96)∗ 0.27 (0.05~1.50)
Med No Ref Ref
Yes 0.45 (0.12~1.75) 4.38 (0.84~22.93)
Perceived health Good Ref Ref
Bad 3.29 (1.13~9.56)∗ 3.06 (1.48~6.24)∗∗
Menopause Pre   Ref
During   16.10 (1.44~179.51)∗
Post   7.40 (0.76~71.74)
Pain No Ref Ref
Yes 10.82 (4.44~26.36)∗∗∗ 4.64 (2.18~9.89)∗∗∗
Emotion Bad Ref Ref
Good 0.06 (0.01~0.34)∗∗∗ 0.73 (0.33~1.61)
BMI Under ref Ref
Norm 0.04 (0.00~0.50) 0.73 (.051~10.44)
Over 0.03 (0.00~0.46) 0.70 (0.05~10.08)
Obese 0.06 (0.00~0.73) 1.03 (0.07~14.77)

BMI=body mass index;

∗p＜.05;

∗∗p＜.01;

∗∗∗p＜.001.

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      Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance in Community Dwelling Adults in Korea
      Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(2):183-193.   Published online April 30, 2013
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.1.183
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      Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance in Community Dwelling Adults in Korea
      Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(2):183-193.   Published online April 30, 2013
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.1.183
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      Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance in Community Dwelling Adults in Korea
      Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance in Community Dwelling Adults in Korea

      Difference Test on Sociodemographic, Life Style, and Health related Factors

      Variables Characteristics Categories   Total Sleep disturbance x2 or t p
      n (%) No Yes
      n (%) n (%)
      Sociodemographic Age (year) 45~54   320 (33.4) 297 (92.8) 23 (7.2) 25.02 ＜.001
      55~64   320 (33.4) 282 (88.1) 38 (11.9)
      ≥65   319 (33.3) 254 (79.6) 65 (20.4)
      Gender Male   480 (50.1) 430 (89.6) 50 (10.4) 6.24 .013
      Female   479 (49.9) 403 (84.1) 76 (15.9)
      Education ＜Elementary school   124 (12.9) 97 (78.2) 27 (21.8) 12.30 .006
      Middle school   166 (17.4) 141 (84.9) 25 (15.1)
      High school   546 (56.9) 482 (88.3) 64 (11.7)
      ≥College   123 (12.8) 113 (91.9) 10 (8.1)
      Job Having a job   547 (57.0) 502 (91.8) 45 (8.2) 27.45 ＜.001
      No job   247 (25.8) 196 (79.4) 51 (20.6)
      Housewife   165 (17.2) 135 (81.8) 30 (18.2)
      Life style Number of toilet use at night None   301 (31.4) 283 (94.0) 18 (6.0) 62.54 ＜.001
      1   545 (56.8) 476 (87.3) 69 (12.7)
      2   76 (7.9) 53 (69.7) 23 (30.3)
      ≥3   37 (3.9) 21 (56.8) 16 (43.2)
      Smoking Yes   205 (78.6) 180 (87.8) 25 (12.2) 0.20 .727
      No   754 (21.4) 653 (86.6) 101 (13.4)
      Drinking Yes   456 (47.5) 399 (87.5) 57 (12.5) 0.31 .632
      No   503 (52.5) 434 (86.3) 69 (13.7)
      Regular exercise Yes   372 (38.8) 313 (84.1) 59 (15.9) 3.94 .050
      No   587 (61.2) 520 (88.6) 67 (11.4)
      Stressful events Yes   120 (12.5) 89 (74.2) 31 (25.8) 19.37 ＜.001
      No   839 (87.5) 744 (88.7) 95 (11.3)
      Health related Illness Yes   393 (41.0) 284 (75.5) 92 (24.5) 68.18 ＜.001
      No   566 (59.0) 533 (94.2) 33 (5.8)
      Type of illness Hypertension Yes 266 (27.7) 204 (76.7) 62 (23.3) 19.37 ＜.001
      No 693 (72.3) 629 (90.8) 64 (9.2)
      DM Yes 101 (10.5) 81 (80.2) 20 (19.8) 4.39 .043
      No 858 (89.5) 752 (87.6) 106 (12.4)
      Heart disease Yes 31 (3.2) 25 (80.6) 6 (19.4) 1.09 .212
      No 928 (96.8) 808 (87.1) 120 (12.9)
      Respiratory disease Yes 21 (2.2) 12 (57.1) 9 (42.9) 16.62 .001
      No 938 (97.8) 821 (87.5) 117 (12.5)
      Arthritis Yes 90 (9.4) 66 (73.3) 24 (26.7) 15.93 .001
      No 869 (90.6) 767 (88.3) 102 (11.7)
      Urinary incontinence Yes 24 (2.5) 16 (66.7) 8 (33.3) 8.80 .008
      No 935 (97.5) 817 (87.4) 118 (12.6)
      Cancer Yes 13 (1.4) 9 (69.2) 4 (30.8) 3.59 .079
      No 946 (98.6) 824 (87.1) 122 (12.9)
      Others Yes 41 (4.28) 28 (68.3) 13 (31.7) 12.94 .001
      No 918 (95.72) 805 (87.7) 113 (12.3)
      Medication Yes   334 (34.8) 248 (74.3) 86 (25.7) 71.40 ＜001
      No   625 (65.2) 585 (93.6) 40 (6.4)
      Perceived health Good   807 (84.2) 747 (92.6) 60 (7.4) 145.14 ＜.001
      Bad   152 (15.8) 86 (56.6) 66 (43.4)
      Menopausal status Pre   67 (14.0) 66 (98.5) 1 (1.5) 12.40 .002
      During   28 (5.8) 24 (85.7) 4 (14.3)
      Post   384 (80.2) 313 (81.5) 71 (18.5)
      Pain Yes   292 (30.4) 197 (67.5) 95 (32.5) 138.39 ＜.001
      No   667 (69.6) 636 (95.4) 31 (4.6)
      Emotion Good   175 (18.2) 159 (90.9) 16 (9.1) 2.99 .050
      Bad   784 (81.8) 674 (86.0) 110 (14.0)
      BMI Underweight   12 (1.3) 9 (75.0) 3 (25.0) 13.36 .004
      Normal   359 (37.4) 324 (90.3) 35 (9.7)
      Overweight   343 (35.8) 302 (88.0) 41 (12.0)
      Obese   245 (25.5) 198 (80.8) 47 (13.1)

      DM=diabetes mellitus; BMI=body mass index.

      Logistic Regression on Sleep Disturbance

      Variables Characteristics Categories Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
      OR (CI) OR (CI) OR (CI)
      Sociodemographic variables Age (year) 45~54 Ref Ref Ref
      55~64 1.61 (0.91~2.85) 1.41 (0.78~2.54) 1.30 (0.68~2.40)
      ≥65 2.48 (1.33~4.62)∗∗ 2.18 (1.14~4.17)∗ 2.39 (0.66~2.91)
      Gender Male Ref Ref Ref
      Female 1.31 (0.83~2.09) 1.26 (0.77~2.07) 1.00 (0.58~1.73)
      Education ≤6 Ref Ref Ref
      7~≤9 0.78 (0.42~1.44) 0.76 (0.39~1.46) 0.77 (0.37~1.62)
      10~≤12 0.96 (0.54~1.71) 0.99 (0.54~1.82) 1.40 (0.69~2.85)
      ＞12 0.79 (0.33~1.89) 0.84 (0.34~2.09) 1.25 (0.45~3.45)
      Job Yes Ref Ref Ref
      No 1.90 (1.15~3.14)∗ 1.33 (0.77~2.28) 1.09 (0.59~2.01)
      Housewife 1.76 (0.96~3.21) 1.84 (0.98~3.45)∗ 1.28 (0.62~2.65)
      Lifestyle related variable Number of toilet use at night None   Ref Ref
      1 2.03 (0.16~0.54)∗ 1.38 (0.75~2.54)
      2 5.06 (2.45~10.42)∗∗∗ 3.01 (1.35~6.71)∗∗
      ≥3 8.90 (3.73~21.23)∗∗∗ 4.10 (1.53~10.97)∗∗
      Regular exercise Yes Ref Ref
      No 0.67 ((0.45~1.00)∗ 0.64 (0.41~1.00)∗
      Stressful event No Ref Ref
      Yes 0.38 (0.23~0.63)∗∗∗ 0.71 (0.41~1.27)
      Health related variables Illness No     Ref
      Yes 1.28 (0.49~3.33)
      Med No Ref
      Yes 1.29 (0.51~3.26)
      Perceived health Good Ref
      Bad 2.79 (1.61~4.86)∗∗∗
      Pain No Ref
      Yes 4.80 (2.83~8.17)∗∗∗
      Emotion Bad Ref
      Good 0.51 (0.27~.98)
      BMI Under Ref
      Norm 0.29 (0.06~1.47)
      Over 0.29 (0.06~1.48)
      Obese 0.44 (0.09~2.25)

      ∗p＜.05;

      ∗∗p＜.01;

      ∗∗∗p＜.001.

      Logistic Regression Analysis on Sleep Disturbance by Gender

      Variables Characteristics Categories Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
      OR (CI) of Male OR (CI) of Female OR (CI) of Male OR (CI) of Female OR (CI) of Male OR (CI) of Female
      Sociodemogrphic variables Age (year) 45~54 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
      55~64 0.92 (0.37~2.23) 2.15 (1.02~4.54)∗ 0.68 (0.26~1.79) 2.09 (0.95~4.61) 0.60 (0.19~1.84) 1.60 (0.55~4.67)
      ≥65 1.34 (0.48~3.74) 3.18 (1.39~7.28)∗∗ 1.09 (0.37~3.21) 2.95 (1.22~7.14)∗ 0.50 (0.13~1.90) 1.47 (0.46~4.70)
      Education ≤6 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
      ≤9 0.51 (0.17~1.58) 0.90 (0.43~1.89) 0.44 (0.13~1.47) 0.95 (0.42~2.119) 0.08 (0.02~0.37) 1.32 (0.53~3.26)
      ≤12 0.93 (0.36~2.39) 0.93 (0.45~1.93) 0.84 (0.31~2.29) 1.03 (0.46~2.29) 0.53 (0.16~1.81) 1.67 (0.67~4.20)
      ＞12 0.56 (0.17~2.05) 0.87 (0.24~3.10) 0.62 (0.17~2.27) 0.91 (0.23~3.60) 0.61 (1.36~2.80) 1.31 (0.29~6.02)
      Job Yes Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
      No 3.80 (1.71~8.47)∗∗ 1.08 (0.54~2.16) 3.09 (1.30~7.33)∗ 0.65 (0.30~1.41) 4.10 (1.36~12.40)∗ 0.49 (0.20~1.17)
      Housewife   1.26 (0.67~2.39)   1.24 (0.63~2.42)   0.77 (.35~1.70)
      Lifestyle related variable Number of toilet use at night None   Ref Ref Ref Ref
      1 2.78 (1.10~7.04)∗ 1.64 (0.81~3.35) 2.15 (0.75~6.18) 1.18 (0.53~2.65)
      2 2.80 (0.79~9.94) 7.25 (2.87~18.33)∗∗∗ 0.98 (0.21~4.61) 6.40 (2.11~19.47)∗∗∗
      ≥3 18.55 (4.75~72.44)∗∗∗ 5.96 (1.80~19.74)∗∗ 15.82 (2.87~87.11)∗∗ 3.42 (0.89~13.16)
      Regular exercise Yes Ref Ref Ref Ref
      No 0.63 (0.34~1.19) 0.67 (0.39~0.52) 0.54 (0.24~1.20) 0.73 (0.40~1.35)
      Stressful event No Ref Ref Ref Ref
      Yes 0.61 (0.24~1.56) 0.27 (0.15~0.52)∗∗∗ 0.89 (0.26~3.05) 0.59 (0.27~1.18)
      Health related variables Illness No   Ref Ref
      Yes 5.21 (1.30~20.96)∗ 0.27 (0.05~1.50)
      Med No Ref Ref
      Yes 0.45 (0.12~1.75) 4.38 (0.84~22.93)
      Perceived health Good Ref Ref
      Bad 3.29 (1.13~9.56)∗ 3.06 (1.48~6.24)∗∗
      Menopause Pre   Ref
      During   16.10 (1.44~179.51)∗
      Post   7.40 (0.76~71.74)
      Pain No Ref Ref
      Yes 10.82 (4.44~26.36)∗∗∗ 4.64 (2.18~9.89)∗∗∗
      Emotion Bad Ref Ref
      Good 0.06 (0.01~0.34)∗∗∗ 0.73 (0.33~1.61)
      BMI Under ref Ref
      Norm 0.04 (0.00~0.50) 0.73 (.051~10.44)
      Over 0.03 (0.00~0.46) 0.70 (0.05~10.08)
      Obese 0.06 (0.00~0.73) 1.03 (0.07~14.77)

      BMI=body mass index;

      ∗p＜.05;

      ∗∗p＜.01;

      ∗∗∗p＜.001.
      Table 1. Difference Test on Sociodemographic, Life Style, and Health related Factors

      DM=diabetes mellitus; BMI=body mass index.

      Table 2. Logistic Regression on Sleep Disturbance

      p＜.05;

      p＜.01;

      p＜.001.

      Table 3. Logistic Regression Analysis on Sleep Disturbance by Gender

      BMI=body mass index;

      p＜.05;

      p＜.01;

      p＜.001.

      Table 1.

      Table 2.

      Table 3.

      Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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