Purpose
This study aimed to compare the lifestyle, self-rated health, and mental health of breast cancer survivors with those of the healthy people through a propensity-matched comparison, and identify factors affecting the mental health of breast cancer survivors. Methods This study was a secondary analysis that used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), from 2015 to 2020. It included 47,118 participants, of which 134 breast cancer survivors and 268 healthy people were separated and analysed by 1:2 Propensity Score Matching (PSM), and complex sample logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS and R programs. Results Statistically significant differences were found in smoking rate, walking exercise rate, cancer screening rate, daily energy intake, and self-rated health between breast cancer survivors and healthy groups. After PSM, there were significant differences in the ratio of perceived stress, suicide plan, suicide attempts, and mental health counseling experiences between the healthy group and breast cancer survivors. As compared to the healthy group, breast cancer survivors had a significantly higher risk of mental health issues by 2.19 times. Self-rated health, household income, and number of household members were significant influencing factors affecting the mental health of breast cancer survivors. Conclusion This study provides evidence of an increased mental health risk in breast cancer survivors compared with healthy women with no cancer. Mental health outcomes, such as stress, sleep disturbance, and suicidal ideation, have been reported post cancer treatment. Counselling and management strategies would be helpful for breast cancer survivors.

Citations

• Factors Associated with Stress among Employed Korean Cancer Survivors: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study Based on National Data
  Kisook Kim, Booyoung Oh
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(3): 254.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study aimed to examine the effect of multidisciplinary lifestyle modification program in overweight or obese middle-aged women.
METHODS
This study was conducted from January 2 to June 5, 2018 at Jeonju city in South Korea. A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used. A total of 46 women were assigned to the experiment group (n=22) or the control group (n=24). The multidisciplinary lifestyle modification program for this study consisted of physical activity, nutritional management, stress management, health counseling, lifestyle monitoring, and affective support based on King's goal attainment theory, which was implemented for eight weeks.
RESULTS
Significant group differences were found in health- promoting behavior (p<.001), depression (p<.001), anxiety (p=.018), stress (p=.001), weight loss (p=.002) and reproductive symptoms (p=.020) among over-weight and obese middle-aged women.
CONCLUSION
Multidisciplinary lifestyle modification program is effective in improving health-promoting behavior, depression, anxiety, stress, weight loss and reproductive symptoms. Therefore, healthcare providers should develop strategies to expand and provide multidisciplinary lifestyle modification program through interaction and transaction for overweight or obese middle-aged women.

Citations

• The effects of a lifestyle intervention for men in infertile couples in South Korea: a non-randomized controlled trial
  Yun Mi Kim, Ju-Hee Nho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2025; 55(2): 191.     CrossRef
• Research Trends of Lifestyle Intervention for Women With Obesity: A Text Network Analysis
  Sook Kyoung Park, Ju-Hee Nho
  Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2023; 13(1): 44.     CrossRef
• Factors affecting unmet healthcare needs of low-income overweight and obese women in Korea: analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017
  Ju-Hee Nho, Sook Kyoung Park
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2021; 27(2): 93.     CrossRef
• The development of a lifestyle modification mobile application, “Health for You” for overweight and obese breast cancer survivors in Korea
  Su-Jin Seo, Ju-Hee Nho, Youngsam Park
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2021; 27(3): 243.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention on Health-Promoting Behavior, Psychological Distress and Reproductive Health of Overweight and Obese Female College Students
  Ju-Hee Nho, Soo-Wan Chae
  Healthcare.2021; 9(3): 309.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Lifestyle Interventions on the Health-Promoting Behavior, Type D Personality, Cognitive Function and Body Composition of Low-Income Middle-Aged Korean Women
  Eun-Jin Kim, Ju-Hee Nho, Hye-Young Kim, Sook-Kyoung Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 5637.     CrossRef
• Effects of Nurse-Led Intervention Programs Based on Goal Attainment Theory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Bom-Mi Park
  Healthcare.2021; 9(6): 699.     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of an Antiviral Agent Medication Adherence Education Program for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C
  Hoo Jeung Cho, Euna Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(18): 6518.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study aimed to investigate the improvement in lifestyle of patients with Colorectal Cancer (CRC) by examining their lifestyle before and after diagnosis, and to identify the factors influencing lifestyle improvement to prevent the recurrence of CRC.
METHODS
The participants were 125 patients with CRC who visited the outpatient clinic of Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital in Daegu from December 2017 to March 2018. Questionnaires consisted of items on CRC-related lifestyle, knowledge of lifestyle risks for CRC, beliefs of lifestyle improvement (perceived benefits and barriers), self-efficacy, and fear of cancer recurrence. Lifestyle improvement referred to the score given to the improved lifestyle through the score difference in the measure of lifestyle related to CRC before and after diagnosis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 program.
RESULTS
The factors influencing lifestyle improvement were gender (β=.46, p<.001), age (β=.31, p<.001), knowledge of lifestyle risks for CRC (β=.20, p=.005), perceived benefits of lifestyle improvement (β=.19, p=.008), and number of discomforts(symptoms) that impede lifestyle improvement (β=.17, p=.016). These variables explained 38% of CRC patients' lifestyle improvement.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that we need to find ways to provide knowledge of the lifestyle risks for CRC to patients with CRC and improve their perceptions of the benefits of lifestyle improvement to promote lifestyle improvement and help prevent the recurrence of CRC after CRC diagnosis.

Citations

• Health-promoting lifestyle among Chinese patients with colorectal polyps: a cross-sectional study
  Jingru Zhou, Yanjun Liu, Fang Yang, Yanfen Wang, Yan Liu, Wenwen Ming, Sisi Guo, Dan Zhou, Lin He, Xiaoli Zhong
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Proliferation Inhibitory Effect of Postbiotics Prepared from  Probiotics with Antioxidant Activity against HT-29 Cells
  Yeeun Kim, Hak Jun Kim, Keunho Ji
  Applied Sciences.2022; 12(24): 12519.     CrossRef
• What is the prevalence of fear of cancer recurrence in cancer survivors and patients? A systematic review and individual participant data meta‐analysis
  Yvonne L. Luigjes‐Huizer, Nina M. Tauber, Gerry Humphris, Nadine A. Kasparian, Wendy W. T. Lam, Sophie Lebel, Sébastien Simard, Allan Ben Smith, Robert Zachariae, Yati Afiyanti, Katy J. L. Bell, José A. E. Custers, Niek J. de Wit, Peter L. Fisher, Jacquel
  Psycho-Oncology.2022; 31(6): 879.     CrossRef
• Convalescent Hospital Use among Young and Older Female Cancer Survivors
  Hyesun Park, Kisook Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(5): 2744.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to investigate the moderating effect of lifestyle and Type-D personality on the relation between metabolic syndrome and severity of coronary artery disease and to provide practical knowledge and directions for nursing intervention.
METHODS
The participants were 111 adult outpatients with coronary artery disease in the cardiology department of a medical center in Korea. The study tools included diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome, lifestyle evaluation tool for patients with metabolic syndrome, the Korean Type-D scale-14, and measures of severity of coronary artery disease. The data were obtained by electronic medical record reviews and surveys using structured questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ2 test, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression analysis and two-way ANOVA.
RESULTS
The severity of coronary artery disease was positively correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome (r=.26, p=.006) and type-D personality (r=.49, p < .001). There was a significant negative correlation (r=−.54, p < .001) between the severity of coronary artery disease and lifestyle. Lifestyle had the moderating effect on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and severity of coronary artery disease (β=−.22, p < .001), but type-D personality had no moderating effect (F=0.13, p=.719) on it.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to establish individualized intervention considering the condition of the patients according to the criteria of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis when establishing the lifestyle intervention plan. And also it is necessary to define influencing factors including the personality on lifestyle change.

Citations

• Relationship between type D personality, symptoms, cancer stigma, and quality of life among patients with lung cancer
  Yu Mi Park, Hye Young Kim, Ji Young Kim, Sung Reul Kim, Yeong Hun Choe
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2022; 57: 102098.     CrossRef
• Impact of Type D Personality on Depression, Anxiety, and Health-related Quality of Life among Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Sun Hyoung Bae, Jin-Hee Park
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(3): 219.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study examined the influence of occupational type and lifestyle habits on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Korean male workers.
METHODS
Through secondary analysis of their four-year health examination data, 3,892 subjects were divided into four subgroups according to the presence of MetS now and four years ago.
RESULTS
Nineteen percent (n=739) suffered from MetS and these 739 subjects were classified into following occupations: 7.1% were office workers, 17.6% were non-office workers, and 42.2% were drivers. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that when the data adjusted for age, the predicting factors on the prevalence of MetS were heavy drinking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09~1.64) and the occupation of non-office workers (OR 2.99, 95% CI 2.13~4.18) and drivers (OR 7.97, 95% CI 4.89~10.83) among workers without MetS four years ago. Among workers already with a history of MetS, the predicting factors were less exercise (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02~2.35) and drivers (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.03~2.94).
CONCLUSION
Heavy drinking and less exercise and drivers were reported as influencing factors on the prevalence of MetS by this sample. The findings suggest that employers need to provide their employees with screening and management program for those at risk of MetS.

Citations

• Effects of a Remote Physical Activity Improvement Program on Male Office Workers with Metabolic Syndrome in Their 30s and 40s with Sedentary Behavior: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Kyong Sil Park, Seon Young Hwang
  Asian Nursing Research.2024; 18(2): 81.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Health Partnership Program Using Mobile Health Application for Male Workers with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Eun Jin Kim, Seon Young Hwang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(1): 44.     CrossRef
• Occupational Assessments of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Labors: An Application of Metabolic Syndrome Scoring Index
  Ching-Yuan Lin, Chih-Ming Lin
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7539.     CrossRef
• The Impact of Cluster-Type Risk Factors on Adverse Clinical Prognosis in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Secondary Data Analysis
  In Ae Uhm, Seon Young Hwang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(2): 156.     CrossRef
• Metabolic Syndrome Status of Chinese Workers and Their Physical Profiles, Lifestyle Scores, and Nutrient Intakes
  Chao Wang, Hokyung Ryu
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(1): 63.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was to describe the process of healthy dieting and develop a substantive theory that explains lifestyle in obese male college students.
METHODS
The participants were 11 students who had participated in self-dieting program in a health center. Data were collected with in-depth interviews and analyzed by grounded theory in Strauss and Corbin (1990).
RESULTS
Through analyzing process, 36 concepts, 18 subcategories, and nine categories were deduced. In axial coding, casual condition, 'shrinking themselves' and 'oriented to selfish lifestyle', context condition, 'distress in mutual understanding' impacted on phenomenon, 'making health with autonomous living pattern'. Intervening conditions were 'practicing with active measures' and 'growing the willpower' and action-interaction condition, 'devoting realistic plan with positiveness' totally lead to consequence in 'regaining social relationship' and 'pursuing harmonious sound of mind and body'. The periods of process were divided four stages, reflecting self-characteristics, situational copping phase, applying period realistic strategies, and developing phase of social relationship. The core category, 'developing communication competency' incorporated the relationship between and among all categories and explained the process.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate that self leading health program helped to develop the communication competency. Therefore, we would consider about internalized motives and external incentives in health programs.

Citations

• A Narrative Inquiry of Fitness Models’ Diet Experience
  Woo-Jeong Jang, Wi-Young So, Hyungsik Jo, Eui-Jae Lee
  The Asian Journal of Kinesiology.2025; 27(2): 90.     CrossRef
• A qualitative study on the failed weight-loss experiences of college students with obesity and overweight
  Sook Youn Lee, Keum Bok Ko, Nahyun Kim
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2020; 37(2): 43.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Yoga and Pilates Training on Obesity Indexes, muscle mass in each body part and Physical Fitness in Male College Students
  Ji-Sun Kim
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(9): 5888.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to dyslipdemia and hypertension among male office workers.
METHODS
This study was a cross-sectional survey. The sample was 204 male office workers aged 30 to 62 years without cardiovascular disease and not taking medication for hypertension and dyslipidemia. Data were collected from November, 2011 to March, 2012. Dyslipidemia was examined by checking serum lipid profiles.
RESULTS
Dyslipidemia was related to career (adjusted OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03 1.51), time spent at desk (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03~1.51), job stress of Q25-49 (adjusted OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.24~5.93), inactivity (adjusted OR 6.86, 95% CI 2.62~17.93), and snack intake frequency (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03~2.38). Hypertension was related to career (adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01~1.14), heavy drinking (adjusted OR 5.00, 95% CI 1.25~20.04), and snack intake frequency (adjusted OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.33~3.34).
CONCLUSION
Work and lifestyle-related factors were associated with dyslipidemia and hypertension in male office workers. These findings suggest that lifestyle intervention and improvement of working conditions are integral parts of cardiovascular disease prevention.

Citations

• Effects of a Remote Physical Activity Improvement Program on Male Office Workers with Metabolic Syndrome in Their 30s and 40s with Sedentary Behavior: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Kyong Sil Park, Seon Young Hwang
  Asian Nursing Research.2024; 18(2): 81.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Behavior Among Office Workers Based on an Ecological Model
  Jihyon Pahn, Youngran Yang
  Sage Open.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparison of Blood Triglyceride Level by Health and Dietary Behaviors Using the Seventh (2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
  Min Young Chong, Inhwa Han
  Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2021; 31(5): 299.     CrossRef
• Health promotion program for office workers with SEM based on the WHO’s healthy workplace framework
  Hosihn Ryu, Jiyeon Jung, Jihyun Moon
  Health Promotion International.2020; 35(6): 1369.     CrossRef
• Investigation of Healthy Life Practices among Korean Males and Females in relation to Dyslipidemia Using data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Sun-Hee Lee, GyeongAe Seomun
  Journal of Digital Convergence.2016; 14(1): 327.     CrossRef
• Association of Work-related Characteristics and Hypertension among White Collar Workers
  Chae-Bong Kim, KyooSang Kim
  Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2015; 25(3): 418.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship among life style, body composition and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in community dwelling Korean adults.
METHODS
Data were collected from 140 adults who participated in a health check-up program at community health departments in D city, Choong-chung providence. Subjects' life style was assessed with a structured interview survey. Body composition analyses were performed by the bioimpedence method and BMD was measured by peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry.
RESULTS
Among the subjects, 39.3% showed normal BMD values, 50.7% were osteopenic and 10% were assessed as osteoporotic. BMD was significantly different by gender, age, education, economic status and BMI. Subjects who had three or more meals/day had higher BMD then who had less than three meals (t=-2.273, p=.026). BMD was not influenced by regular exercise, alcohol consumption, or smoking. In terms of body composition, there was a significant relationship between fat free mass and BMD (r=.172, p=.043).
CONCLUSION
Implementing an osteoporosis prevention program would be warrented considering the significant proportion of osteopenic or osteoporotic subjects. Regular eating habit with three meals for adequate nutrition need to be emphasized to prevent further bone loss in this population. Among the body composition, fat free mass seem to be the mostly predicting factor for BMD.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to describe the pattern of type D personality, to compare the life style and quality of life between type D personality and non-type D personality patients, and to investigate the factors influencing quality of life in patients with hypertension.
METHODS
A cross sectional, descriptive study was used. The participants in this study were 193 outpatients who were diagnosed with hypertension at two university hospitals in urban area, Korea. The data was collected from December, 2006 to January, 2007. Type D personality was measured by the DS-14 scale.
RESULTS
The prevalence of type D personality was 83.9%. Patients of type D personality were significantly different in educational status, monthly income, fat intake and exercise, and had a lower overall quality of life than patients of non-type D personality. Under controlled general characteristics and life style factors, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. The most significant factor influencing quality of life in hypertensive patients was type D personality, and this factor explained their quality of life with a variance of 14.8%.
CONCLUSIONS
Various programs for psychological intervention are required to control for the distressed personality of patients with hypertension. Further studies should be conducted prospectively on a larger patient population.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Korean lifestyle characteristics and health status and to identify the variables influencing health in Korea. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational design was used to explore the lifestyle characteristics and health status of 397 Korean adults. Correlational analysis calculated the correlation between lifestyle and health status. To examine the relationship among demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and health status we used the t-test and one-way ANOVA. Stepwise multiple regression was conducted to examine the significant predictors of general health among subjects. RESULTS: Positive correlations were seen between general health (GH) and the overall score and subscales of the Lifestyle. The stepwise regression model showed that vitality (VA), body pain (BP), nutrition, and occupation were significant variables influencing general health (GH). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence regarding the lifestyle patterns and healthstatus among Koreans. When planning intervention strategies for this population, exercise and physical activity should be principal focus areas.

PURPOSE
This study was to prepare the basic data for prevention of colo-rectal cancer and protection against its spread.
METHOD
The subjects for the study were 204 patients with colo-rectal cancer from the G.S. wards of five general hospitals in Busan for the period of June 1 to September 1, 2001. The instrument used was a questionaire which was developed by Junho Shin(1995). The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, McNemar test, x2 test, paired t-test, and ANOVA.
RESULT
1. 57% of the studied subjects were male, 42.7% were more than 60 years old, 54.9% were of standard physique, 49.5% were the Buddhists, 50.5% were the middle or high school graduates, 83.8% were city dwellers, 48% were jobless, 69.6% had no-history of alimentary disease, 44.1% had no-family history of cancer, 82.8% were married. 2. Constipation(x2=36.45, p=0.0001) in clients showed a significant positive association for the pre- diagnosed, but diarrhea(x2=3.947, p=0.047) showed a significant positive association for the post-diagnosed. The preference for high seasonings(t=6.23, p=0.0001) and animal fat (t=8.35, p=0.0001) was higher significantly in the pre-diagnosed, but physical activities(x2= 30.22, p=0.0001), an eutrophic or tonic medicine(x2=30.22, p=0.0001), was of and vegetables(t=-6.20, p=0.0001) was higher significantly in the post-diagnosed. 3. There were significant differences in the life style of the pre-diagnosed according to the general characteristics except religion.
CONCLUSION
Results of the above study reveal we should be very sensitive to the change of defecation styles and consider the necessity of improving life styles as regards eating habits. When an education program is developed, the general characteristics of the subjects need to be considered.

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of subjects perceived health condition and practiced health promotion life style to their satisfaction with their life. For this purpose, adults were surveyed, and thereby, data were collected to be analyzed. The data were collected during the period of August-September, 1997 and a total of 200 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and 162 copies were returned (return rate : 81%), Finally 57 copies were used for the analysis with 5 inappropriate ones dismissed. The data were analyzed using the SPSS PC+. The 157 subjects consisted of 65 males (41.4%) and 92 females (58.6%), and their average age was 49.39. It appeared that 59.9% of them were living with their spouse only, while 35.7% were living with children. On the other hand, 91.9% had spouses, and the majority of them(59.3) believed in Buddhisam, 35.7% of them graduated from middle school, while 31.2% finished high school. In economic terms, 25.5% of the respondents had an income of 1.01-1.50million won a month. It was disclosed that the demographic factors affecting subjects' health promotion life style were mostly type of the family, spouse, and educational background. The main demographic factor affecting their satisfaction with life was Age, while other variables showed no significant differences statistically. As a result of analyzing the correlation between perceived health condition, health promotion life styles and various factors related to satisfaction with life, it was shown that health promotion life style and perceived health condition were significantly correlated to each other statistically. And age, perceived health condition, health promotion life style, and satisfaction with life were significantly correlated to each other statistically. In conclusion health promotion life style and perceived health condition were identified as important variables in the life satisfaction of adult.

This study was conducted to evaluate the differences of scores in overall health-promoting behavior between residents in the Seoul area and rural inhabitants : and to examine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the level of practical performance of the six dimension subscales of the Health-Promoting Lifestyles Profile (HPLP). Data were collected by questionnaire survey over a period of 2 months from July 1st to August 31st, 1997. Subjects chosen for this study consisted of 170 individuals, including 85 Seoul dwellers and 85 rural occupants in Korea. These were sampled from the Seoul and the local adult populations, using a random sampling method. However, the actual number of subjects put into the analyses was 151, including 68 Seoul residents and 83 rural inhabitants. Data were analysed by the SAS program. Statistical methods employed for this study were frequency, t-test, one/two-way ANOVA and MANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. It was revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between Seoul dwellers and rural inhabitants in the scores of health promoting life style activities, that is, Seoul area and rural inhabitants ; and to examine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the level of practical performance of the six dimension subscales of the Health-Promoting Lifestyles Profile (HPLP). Data were collected by questionnaire survey over a period of 2 months from July 1st August 31st, 1997. Subjects chosen for this study consisted of 170 individuals, including 85 Seoul dwellers and 85 rural occupants in Korea. These were sampled from the Seoul and the local adult populations, using a random sampling method. However, the actual number of subjects put into the analyses was 151, including 68 Seoul residents and 83 rural inhabitants. Data were analysed by the SAS program. Statistical methods employed for this study were frequency, t-test, one/two-way ANOVA and MANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. It was revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between Seoul dwellers and rural inhabitants in the scores of health promoting life style activities, that is, Seoul occupants had higher scores in overall health promoting life styles than did the local residents. 2. The male population showed higher scores in overall health promoting life styles including self-actualization, health responsibility, interpersonal support and stress management than did the female. 3. The middle aged group (40-49 year old) showed higher scores in overall health promoting life styles than any other age group. 4. The married sample showed higher scores in health responsibility and nutrition than did the unmarried, the divorced, or the widowee/widower. The scores were almost the same between the married and the unmarried group, even though the unmarried group had slightly higher scores in self-actualization, exercise, interpersonal support, and stress management of the HPLP than did the married. 5. Public officials and clerical workers showed higher scores in overall health promoting lifestyles than did the others including house wives, farmers, business-men, or professionals. But in the analysis of mutual interactions of both age and occupation, business-men, merchants, public officials and clerical workers in 40-49 years of age with their health responsibility showed higher scores in overall health promoting lifestyles than did the others, while professionals showed lower scores relatively. While professionals showed lower scores relatively. 6. A person who earned over 1,500,000 Won as a monthly income showed higher scores in overall health promoting life styles than the person who earned under 1,500,000 Won, 7. A statistical significance was not found in the difference between the socio-demographic variables, such as levels of education and HPLP scores in overall health promoting life styles. These findings differed from the existing previous study's results in which the higher educational levels contributed to the health promoting behaviors. Therefore, the author suggested that the level of formal education can not playn and important role in the practical performance of health promoting behaviors, at present, because of the more effective community-based health education through the mass media such as TV and video.