1Graduate School of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul
2Red-Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea JFIF d d Ducky d qhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ |er˭|I|-fGK.rΛp8XV1%K6mvG+tc+qE &ǸC_Nm:l=_/m5^[dߌڇ.c<%:)tQ$Ow~-aY;UJ >=F)2[nk؆?훐 M=l6[4(O.]2#-H^n#->&mp5~Fӛ+|| S,xag% qkEUzUgæBhߕP(7]kFnq?֖Cpru Z6*rEڊtS|*tI*E}7R<,nUU֫^I7Q*mSly%rdȓd8hE<9oHhMfNSRj[i7D[Rj݊+kდq{"$$H?p \̅S?㭻;t~ R߁ )^/>Qj`yt[w ԛ;² ~+ ߔ_ YW~|o] ?x^ᯛ `ʼn;g)T@vWn]>&4l p+$D̢1l|ȨF%-} .9[}w~
ԠLM9hСablfe&QoW !s ?wjLK?s7yO>(=C~_nyǜu? v 3vyo oI@qV-jeES^[9WoSܝh"l2C1a͔CiJ@3:Pճw= /7ovuk+\V;lDgն <[A+r X~d;m!_s8ݖ;;.0llUC+?i#_crʙ1~C.\q u l8Hܶ2m`ܻM3Tov|Bs rɵ"oLS-
DКw=Tv@f '6|YlD͓Y%-#Ѯo%:&!3o%\J<02;K87>^vgƓ# ;ݝmz^Y6=PS39U%~
&f#
}o!muH; ʲŇ˷yvP+&.7e[3'vR4Yj̗IZ`e˽3o[WU{
m[sUbۋZǾۆl6~9'V*.\S2<Sd*zY[aŶ`]C$n.v^Ʌ
dng>ەZ,Mmϑ :n6nϦezW qUJ4! ۇ4R! =>>F n|Q[{pRO 17ƕ~._I ''00k=b՛o}Osðc2'o\3}ݭQ^ 2 . R1yKȣtAݿ-u ܾw!`?1Whn|gzU o[ECWwjUIן)^h#1ɭ!/Z
np;o;ΗŻkXs."6E`Z1
עӐ9Kl8qd q} 2Stt;#j>;խabONŗ=fwP1j)l6J̶|gV 2`y/0E˛6+ԫ1?
6}KW c\KoKͨ2ۅFws*TԞLיuDx .kCzWXhy۶gLu|%TnupǺl-S* P RaLnT+c+*xl.v!.U=|; !_L̎뱚U=4hm:ٯ"y)$:>%(n}X'p[ȴ
^˒4kƓmzDx
\
'Nq amP7nyN݅=
Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Quality Evaluation of the Study
| Variables | Yes | No |
|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |
| Did you clearly present the study? | 62 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Did you talk about sampling? | 42 (68.0) | 20 (32.0) |
| Did you gain a measure of science and technology (reliability, validity)? | 62 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Did you clearly present the analytical method? | 62 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Has presented the sample size can be calculated based? | 12 (19.0) | 50 (81.0) |
Effect Size of Variables related to Death Anxiety
| Variables | Categories | K | ES | 95% | % CI | I |
N | Q (p) | ERI (p) | Fisher's Z and 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Age | 8 | -0.18 | -0.26 | -0.10 | 85.4 | 2,176 | 4.03 (.400) | -2.74 | |
| Education | 10 | -0.16 | -0.23 | -0.09 | 53.8 | 2,270 | (.12) | |||
| Economic conditions | 9 | -0.14 | -0.21 | -0.06 | 68.3 | 2,280 | ||||
| Religious status | 6 | -0.13 | -0.22 | -0.04 | 24.0 | 1,514 | ||||
| Marital status | 5 | -0.11 | -0.21 | -0.01 | 0.0 | 1,185 | ||||
| Sub total | 38 | -0.15 | -0.20 | -0.10 | 65.4 | 9,425 | 107.01 (＜.001) | |||
| Familial | Family support | 5 | -0.42 | -0.72 | -0.13 | 96.7 | 778 | 18.22 (＜.001) | 2.40 | |
| Family cohesion | 7 | -0.30 | -0.55 | -0.06 | 94.1 | 1,721 | (.76) | |||
| Sub total | 12 | -0.35 | -0.45 | -0.26 | 95.4 | 2,499 | 239.46 (＜.001) | |||
| Physical | HPB | 2 | -0.23 | -0.39 | -0.07 | 0.0 | 487 | 5.04 (.080) | 0.97 | |
| Objective health status | 6 | -0.21 | -0.30 | -0.11 | 85.1 | 1,155 | (.63) | |||
| Subjective health status | 13 | -0.16 | -0.22 | -0.10 | 44.1 | 3,457 | ||||
| Sub total | 21 | -0.18 | -0.25 | -0.11 | 66.7 | 5,099 | 60.04 (＜.001) | |||
| Social | Religious activities | 6 | -0.25 | -0.36 | -0.13 | 87.3 | 1,551 | 6.72 (.030) | -4.59 | |
| Social support | 12 | -0.22 | -0.30 | -0.14 | 84.9 | 2,978 | (.11) | |||
| Social activities | 8 | -0.17 | -0.27 | -0.07 | 75.0 | 3,527 | ||||
| Sub total | 26 | -0.21 | -0.27 | -0.15 | 83.1 | 8,056 | 147.43 (＜.001) | |||
| Psychological | Ego integrity | 21 | -0.35 | -0.42 | -0.29 | 85.4 | 6,347 | 98.71 (＜.001) | -1.40 | |
| Depression |
24 | -0.28 | -0.34 | -0.21 | 84.6 | 6,420 | (.72) | |||
| Spiritual well-being | 9 | -0.26 | -0.36 | -0.16 | 94.5 | 2,838 | ||||
| Life satisfaction | 16 | -0.26 | -0.34 | -0.17 | 80.5 | 3,431 | ||||
| Self-esteem | 4 | -0.24 | -0.41 | -0.08 | 0.0 | 716 | ||||
| Death readiness | 7 | -0.18 | -0.29 | -0.06 | 71.3 | 2,117 | ||||
| Mental health | 2 | -0.17 | -0.40 | 0.06 | 0.0 | 371 | ||||
| Meaning of life | 3 | -0.17 | -0.35 | 0.02 | 0.0 | 702 | ||||
| Afterlife view | 5 | -0.16 | -0.30 | -0.02 | 58.0 | 1,670 | ||||
| Sub total | 91 | -0.27 | -0.30 | -0.23 | 86.1 | 24,612 | 640.53 (＜.001) | |||
| Whole variable effect size of death anxiety | 188 | -0.23 | -0.26 | -0.21 | 86.2 | 49,691 1 | ,359.14 (＜.001) | -0.70 | ||
| (.43) | -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 | |||||||||
K=number of studies; ES=effect size; CI=confidence interval, Q=Q-value between subgroups; I
2=the proportion of true variance; N=sample size; ERI=Egger's regression intercept; HPB=health promoting behaviors;
†Coding reverse.
Effect Size of the Adjustment Factors
| Variables | Categories | K | ES | 95% CI | I |
Q | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of residence | Facility | 26 | -0.26 | -0.33 -0.20 | 82.3 | 1.79 | .410 |
| Home | 158 | -0.23 | -0.25 -0.20 | 86.9 | |||
| Facility· Home | 4 | -0.15 | -0.32 0.02 | 0.0 | |||
| Source | PhD. dissertation | 15 | -0.23 | -0.31 -0.14 | 84.2 | 4.04 | .130 |
| Master's thesis | 82 | -0.20 | -0.24 -0.17 | 77.4 | |||
| Journal | 91 | -0.26 | -0.29 -0.22 | 89.8 | |||
| Measurement of death anxiety | FODS | 94 | -0.22 | -0.25 -0.18 | 86.6 | 3.76 | .290 |
| PDAS | 26 | -0.27 | -0.34 -0.20 | 89.4 | |||
| RDAS | 12 | -0.29 | -0.38 -0.20 | 91.6 | |||
| TDAS | 56 | -0.22 | -0.27 -0.18 | 78.9 |
K=Number of studies; ES=Effect Size; CI=Confidence interval; I
2=the proportion of true variance; Q=Q-value between subgroups; FODS=Fear of Death Scale; TDAS=Templer Death Anxiety Scale; RDAS=Revised Death Anxiety Scale.
Appen dix: Summary of Characteristic cs of f Studi ies included for Meta- -Analy sis
| Researchers | Title | SS | Source | Related variables | TR | DM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yim (2001) | A study on the social support, self-esteem and death anxiety of the elderly | 311 | Thesis | Social support, self-esteem | Home | PDAS |
| Sim (2001) | The relationships between death anxiety and social support in the elderly people | 263 | Thesis | Social support | Home | FODS |
| Bae (2002) | The relationships between death anxiety and family support in the elderly people | 70 | Thesis | Family support | Home | FODS |
| Kwon et al. (2003) | A correlation study on spiritual well-being and death anxiety of the elderly | 358 | Journal | Spiritual well-being | Home | PDAS |
| Yim (2003) | A study on death-fear, health improvement activity and life satisfaction of old people | 130 | Thesis | Health improvement activity, life satisfaction | Home | FODS |
| Yeo et al. (2005) | The impact of the death anxiety and social activity on the depression in the elderly | 517 | Journal | Social activity, depression | Home | RDAS |
| Lee (2005) | A study of factors influencing the death anxiety of the aged in nursing home for the patients with the mental disorders | 151 | Thesis | Family relation ship, family support, education, age, ego integrity, religious activities, sense of alienation, personality change | Facility | TDAS |
| Yeo et al. (2006) | Effects of reminiscence function, depression, death-anxiety and social activity on the ego-integrity in the elderly | 517 | Journal | Social activity, ego integrity | Home Facility | TDAS |
| Kim (2006) | Meaning in life and death anxiety in the elderly | 285 | Thesis | Meaning in life | Home | FODS |
| Jang et al. (2007) | The effect of family factors on death anxiety of the aged | 238 | Journal | Family cohesion, family support | Home | FODS |
| Kim et al. (2007) | A study of quality of life, death anxiety and spiritual well being in elders | 76 | Journal | Quality of life, spiritual well-being | Facility | PDAS |
| Kim (2007) | Relationship between spiritual well-being and anxiety toward death of the elderly | 156 | Thesis | Spiritual well-being | Facility | PDAS |
| Kim (2007) | Death anxiety of hospitalized elderly patients | 104 | Thesis | Health status | Facility | FODS |
| Lee (2008) | Impact of religious activities on life satisfaction and death anxiety in the elderly | 137 | Thesis | Life satisfaction, religious activities | Home | FODS |
| Moon et al. (2008) | The relaeionship between the death preparation of the aged and successful aging: focusing depression and death anxiety as mediators | 283 | Journal | Depression, ego integrity | Home | RDAS |
| Park (2008) | Elderly preparation for death and anxiety of death | 200 | Thesis | Preparation for death | Home | PDAS |
| Oh (2008) | Study of senior housing residents’ fear of death | 140 | Thesis | Self-esteem | Facility | FODS |
| Kwon (2008) | A survey on the determinants of death anxiety in nursing-home residents | 280 | Journal | Depression, ADL, ego integrity, self-esteem, mental health, social support, health status | Facility | TDAS |
| Suh et al. (2008) | A study on death anxiety of older adults focusing on gender and spouse -on the basis of the four dimensions of death anxiety- | 296 | Journal | Preparation for death, afterlife view, education | Home | FODS |
| Kim (2009) | Effects of spirituality in old age on death anxiety | 247 | Thesis | Family function, living together family, age, spirituality, ego integrity, chronic disease, subjective health status, subjective economy status, | Home | TDAS |
| Kim et al. (2009) | Death anxiety and quality of life among the elderly | 156 | Journal | Life satisfaction | Home | PDAS |
| Kim et al. (2009) | The relationship between sociodemographic variables and death anxiety among the elderly | 156 | Journal | Family relation ship, education, gender, age, living together family, past occupation, subjective economy status, religious activities, subjective health status | Home | PDAS |
| Choi (2009) | The effect of the spiritual well-being of the aged on ego integrity and death anxiety | 405 | Thesis | Spiritual well-being, ego integrity | Home | TDAS |
| Seo (2009) | The effect of anxiety of death of the elderly on mental health: focused on the mediating effect verification of preparation of death | 231 | Thesis | Preparation for death, mental health | Home | FODS |
| Moon (2009) | The influence of death preparation and forgiveness of the elderly on successful aging: focused on the mediating effects of depression and death anxiety | 498 | Thesis | Depression, ego integrity, preparation for death, forgiveness, psychological well-being, afterlife view | Home | RDAS |
| Jung (2009) | Social support of the elderly are factors impact on death anxiety | 157 | Thesis | Social support | Home | FODS |
| Park (2009) | Structural model for the death anxiety factors of home-staying elderly people | 494 | Thesis | Social support, social activities, age, spiritual well-being, ego integrity, religious activities, death readiness, preparation for death, | Home | FODS |
| Lee et al. (2010) | A study on the factors influencing death anxiety: examintion of impact of family function. Spirtual well-being and ego-integrity | 247 | Journal | Family function, life satisfaction | Home | TDAS |
| Hwang (2005 | ) The effect that self-esteem, level of preparation for death and view of life after death influence on the death anxiety in the elderly | 150 | Thesis | Afterlife view, self-esteem, preparation for death | Home | FODS |
| Yoon (2010) | The impact on the participation of the elderly religious life satisfaction: mediated death anxiety and depression | 154 | Thesis | Life satisfaction, depression, religious activities | Home | FODS |
| Jang (2010) | Study on the ecological factors affecting the death anxiety among the elderly | 236 | Journal | Education, afterlife view, religious activities, the presence of a spouse, social support, age, social activity, gender, subjective health status, ego integrity, subjective economy status | Home | PDAS |
| Nam et al. (2010) | The influence of participation in religious and social activities of the elderly on their life satisfaction -focusing on depression and death anxiety- | 320 | Journal | Life satisfaction, depression, religious activities, social activity | Home | TDAS |
| Kim (2010) | A study on the influence of ego integrity on death anxiety for elderly people and the moderating effect of death preparation: mainly focus on users of senior leasure welfare facilities | 200 | Thesis | Education, social support, gender, ego integrity, Leisure activity, religious activities, subjective health status, subjective economy status, preparation for death, marital state, economic activity, age, | Home | FODS |
| Kim et al. (2010) | Psychological and spiritual factors associated with death anxiety of elderly people living at home | 494 | Journal | Ego integrity, psychological well-being, depression, afterlife view, preparation for death | Home | FODS |
| Lee (2010) | A study on the effects of depression on death anxiety and the moderating effect of life satisfaction of elders | 81 | Journal | Life satisfaction, depression | Home | TDAS |
| Ju (2011) | The influence of spirituality, ego integrity, and death anxiety on life satisfaction among Korean elderly | 194 | Thesis | Education, the presence of a spouse, gender, life satisfaction, subjective economy status, ego integrity, religious activities, spirituality, subjective health status, age, | Home | TDAS |
| Jang (2000) | The effects of ego integrity on death anxiety of the elderly: focusing on the mediating effect of depression | 313 | Journal | Depression, ego integrity | Home | TDAS |
| Lim et al. (2011) | A study about the model of subjective quality of life for the elderly: focused on the mediating effects of death anxiety | 330 | Journal | Depression, monthly income, subjective health status, subjective economy status | Home | RDAS |
| Lee et al. (2011) | Factors influencing death anxiety in the aged. | 357 | Journal | Family function, health promotion behaviors, ego integrity, morale | Home | FODS |
| Nam et al. (2011) | The influence of social activity and social support perceived by elderly women living alone on their quality of life: focusing on the mediating effect of depression and death-anxiety | 353 | Journal | Education, social support, quality of life, age, social activity, depression, religious activities | Home | FODS |
| Nam et al. (2011) | The effects of group reminiscence counseling on ego integrity, depression, death anxiety of the elderly | 27 | Journal | Depression, ego integrity | Facility | TDAS |
| Jo et al. (2012) | Effect of family cohesion, subjective happiness and other factors on death anxiety in Korean elders | 280 | Journal | Family cohesion, subjective happiness | Home | FODS |
| Lee (2012) | Relationship between senior citizens' social support and anxiety over death: by comparing senior citizens participating' elderly care by elderly' project with non-participating ones | 203 | Thesis | Education, the presence of a spouse, social support, gender, age, monthly income, religious activities, subjective health status | Home | FODS |
| Oh et al. (2012) | Influence of depression on psychological death anxiety of the elderly: moderate effect of self-esteem. | 146 | Journal | Education, gender, age, depression, self-esteem | Home | FODS |
| Song (2012) | Relationships among religious activity, life satisfaction and death anxiety in elders | 199 | Thesis | Life satisfaction, religious activities | Home | FODS |
| Park et al. (2012) | Determinants of the death anxiety among the elderly | 250 | Journal | Education, the presence of a spouse, gender, age, subjective health status, social support, leisure activity, depression, monthly income, ego integrity, religious activities | , Home | FODS |
| Lee (2013) | A study institutionalized elderly depression, death anxiety and end-of-life medical care. Treatment preference | 189 | Thesis | Depression | Facility | TDAS |
| Park et al. (2013) | Correlation among depression, death anxiety, and quality of life of aged women | 115 | Journal | Quality of life, depression | Home | PDAS |
| Kim et al. (2013) | Self-transcendence, spiritual well-being, and death anxiety of the elderly. | 243 | Journal | Spiritual well-being, self-transcendence | Home | TDAS |
| Lee (2013) | A study on the effects of the social activity of the elderly to death anxiety | 238 | Journal | Education, the presence of a spouse, gender, age, subjective health status, social activity, subjective economy status, religious | Home | FODS |
| Jung (2013) | The effect of a well-dying program on death anxiety and successful aging of elderly | 60 | Thesis | Self efficiency, life satisfaction | Facility | FODS |
| Park (2013) | The impact of depression and death anxiety in the elderly life satisfaction | 303 | Thesis | Education, the presence of a spouse, age, social activity, depression, religious activities, subjective health status, subjective economy status, life satisfaction | Home | FODS |
| Choi (2014) | The effects of availability of social support, meaning of life and the sense of loss on death anxiety in elderly | 325 | Thesis | Social support, meaning in life, sense of loss | Home | PDAS |
| Kim (2014) | The relationship between illness perception, death anxiety, family support and life satisfaction in elderly inpatients | 147 | Thesis | Family support, life satisfaction, illness perception | Facility | PDAS |
| Kim et al. (2014) | Relationships among family support, ageism experience, loneliness, helplessness and death anxiety in elders | 155 | Journal | Family support, feeling of loneliness, elderly discrimination, helplessness | Home | TDAS |
| Park (2014) | Death anxiety factors of eldery parents caring for their adult children with developmental disabilities - focusing on ego-integrity, family cohesion, and social support | 196 | Thesis | Social support, ego integrity, family cohesion | Home | TDAS |
| Yoon (2014) | The factors that affect death anxiety of the elderly with heart disease | 168 | Thesis | Social support, depression, helplessness | Home Facility | FODS |
| Kim (2015) | Effects of death anxiety and meaning of life on somatization of grandparent raising grandchildren. | 92 | Journal | Life meaning, somatization | Home | TDAS |
| Lee (2015) | The effects of life goal attainment on death anxiety in elderly -focusing on the mediating effect of ego integrity- | 426 | Thesis | Life goal achievement, ego integrity | Home | PDAS |
| Ko (2015) | The effects of ego-integrity and intrinsic religious orientation on death anxiety for elderly people | 259 | Thesis | Ego integrity, implicit religion tends | Home | FODS |
| Kim (2015) | Relationships among networks, death anxiety, and self-rated health in the elderly | 112 | Thesis | Subjective health status, social network | Home | TDAS |
| Lee (2015) | Factors influencing fears of death of elderly patients in geriatric hospitals | 273 | Thesis | Ego integrity | Facility | PDAS |
K=number of studies; ES=effect size; CI=confidence interval, Q=Q-value between subgroups; I =the proportion of true variance; N=sample size; ERI=Egger's regression intercept; HPB=health promoting behaviors; Coding reverse.
K=Number of studies; ES=Effect Size; CI=Confidence interval; I =the proportion of true variance; Q=Q-value between subgroups; FODS=Fear of Death Scale; TDAS=Templer Death Anxiety Scale; RDAS=Revised Death Anxiety Scale.
E-SUBMISSION
