Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

Eunji Hong; Choi-Kwon Smi

doi:10.7469/kjan.2016.28.1.106

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Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

Eunji Hong¹, Choi-Kwon Smi²

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(1):106-115.
Published online: February 29, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7469/kjan.2016.28.1.106

¹College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul

²College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Choi-Kwon, Smi College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8830, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, E-mail: smi@snu.ac.kr

• Received: January 20, 2016 • Accepted: February 13, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate sleep, fatigue, and the level of health promoting behaviors in Korean army soldiers. The factors influencing on health promoting behaviors of soldiers were also identified.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. Data was collected from 269 soldiers in four military units of Korea in July 2015. Verran and Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-Ⅱ were used.
Results
The health promoting behaviors were significantly different by perceived health status (p<.001) and presence of fatigue (p<.001). There were significant correlations between quality of sleep, fatigue, and health promoting behaviors of the subjects. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the level of health promoting behaviors were lower in the subjects with high level of fatigue (p<.001) and with fair perceived health status (p=.003).
Conclusion
In order to increase health promoting behaviors of soldiers, it takes into account of soldiers’ fatigue and perceived health status. Environmental arrangement for soldiers for the break time is needed urgently to decrease their fatigue as well as to improve their sleep quality.
Key Words: Soldier; Sleep; Fatigue; Health promoting behaviors

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	M±SD
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤21	35 (13.0)	22.48±1.38
		22	144 (53.5)
		≥23	90 (33.5)
	Level of education	≤High school	41 (15.2)
		Under college	76 (28.3)
		≥University	152 (56.5)
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	Underweight	7 (2.6)
		Normal	151 (56.1)
		Overweight	62 (23.0)
		Obese	49 (18.2)
	Perceived health status	Poor	10 (3.7)
		Fair	97 (36.1)
		Good	162 (60.2)
Military-related characteristics	Class	Private class	32 (11.9)
		Private first class	86 (32.0)
		Corporal	116 (43.1)
		Sergeant	35 (13.0)
	Service branch	Soldier	142 (52.8)
	Service branch	Chocolate olider	127 (47.2)
	Service period (months)	≤11	130 (48.3)	11.27±4.99
	Service period (months)	12~21	139 (51.7)
	The form of shift work	≥12hrs indoor work	58 (12.8)
		2hrs indoor work	182 (40.2)
		2hrs outdoor work	170 (37.5)
		et cetera	43 (9.5)
	The number of shift works	1	139 (51.7)
	The number of shift works	≥2	130 (48.3)

Table 2.

Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Categories	Range	n (%)	M±SD
Duration of sleep		4~9		7.08±0.92
Quality of sleep		15~55		33.80±6.93
Fatigue severity scale		1~7		3.72±1.05
Fatigue group	Not fatigued		158 (58.7)
Fatigue group	Fatigued		111 (41.3)
Health promoting behaviors	Total	1.73~3.75		2.59±0.37
	Health responsibility	1.22~3.89		2.30±0.53
	Physical activity	1.00~3.88		2.49±0.65
	Nutrition	1.33~3.89		2.49±0.39
	Spiritual growth	1.44~4.00		2.85±0.50
	Interpersonal relations	1.56~4.00		3.01±0.49
	Stress management	1.38~3.88		2.39±0.47

Table 3.

Health Promoting Behaviors according to the Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Variables	Categories	M±SD	t or F	p
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤21	2.58±0.35	1.23	.295
		22	2.57±0.40
		≥23	2.64±0.35
	Level of education	≤High school	2.64±0.39	0.98	.377
		Under college	2.54±0.37
		≥University	2.61±0.37
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	Non-obese	2.59±0.37	-0.30	.763
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	Obese	2.61±0.40	-0.30	.763
	Perceived health status	Poor	2.72±0.38	19.00^†	＜.001
		Fair	2.47±0.32
		Good	2.66±0.38
Military-related characteristics	Class	Private class	2.60±0.40	0.63	.598
		Private first class	2.57±0.36
		Corporal	2.59±0.37
		Sergeant	2.67±0.40
	Service branch	Soldier	2.62±0.37	1.12	.263
	Service branch	Chocolate solider	2.57±0.38	1.12	.263
	Service period (months)	≤11	2.56±0.37	-1.39	.164
	Service period (months)	12~21	2.63±0.38	-1.39	.164
	The number of shift work	1	2.62±0.33	1.02	.310
	The number of shift work	≥2	2.57±0.35	1.02	.310

^†Kruskal-Wallis test result (chi-square).

Table 4.

Correlations of Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Duration of sleep	Quality of sleep	Fatigue	Health promoting behaviors
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Duration of sleep	1
Quality of sleep	-.390 (＜.001)	1
Fatigue	-.198 (.001)	.606 (＜.001)	1
Health promoting behaviors	.095 (.118)	-.238 (＜.001)	-.308 (＜.001)	1

Table 5.

Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behaviors

Model	B	SE	_β	t	p	Adjusted R²
1 (Constant) FSS	3.01	0.08		37.34	＜.001	.092
1 (Constant) FSS	-0.11	0.02	-0.31	-5.30	＜.001	.092
2 (Constant) FSS Perceived health status (fair)	2.98	0.08		37.42	＜.001	.118
	-0.09	0.02	-0.25	-4.19	＜.001
	-0.14	0.04	-0.18	-3.00	.003

FSS=fatigue severity scale.

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8.Joe SY, KO EJ, Kim HH. Research on the health behaviors of military personnel: systematic literature review. Journal of military nursing research. 2001;29(1):124-37.
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13.Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The fatigue severity scale: application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Archives of Neurology. 1989;46(10):1121-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1989.00520460115022.
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Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(1):106-115. Published online February 29, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.1.106

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Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(1):106-115. Published online February 29, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.1.106

Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	M±SD
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤21	35 (13.0)	22.48±1.38
		22	144 (53.5)
		≥23	90 (33.5)
	Level of education	≤High school	41 (15.2)
		Under college	76 (28.3)
		≥University	152 (56.5)
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	Underweight	7 (2.6)
		Normal	151 (56.1)
		Overweight	62 (23.0)
		Obese	49 (18.2)
	Perceived health status	Poor	10 (3.7)
		Fair	97 (36.1)
		Good	162 (60.2)
Military-related characteristics	Class	Private class	32 (11.9)
		Private first class	86 (32.0)
		Corporal	116 (43.1)
		Sergeant	35 (13.0)
	Service branch	Soldier	142 (52.8)
	Service branch	Chocolate olider	127 (47.2)
	Service period (months)	≤11	130 (48.3)	11.27±4.99
	Service period (months)	12~21	139 (51.7)
	The form of shift work	≥12hrs indoor work	58 (12.8)
		2hrs indoor work	182 (40.2)
		2hrs outdoor work	170 (37.5)
		et cetera	43 (9.5)
	The number of shift works	1	139 (51.7)
	The number of shift works	≥2	130 (48.3)

Table 2.

Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Categories	Range	n (%)	M±SD
Duration of sleep		4~9		7.08±0.92
Quality of sleep		15~55		33.80±6.93
Fatigue severity scale		1~7		3.72±1.05
Fatigue group	Not fatigued		158 (58.7)
Fatigue group	Fatigued		111 (41.3)
Health promoting behaviors	Total	1.73~3.75		2.59±0.37
	Health responsibility	1.22~3.89		2.30±0.53
	Physical activity	1.00~3.88		2.49±0.65
	Nutrition	1.33~3.89		2.49±0.39
	Spiritual growth	1.44~4.00		2.85±0.50
	Interpersonal relations	1.56~4.00		3.01±0.49
	Stress management	1.38~3.88		2.39±0.47

Table 3.

Health Promoting Behaviors according to the Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Variables	Categories	M±SD	t or F	p
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤21	2.58±0.35	1.23	.295
		22	2.57±0.40
		≥23	2.64±0.35
	Level of education	≤High school	2.64±0.39	0.98	.377
		Under college	2.54±0.37
		≥University	2.61±0.37
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	Non-obese	2.59±0.37	-0.30	.763
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	Obese	2.61±0.40	-0.30	.763
	Perceived health status	Poor	2.72±0.38	19.00^†	＜.001
		Fair	2.47±0.32
		Good	2.66±0.38
Military-related characteristics	Class	Private class	2.60±0.40	0.63	.598
		Private first class	2.57±0.36
		Corporal	2.59±0.37
		Sergeant	2.67±0.40
	Service branch	Soldier	2.62±0.37	1.12	.263
	Service branch	Chocolate solider	2.57±0.38	1.12	.263
	Service period (months)	≤11	2.56±0.37	-1.39	.164
	Service period (months)	12~21	2.63±0.38	-1.39	.164
	The number of shift work	1	2.62±0.33	1.02	.310
	The number of shift work	≥2	2.57±0.35	1.02	.310

^†Kruskal-Wallis test result (chi-square).

Table 4.

Correlations of Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

Variables	Duration of sleep	Quality of sleep	Fatigue	Health promoting behaviors
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Duration of sleep	1
Quality of sleep	-.390 (＜.001)	1
Fatigue	-.198 (.001)	.606 (＜.001)	1
Health promoting behaviors	.095 (.118)	-.238 (＜.001)	-.308 (＜.001)	1

Table 5.

Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behaviors

Model	B	SE	_β	t	p	Adjusted R²
1 (Constant) FSS	3.01	0.08		37.34	＜.001	.092
1 (Constant) FSS	-0.11	0.02	-0.31	-5.30	＜.001	.092
2 (Constant) FSS Perceived health status (fair)	2.98	0.08		37.42	＜.001	.118
	-0.09	0.02	-0.25	-4.19	＜.001
	-0.14	0.04	-0.18	-3.00	.003

FSS=fatigue severity scale.

Table 1. Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

Table 2. Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

Table 3. Health Promoting Behaviors according to the Characteristics of the Subjects (N=269)

†

Kruskal-Wallis test result (chi-square).

Table 4. Correlations of Sleep, Fatigue, and Health Promoting Behaviors of the Subjects (N=269)

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