Purpose
This study employed structural equation modeling to verify the suitability and causality of a hypothetical model constructed based on Wilson and Cleary's health-related quality of life model. The aim was to explain and identify the factors that influence quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia.
Methods
The study included 217 middle-aged men diagnosed with prostatic hyperplasia between February and March 2022 at the urology department of a general hospital in UJB city. The measurement tools used included biological characteristics, International Prostate Symptom Scores, functional health, general health perceptions, social support, and quality of life. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs.
Results
The final model revealed that the variables with the highest explanatory power for quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia were general health perceptions, followed by the International Prostate Symptom Score, functional health, and prostate size. The explanatory power of the variables for quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia was 89.7%.
Conclusion
The model used in this study was found to be suitable for assessing quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia. Based on the study's findings, it is deemed necessary to foster competencies for managing the disease through the development of educational programs, nursing interventions, and countermeasures. These should be based on general health perceptions, symptoms, and functional health, with an accurate knowledge of the characteristics of prostatic hyperplasia, as per Wilson and Cleary (1995)'s health-related quality of life theory.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the quality of life of patients with radical prostatectomy.
METHODS
Participants included 114 patients with radical prostatectomy in Pusan National University Hospital in Busan, Korea. Data were collected from May to July 2018, using a structured questionnaire measuring quality of life, erectile dysfunction, lower urinary tract symptoms, appraisal of uncertainty, resilience, educational needs for sexual health, and marital intimacy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, a one-way analysis of variance, and hierarchical multiple regression.
RESULTS
The statistically significant regression model explained about 77% of the variance in quality of life. Appraisal of uncertainty as an opportunity, appraisal of uncertainty as a danger, and resilience were identified as factors influencing the participants' quality of life.
CONCLUSION
In order to improve the quality of life of patients with radical prostatectomy, it is necessary to reduce uncertainty through providing practical information on uncertain situations, and the programs should be applied that can lower the danger aspect of uncertainty, increase the opportunity factor of uncertainty, and increase the resilience of the patient himself.

Citations

• A Structural Equation Modeling of Sexual Adjustment in Radical Prostatectomy Patients
  Min Kweon Ahn, Hyun Kyung Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(5): 532.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This comparative descriptive study was to identify gender differences in delay seeking treatment and related experiences in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
METHODS
Ninety-seven participants were recruited from a tertiary hospital.
RESULTS
Mean age of 47 women was 71.5±13.3 while that of men was 55.0±10.9 (p<.001). More women lived alone and were jobless, less educated, and poorer than men. Men were likely to be 'current smokers' and drink alcohol, however viewed themselves healthier than women (p=.030). Women's hospital stay was 9.23±21.04 days while men's was 4.86±2.72 days (p=.014). More women had been diagnosed with hypertension (p=.040). Women appeared to report significantly less pain (6.46±3.1) than men (8.44±1.8). More men described their pain as sudden onset (p=.015) and chest pain as major symptom (p=.034) than women. More women were found alone upon onset of symptoms (p=.023) and had important reasons for delay seeking treatment (p=.021) than men. Median time from onset of symptoms to seeking medical service was 1.5 hours for men and 5.1 hours for women (p=.003). Median time taken from onset of symptoms to hospital for therapy was 3.5 hours for men and 9.1 hours for women (p=.019).
CONCLUSION
This study findings that women reported less pain and delayed in seeking treatment, suggest needs for strategies targeting women at risk of AMI.

Citations

• Predictors of anticipated coping behavior at myocardial infarction symptom onset among a nationwide sample of Korean adults
  Kyong Sil Park
  Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021006.     CrossRef
• Blood Pressure Awareness and Knowledge of Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases in South Korean Women with Hypertension
  Yeo Won Jeong
  Healthcare.2021; 9(3): 360.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of resiliency and symptom experience and depression. Subjects (N=152) were patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).admitted to D University Medical Center in B City.
METHODS
Data collection was conducted from July 20 to August 25, 2013. The levels of symptom, resilience, and depression were measured using a seven question symptom experience measuring instrument, a 25-question resilience instrument, and a 15-question Short Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and path analysis using SPSS/Win 19.0 and AMOS 5.0.
RESULTS
There was a significant negative correlation between symptom and resilience, a significant positive correlation between symptom and depression, and a significant negative correlation between resilience and depression. Symptom showed a direct effect on depression and an indirect effect on depression scores through resilience as a mediating variable.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs to relieve symptom in COPD patients, and to develop appropriate resilience enhancement programs to reduce their depression.

Citations

• The Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Self-care Agency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Patients in Turkey: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience
  Zeynep Öztürk, Gülcan Bahcecioglu Turan, Meyreme Aksoy
  Journal of Religion and Health.2024; 63(4): 2777.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Perceived Stress, Fine Dust Risk Perception, and Resilience on Stress Response in Patients with Respiratory and Circulatory Disorders
  Jin-Hee Park, Kuem-Sun Han
  STRESS.2021; 29(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Experiences on Self Management of Aged Men with Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
  Jeong-Soo KIM
  JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION.2021; 33(3): 758.     CrossRef
• Disease Awareness and Treatment Experience of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  Hyun Jung Noh, Su Hyun Kim, Woo Joung Joung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2020; 27(2): 188.     CrossRef
• Resilience as a Moderator and Mediator of the Relationship between Symptom Experience and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients
  Yeon Hee Cho, Yun Mi Lee
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(1): 68.     CrossRef
• Symptom Distress and Depression in Patients with Recurrent Gynecologic Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: Mediating Effect of Resilience
  Eun Jung Yang, Ho Sihn Ryu
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Successful Ageing with COPD: Physical and Psychosocial Adaption to Functional Decline
  Phillipa Jane Southwell, Judith Crockett, Deborah Burton, Judith Gullifer
  COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2018; 15(5): 439.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Effect of the Resilience on the Relationship between Type D Personality and Compliance in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
  Mi Young Cheon, Jiyeon Kang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2016; 28(1): 61.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Effect of Resilience on Depression and Rehabilitation Motivation in Stroke Patients
  Eun Sil Choi, Eun Nam Lee, Jeong Lim Cho
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2016; 23(1): 19.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare reported physical symptoms, hope and family support of cancer patients between general hospitals and long-term care hospitals.
METHODS
Subjects were 175 patients diagnosed with cancers from two general hospitals and six long-term care hospitals located in G city. Subjects completed a questionnaire with questions about general characteristics and questions about the disease, physical symptoms, hope and family support. Data was collected from February to April and the data were analyzed using an independent t-test and one-way ANOVA.
RESULTS
The subjects in long-term care hospitals showed higher percentage in pain, nausea, fatigue, sleep disorder, and change in appearance. There was a significant difference in family support between two groups. A significant positive correlation was found between hope and family support in subjects in general and long-term care hospitals.
CONCLUSION
Significant differences were found in some physical symptoms and family support between cancer patients in general hospitals and long-term care hospitals. Thus, nurses in long-term care hospitals need provide care suitable for the characteristics of cancer patients in long-term care hospitals.

Citations

• Experience of Family Caregivers in Long-Term Care Hospitals During the Early Stages of COVID-19: A Phenomenological Analysis
  Hye-Ji Cha, Mi-Kyeong Jeon
  Healthcare.2024; 12(22): 2254.     CrossRef
• Convalescent Hospital Use among Young and Older Female Cancer Survivors
  Hyesun Park, Kisook Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(5): 2744.     CrossRef
• A Qualitative Study on Discharge Planning Needs for Cancer Patients
  Kyung Ok Kim, So-Youn Jung, Yoon Jung Chang
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2021; 21(2): 110.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Quality of Life of Cancer Patients Hospitalized in Long-term Care Hospitals
  A Young Jang, Jeong Sook Park
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2018; 20(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Health care Utilization of Cancer patient Women at Nursing Hospital
  Hye-Sun Park, Kyung-Sook Park
  Journal of Digital Contents Society.2018; 19(11): 2139.     CrossRef
• Biopsychosocial correlates of hope in Asian patients with cancer: a systematic review
  Rathi Mahendran, Shi Min Chua, Haikel A Lim, Isaac J Yee, Joyce Y S Tan, Ee Heok Kua, Konstadina Griva
  BMJ Open.2016; 6(10): e012087.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Health Status and Mini Nutritional Assessment according to Self-esteem of Elderly in Care Hospital    
  Eun-mi Kim, Jin Kwon
  Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(4): 631.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the reported factors influencing fatigue of middle aged women.
METHODS
Two hundred seven middle aged women between 40 and 59 years of age were recruited from five areas in Korea from March 1, 2010, to April 20, 2010. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires. Data analysis was done using SPSS/WIN 15.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
The average score of fatigue was 2.34+/-0.40. There were significant differences in reported fatigue according to economic status and health status. The reported fatigue was significantly correlated with somatic attribution, psychological attribution, normalizing attribution, depression, marital adjustment, stress, and social support. The major factors that affect fatigue in middle aged women were stress, depression, and normalizing attribution, which explained 32.3% of fatigue.
CONCLUSION
The findings can reduce the fatigue by controlling stress and depression. Additionally, this study can understand the attribution of fatigue in middle aged women. More studies are needed to identify other variables that influence on the fatigue of middle aged women.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify meaningful themes related to the recognition of lifestyle risk factors and barriers in seeking treatment following an acute event of first-time acute myocardial infarction.
METHODS
A methodological mixed method of thematic content analysis and a quantitative analysis was used. The sample consisted of 120 male patients < 65 years of age who agreed to be in the study were interviewed using a semi-structured during 2008-2009. Data were analyzed according to the procedure of thematic content analysis and the meaningful themes were coded into SPSS data for quantitative analysis.
RESULTS
Pre-hospital delay greater than three hours reported by 58.3% (n=70) of the sample and similarly 63.3% had no recognition about their symptoms as cardiac in origin. The mean number of risk factors was 3.9+/-1.8 out of 11 when lifestyle and psychosocial factors were included. From the interview data among the 70 patients delayed greater than three hours, thirty-five themes categorized into 12 main themes influenced the delayed decision which was identified according to personal-cognitive, socio-cultural, and contextual factors.
CONCLUSION
Health care providers should consider these themes in designing individual interventions to make lifestyle changes and to facilitate more prompt decisions to seek care.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the relationship of trait anger, health state, physical symptoms. and general characteristics to physical symptoms and to identify factors affecting physical symptoms of elderly in urban areas.
METHODS
The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Elders (n=276), who agreed to participate in this study completed a self-reporting questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.
RESULTS
Study participants reported low trait anger (M=18.61), physical symptoms (M=7.15), and moderate health state (M=3.30). The 45.4% of variance in physical symptoms was significantly explained by emotional function health state (beta=-.284, p=.013), which is one of the sub-domain of the elderly health state, and trait anger (beta=3.841, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Findings of this study provide that the most important factors in explaining physical symptoms for the elders in Korea were emotional function health state and trait anger. Based on the findings of this study, further nursing practice and nursing research for the elders with physical symptoms should be focused on emotional support.

PURPOSE
This study was to explore gender differences on presenting patients with acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department.
METHODS
The survey was done with 143 emergency medical charts presented to the emergency department and diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction between January 2005 and December 2006. The collected data were analyzed with frequency, chi-square, and t-test.
RESULTS
Significant gender differences were apparent in age, route to the emergency department, elapsed time from onset of symptoms to arrival, and initial heart rate. Women were significantly more likely to report hypertension, diabetes, and congestive heart failure than men, but men were significantly more likely to report smoking. Chest pain was the most common initial symptom in both men and women. Women were significantly more likely to report dyspnea and nausea/vomiting than men.
CONCLUSION
Although similarities exist in the associated symptoms of acute myocardial infarction, women might experience different symptoms, compared to men. These findings have implication that patients and health care providers should consider gender difference in presenting symptoms.

PURPOSE
This cross-sectional survey research was undertaken to identify the factors influencing time from onset to hospital arrival of stroke patients and to provide basic information for the development of intervention programs for stroke patients.
METHODS
The data were collected using a convenient sampling method from three hospitals in Inchon. The subjects were 78 patients who were diagnosed as stroke by doctor and they voluntarily participated in the study.
RESULTS
On the average, subjects arrived at the hospitals by 16.72 hours after the onset of stroke events with the range from 0.17 hours to 72 hours. Thirty-four(43.6%) subjects arrived within 3 hours which can maximize treatment effects. There was significant difference in hospital presentation time according to the level of knowledge(chi-square=18.629, p=.0003). A negative correlation was found between the hospital presentation time and self-efficacy (r= -.320, p=.004). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, the level of knowledge and physical symptoms were significant factors and accounted for 21.7% of the variance of hospital presentation time in stroke patients.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, self-efficacy is a useful concept for reducing the hospital presentation time from onset of attack in stroke patients. Therefore, nurses should consider educational programs which include not only a knowledge of stroke and recurrence prevention but also the concept of self-efficacy.

PURPOSE
Behavioral symptoms in dementia (BSD) are one of the most disturbing behaviors to caregivers and a major reason for nursing home placement. Behavioral symptoms are often treated with psychotropic drugs (PD), however, the effect of such drugs for the frail elderly dementia patient is not certain because of their critical adverse effects. Theoretical model applicable to nursing practice for BSD in nursing homes, which is essential in guiding and evaluating such interventions, is absent. This article presents the process of developing a theoretical model of BSD in nursing homes.
METHOD
Using Walker and Avants' theory synthesis method, three behavior models and two system models were incorporated into the proposed model to provide the theoretical and analytical explanation of the relationships between PD usage, its determinants, and BSD.
RESULTS
Resident variables and nursing home variables related to the two focal concepts (i.e., PD usage and BSD) were identified. Resident variables include demographical characteristics such as age and gender, and dementia-compromised functions such as cognitive and functional impairment. Nursing home variables include facility characteristics such as ownership type and size, and physical and psychosocial environment.
CONCLUSION
The proposed model suggests that fulfillment of resident unmet needs through improvement of physical and psychosocial environment may produce better health outcomes of nursing home residents with BSD. Assessment and intervening environmental triggers of such behaviors are also suggested to be prior to the PD usage.

PURPOSE
to determine the effects of hand acupuncture on IBS-affected college women's bowel symptoms and psychologic health by applying the therapy to them. METHOD: The researcher sampled the nursing student attending a college of nursing science in Seoul and checked if they were affected by IBS in reference to the Rome II Criteria. Students were classified into a experimental group(21 subjects) and a control group(19 subjects). Hand acupuncture was applied to the experimental group 8 rounds for 4 weeks; each round lasted 30 minutes. Data were collected for 8 weeks from October 11 to December 1, 2004. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program. RESULT: After the therapy, frequency(p=.005), distress(p=.001) and disability (p=.000) associated IBS bowel symptom and anxiety were significantly lowered in the experimental group(p=.026). CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed through this study that the hand acupuncture would be effective in relieving IBS bowel symptoms and anxiety.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to identify the level of total symptom distress, uncertainty, depression and ways of coping in women with endometriosis based on Mishel's model of Uncertainty in Chronic illness, and to exam the relationships among symptom distress, depression and ways of coping and the mediating effect of ways of coping between uncertainty and depression. METHOD: The research was used for correlational research design and data were collected with 123 women with endometriosis who live in a local area by convenience sampling. RESULTS: The finding showed that the levels of symptom distress and uncertainty were moderate and the depression was above the middle level. There were positive relationships among symptom distress, uncertainty and depression but a negative relationship between problem focused coping and depression. The significant predictors for depression were symptom distress, uncertainty, and problem focused coping with 40% of explained variance. Problem focused coping showed mediating effect between uncertainty and depression. CONCLUSION: Therefore, nursing intervention for the strategy of increasing problem focused coping as well as lowering uncertainty and depression is recommended. Further study is needed to conduct a repetitive study with randomized nationwide population and to evaluate the theory with different outcomes for adaptation versus maladaptation.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of urinary incontinence and lower urinary symptoms, to identify lifestyle and sexual matters for UI of adult women in an urban area. METHOD: The sample consisted of 364 educated women from a women's health education program in a public health center. For data collection, the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Questionnaire developed by Jackson, et. al.(1996) and the demographic questionnaire were used. For data analysis, SAS 8.2 program was used. RESULT: The results were as follows: 1. the prevalence rate of UI was 73.63%. 45.88% of them were stress incontinence and 27.75% of them were urge incontinence. 2. Remarkable differences were found between the type of UI and LUTS in the case of urgency(x2=42.0585, P<0.001), unexplained incontinence(x2=59.0585, P<0.001), noctural incontinence(x2=18.8080, P<0.001) and catetherization(x2=10.7207, P= 0.004), burning sense(x2=27.7400, P<0.001). 3. Remarkable differences were found between the type of UI and lifestyle matters in the cases as follows fluid intake restriction(x2=31.0532, P=0.008), interference in physical activity(x2= 36.7481, P=0.001), interference in relation with others(x2=22.2729, P=0.034). 4. Remarkable differences were found between the type of UI and sexual matters with difficulty of sexual intercourse(x2=16.1898, P=0.002), and urine leakage during sexual intercourse(x2=17.9752, P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the results, developing and carrying out an adequate UI care and education program is needed.

PURPOSE
The Purposes of this study were to examine the effects of Koryo-Sooji-Chim (30minutes * 2times/week * 2weeks) on menstrual pain and menstrual symptoms of female university students with dysmenorrhea. METHOD: The subjects were 22 female students with dysmenorrhea, 12 experimental group, 10 control group, studying at K university in Chungnam province. The data were collected through questionnaires from September 1st to November 30th 2003 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, X2-test, Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULT: 1. The menstrual pain scores were significantly different between the two groups(U=16.0, p=.001). 2. The menstrual symptom scores were significantly different between the two groups(U=28.5, p=.038). CONCLUSION: These findings showed that Koryo-Sooji-Chim was effective related to menstrual pain and menstrual symptoms of female university students with dysmenorrhea. Koryo-Sooji-Chim during dysmenorrhea could be applied as an effective nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to explore and compare the prostatic hypertrophoc symptoms, activities of daily living, satisfaction of sexual activities and well-being among subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and the general population.
METHOD
One hundred subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and one hundred general persons were recruited in K medical center. The data were collected from October 20, 2001 to March 30, 2002 by structured questionnaire.
RESULT
The results were the following; 1. The percentage of mild(0~7), moderate(8~19) and severe(20~35)symptoms between subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and general persons were 6% : 60%, 54% : 39%, 40% : 1%. 2. There was a significant difference in prostatic hypertrophic symptoms(t=12.82, p<.001), in activities of daily living(t=-7.77, p<.0001), in satisfaction of sexual activities (t=-4.80, p<.0001), in well-being(t=-4.80, p<.0001) between subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and general persons 3. There was a significant difference in activities of daily living(F=16.28, p<.0001), satisfaction of sexual activities(F=3.98, p<.05) according to prostatic hypertrophic symptoms in subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms.
CONCLUSION
According to the above findings, prostatic hypertrophic symptoms influence activities of daily living, satisfaction of sexual activities, well-being of subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms negatively.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify the relationship between self reported climacteric symptoms, self concept and depression in middle aged women.
METHOD
Data were collected through self- reported questionaires which were constructed to include a climacteric symptoms, self-concept and depression of middle-aged women scale. The subjects for this study were 102 women between 40-59 years of age living in P city. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
RESULTS
The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1)The relationship between self reported climacteric symptoms and self concept was statistically significant with a negative correlation (r=-0.4862, P0.001). The relationship between self reported climacteric symptoms and depression had a statistically significant positive correlation (r=0.5393, P<0.001). The Relationship between self- concept and depression had a statistically significant negative correlation (r=-0.3769, P<0.001). 2) General characteristic variables significantly related to self reported climacteric symptoms were age (F=3.13, P<0.05) and frequency of pregnancy (F=3.24, P<0.05). General characteristic variables significantly related to frequency of self-concept were age (F=3.13, P<0.05), education level (F=2.97, P<0.05) and occupation (t=1.84, P<0.05). General characteristic variables significantly related to depression were age (F=3.12, P<0.05) and number of children (t=3.59, P<0.05). 3)The obstetrical characteristic variable significantly related to self-reported climacteric symptoms was the frequency of pregnancy (t=3.24, P<0.05).
CONCLUSION
This study shows possible implications for nursing intervention for middle-aged women's health to prevent and relieve climacteric symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of Urinary Incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms, to identify life style problems for UI of Women in anIsland. The sample consisted of 88 women in an island, a urinary symptom questionnaire developed by Jackson, et. al. and a demographic questionnaire were used to collect the data. The results of study were as following. 1. It was reported that the subjects have experienced UI and various lower urinary symptoms such as stress incontinence, nocturia, intermittency, abnormal stream, feeling of incomplete emptying and also they have experienced some degree of 'bother' 2. It was reported that the subjects have experienced various life style problems for UI 3. There was significant relationship between age and urgency (p=0.0262), bladder pain (p=0.0268), abnormal strength of stream (p=0.0074), inability to stop midstream (p=0.0026), and ability to perform daily tasks (p=0.0488), 4. There was a significant relationship between the number of discharges and urgency (p=0.0273), abnormal strength of stream (p=0.0307), and inability to stop midstream (p=0.0122). 5. There was a significant relationship between menopause and bladder pain (p=0.0020), abnormal strength of stream (p=0.0245), and inability to stop midstream (p=0.0002). 6. There was a significant relationship between the degree of experiences for lower urinary tract symptoms and life style behavior. Therefore, based on the results, a developing and carrying out of adequate UI care program is needed.

This study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms in the female students in a longitudinal design. The subjects who participated in this study were 97 female nursing students (in the analysis of data after 1 year). The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, stress (43 items), hardiness(25 items), and physical symptoms(35 items). Analysis of data was done by use of mean and hierarchical multiple regression with the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1) Main effects of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms was found. 2) The stress buffering effects of hardiness were not found.