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Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army
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Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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Original Article

Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

Eunji Hong1, Choi-Kwon Smi2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(1):106-115.
Published online: February 29, 2016

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Corresponding author: Choi-Kwon, Smi College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8830, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, E-mail: smi@snu.ac.kr
• Received: January 20, 2016   • Accepted: February 13, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study aimed to investigate sleep, fatigue, and the level of health promoting behaviors in Korean army soldiers. The factors influencing on health promoting behaviors of soldiers were also identified.
  • Methods
    A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. Data was collected from 269 soldiers in four military units of Korea in July 2015. Verran and Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-Ⅱ were used.
  • Results
    The health promoting behaviors were significantly different by perceived health status (p<.001) and presence of fatigue (p<.001). There were significant correlations between quality of sleep, fatigue, and health promoting behaviors of the subjects. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the level of health promoting behaviors were lower in the subjects with high level of fatigue (p<.001) and with fair perceived health status (p=.003).
  • Conclusion
    In order to increase health promoting behaviors of soldiers, it takes into account of soldiers’ fatigue and perceived health status. Environmental arrangement for soldiers for the break time is needed urgently to decrease their fatigue as well as to improve their sleep quality.
  • Key Words: Soldier; Sleep; Fatigue; Health promoting behaviors
Table 1.
Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)
Variables Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD
General characteristics Age (year) ≤21 35 (13.0) 22.48±1.38
22 144 (53.5)
≥23 90 (33.5)
Level of education ≤High school 41 (15.2)
Under college 76 (28.3)
≥University 152 (56.5)
Body mass index (kg/m2) Underweight 7 (2.6)
Normal 151 (56.1)
Overweight 62 (23.0)
Obese 49 (18.2)
Perceived health status Poor 10 (3.7)
Fair 97 (36.1)
Good 162 (60.2)
Military-related characteristics Class Private class 32 (11.9)
Private first class 86 (32.0)
Corporal 116 (43.1)
Sergeant 35 (13.0)
Service branch Soldier 142 (52.8)
Chocolate olider 127 (47.2)
Service period (months) ≤11 130 (48.3) 11.27±4.99
12~21 139 (51.7)
The form of shift work ≥12hrs indoor work 58 (12.8)
2hrs indoor work 182 (40.2)
2hrs outdoor work 170 (37.5)
et cetera 43 (9.5)
The number of shift works 1 139 (51.7)
≥2 130 (48.3)
Table 2.
Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)
Variables Categories Range n (%) M±SD
Duration of sleep   4~9   7.08±0.92
Quality of sleep   15~55   33.80±6.93
Fatigue severity scale   1~7   3.72±1.05
Fatigue group Not fatigued   158 (58.7)  
Fatigued   111 (41.3)  
Health promoting behaviors Total 1.73~3.75   2.59±0.37
Health responsibility 1.22~3.89   2.30±0.53
Physical activity 1.00~3.88   2.49±0.65
Nutrition 1.33~3.89   2.49±0.39
Spiritual growth 1.44~4.00   2.85±0.50
Interpersonal relations 1.56~4.00   3.01±0.49
Stress management 1.38~3.88   2.39±0.47
Table 3.
Health Promoting Behaviors according to the Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)
Variables Variables Categories M±SD t or F p
General characteristics Age (year) ≤21 2.58±0.35 1.23 .295
22 2.57±0.40
≥23 2.64±0.35
Level of education ≤High school 2.64±0.39 0.98 .377
Under college 2.54±0.37
≥University 2.61±0.37
Body mass index (kg/m2) Non-obese 2.59±0.37 -0.30 .763
Obese 2.61±0.40
Perceived health status Poor 2.72±0.38 19.00† ＜.001
Fair 2.47±0.32
Good 2.66±0.38
Military-related characteristics Class Private class 2.60±0.40 0.63 .598
Private first class 2.57±0.36
Corporal 2.59±0.37
Sergeant 2.67±0.40
Service branch Soldier 2.62±0.37 1.12 .263
Chocolate solider 2.57±0.38
Service period (months) ≤11 2.56±0.37 -1.39 .164
12~21 2.63±0.38
The number of shift work 1 2.62±0.33 1.02 .310
≥2 2.57±0.35

†Kruskal-Wallis test result (chi-square).

Table 4.
Correlations of Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)
Variables Duration of sleep Quality of sleep Fatigue Health promoting behaviors
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Duration of sleep 1      
Quality of sleep -.390 (＜.001) 1    
Fatigue -.198 (.001) .606 (＜.001) 1  
Health promoting behaviors .095 (.118) -.238 (＜.001) -.308 (＜.001) 1
Table 5.
Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behaviors
Model B SE β t p Adjusted R2
1 (Constant) FSS 3.01 0.08   37.34 ＜.001 .092
-0.11 0.02 -0.31 -5.30 ＜.001
2 (Constant) FSS Perceived health status (fair) 2.98 0.08   37.42 ＜.001 .118
-0.09 0.02 -0.25 -4.19 ＜.001
-0.14 0.04 -0.18 -3.00 .003

FSS=fatigue severity scale.

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    Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(1):106-115.   Published online February 29, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.1.106
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    Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(1):106-115.   Published online February 29, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.1.106
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    Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army
    Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

    Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

    Variables Characteristics Categories n (%) M±SD
    General characteristics Age (year) ≤21 35 (13.0) 22.48±1.38
    22 144 (53.5)
    ≥23 90 (33.5)
    Level of education ≤High school 41 (15.2)
    Under college 76 (28.3)
    ≥University 152 (56.5)
    Body mass index (kg/m2) Underweight 7 (2.6)
    Normal 151 (56.1)
    Overweight 62 (23.0)
    Obese 49 (18.2)
    Perceived health status Poor 10 (3.7)
    Fair 97 (36.1)
    Good 162 (60.2)
    Military-related characteristics Class Private class 32 (11.9)
    Private first class 86 (32.0)
    Corporal 116 (43.1)
    Sergeant 35 (13.0)
    Service branch Soldier 142 (52.8)
    Chocolate olider 127 (47.2)
    Service period (months) ≤11 130 (48.3) 11.27±4.99
    12~21 139 (51.7)
    The form of shift work ≥12hrs indoor work 58 (12.8)
    2hrs indoor work 182 (40.2)
    2hrs outdoor work 170 (37.5)
    et cetera 43 (9.5)
    The number of shift works 1 139 (51.7)
    ≥2 130 (48.3)

    Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

    Variables Categories Range n (%) M±SD
    Duration of sleep   4~9   7.08±0.92
    Quality of sleep   15~55   33.80±6.93
    Fatigue severity scale   1~7   3.72±1.05
    Fatigue group Not fatigued   158 (58.7)  
    Fatigued   111 (41.3)  
    Health promoting behaviors Total 1.73~3.75   2.59±0.37
    Health responsibility 1.22~3.89   2.30±0.53
    Physical activity 1.00~3.88   2.49±0.65
    Nutrition 1.33~3.89   2.49±0.39
    Spiritual growth 1.44~4.00   2.85±0.50
    Interpersonal relations 1.56~4.00   3.01±0.49
    Stress management 1.38~3.88   2.39±0.47

    Health Promoting Behaviors according to the Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

    Variables Variables Categories M±SD t or F p
    General characteristics Age (year) ≤21 2.58±0.35 1.23 .295
    22 2.57±0.40
    ≥23 2.64±0.35
    Level of education ≤High school 2.64±0.39 0.98 .377
    Under college 2.54±0.37
    ≥University 2.61±0.37
    Body mass index (kg/m2) Non-obese 2.59±0.37 -0.30 .763
    Obese 2.61±0.40
    Perceived health status Poor 2.72±0.38 19.00† ＜.001
    Fair 2.47±0.32
    Good 2.66±0.38
    Military-related characteristics Class Private class 2.60±0.40 0.63 .598
    Private first class 2.57±0.36
    Corporal 2.59±0.37
    Sergeant 2.67±0.40
    Service branch Soldier 2.62±0.37 1.12 .263
    Chocolate solider 2.57±0.38
    Service period (months) ≤11 2.56±0.37 -1.39 .164
    12~21 2.63±0.38
    The number of shift work 1 2.62±0.33 1.02 .310
    ≥2 2.57±0.35

    †Kruskal-Wallis test result (chi-square).

    Correlations of Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

    Variables Duration of sleep Quality of sleep Fatigue Health promoting behaviors
    r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Duration of sleep 1      
    Quality of sleep -.390 (＜.001) 1    
    Fatigue -.198 (.001) .606 (＜.001) 1  
    Health promoting behaviors .095 (.118) -.238 (＜.001) -.308 (＜.001) 1

    Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behaviors

    Model B SE β t p Adjusted R2
    1 (Constant) FSS 3.01 0.08   37.34 ＜.001 .092
    -0.11 0.02 -0.31 -5.30 ＜.001
    2 (Constant) FSS Perceived health status (fair) 2.98 0.08   37.42 ＜.001 .118
    -0.09 0.02 -0.25 -4.19 ＜.001
    -0.14 0.04 -0.18 -3.00 .003

    FSS=fatigue severity scale.
    Table 1. Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

    Table 2. Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

    Table 3. Health Promoting Behaviors according to the Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

    Kruskal-Wallis test result (chi-square).

    Table 4. Correlations of Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

    Table 5. Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behaviors

    FSS=fatigue severity scale.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

    Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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