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The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers

Eun Kyung Lee1, Ok Soo Kim2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2013;25(4):432-443.
Published online: August 18, 2013

1College of Nursing, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu

2Division of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Lee, Eun Kyung College of Nursing, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6 Daemyung 4-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea. Tel: +82-53-650-4976, Fax: +82-53-650-4832, E-mail: leeek@cu.ac.kr
• Received: April 29, 2013   • Accepted: August 9, 2013

© 2013 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to dyslipdemia and hypertension among male office workers.
  • Methods
    This study was a cross-sectional survey. The sample was 204 male office workers aged 30 to 62 years without cardiovascular disease and not taking medication for hypertension and dyslipidemia. Data were collected from November, 2011 to March, 2012. Dyslipidemia was examined by checking serum lipid profiles.
  • Results
    Dyslipidemia was related to career (adjusted OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03~1.51), time spent at desk (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03~1.51), job stress of Q25-49 (adjusted OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.24~5.93), inactivity (adjusted OR 6.86, 95% CI 2.62~17.93), and snack intake frequency (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03~2.38). Hypertension was related to career (adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01~1.14), heavy drinking (adjusted OR 5.00, 95% CI 1.25~20.04), and snack intake frequency (adjusted OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.33~3.34).
  • Conclusion
    Work and lifestyle-related factors were associated with dyslipidemia and hypertension in male office workers. These findings suggest that lifestyle intervention and improvement of working conditions are integral parts of cardiovascular disease prevention.
  • Key Words: Dyslipidemias; Hypertension; Life style
Table 1.
General Characteristics, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors (N=204)
Characteristics Categories   n (%) or M±SD
Age (year)     43.7±6.8
30~39 60 (29.4)
40~49 103 (50.5)
≥50 41 (20.1)
Education High school 25 (12.3)
Diploma 16 (7.8)
Bachelor's degree 131 (64.2)
≥Master's degree 32 (15.7)
Annual income (10,000 won) ＜3,000 12 (5.9)
3,000~＜4,000 27 (13.2)
4,000~＜5,000 50 (24.5)
5,000~＜6,000 45 (22.1)
≥6,000 70 (34.3)
Past history Hypertension 13 (6.4)
Diabetes mellitus 5 (2.5)
Dyslipidemia 15 (7.4)
Family history Parents 42 (20.6)
Grand parents 12 (5.9)
Duration of career   16.25±6.75
Job position Staff 62 (30.4)
Middle manager 118 (57.8)
Senior manager 24 (11.8)
Work hour/week   46.52±7.36
≤40 86 (42.2)
＞40 118 (57.8)
Time spent at desk/day 6.32±1.92
Job stress   40.14±7.70
Q-24 (≤42.4) 129 (63.2)
Q25-49 (42.5~48. 51 (25.0)
Q50-74 (48.5~54. 20 (9.8)
≥Q75- (≥54.8) 4 (2.0)
Drinking No 30 (14.7)
Yes Moderate drinking 93 (53.5)
Heavy drinking 81 (46.6)
Smoking Nonsmoker   62 (30.4)
Ex-smoker 76 (37.3)
Current smoker 66 (32.4)
Exercise Yes 63 (30.9)
No 141 (69.1)
IPAQ (MET)   1,431.89±1,477.56
Low 76 (37.3)
Moderate 99 (48.5)
High 29 (14.2)
Diet Snack time/day 0.91±0.88
Midnight snack/week 0.94±1.25
Calory Moderate 165 (80.9)
Over 39 (19.1)
Carbohydrate Moderate 182 (89.2)
Over 22 (10.8)
Fat Moderate 149 (73.0)
Over 55 (27.0)
Sodium Moderate 10 (4.9)
Over 194 (95.1)

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire; MET=metabolic equivalent task.

†Multiple response.

Table 2.
Dyslipidemia and Hypertension
Variables Categories n (%)
Serum lipid profile (mg/dL)
Total cholesterol ＜230 187 (91.7)
≥230 17 (8.3)
Triglyceride ＜200 156 (76.5)
≥200 48 (23.5)
HDL-cholesterol ＜40 177 (86.8)
≥40 27 (13.2)
LDL-cholesterol ＜150 182 (89.2)
≥150 22 (10.8)
Dyslipidemia No 124 (60.8)
Yes 80 (39.2)
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic blood pressure ＜140 188 (92.2)
≥140 16 (7.8)
Diastolic blood pressure ＜90 161 (78.9)
≥90 43 (21.1)
Hypertension No 157 (77.0)
Yes 47 (23.0)

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein.

Table 3.
Differences in Individual, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors between Two Groups
Variables   Dyslipidemia Hypertension
No Yes x2 or t (p) No Yes x2 or t (p)
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Age (year)   43.0±7.1 44.7±6.3 1.70 (.091) 42.7±6.6 46.9±6.8 3.78 (＜.001)
Family history No 89 (71.8) 63 (78.8) 1.25 (.264) 118 (75.2) 34 (72.3) 0.15 (.706)
Yes 35 (28.2) 17 (21.2)   39 (24.8) 13 (27.7)  
Duration of career 15.86±6.62 16.88±6.98 1.06 (.293) 15.56±6.70 18.62±6.51 2.77 (.006)
Work hour/week 46.44±7.05 46.64±7.86 0.18 (.855) 46.62±7.34 46.17±7.49 0.37 (.712)
Time spent at desk/week 6.16±1.91 6.56±1.91 1.45 (.147) 6.46±1.96 5.85±1.69 1.91 (.057)
Job stress   3.951±7.01 41.12±8.62 1.46 (.145) 40.70±7.83 38.26±7.02 1.91 (.057)
Q-24 87 (70.2) 42 (52.5) 6.87 (.032) 95 (60.5) 34 (72.3) 2.19 (.356)
Q25-49 24 (19.4) 27 (33.8)   42 (26.8) 9 (19.1)  
≥Q50- 13 (10.5) 11 (13.8)   20 (12.7) 4 (8.5)  
Drinking No 17 (13.7) 13 (16.2) 0.31 (.855) 27 (17.2) 3 (6.4) 4.20 (.123)
Moderate 58 (46.8) 35 (43.8)   72 (45.9) 21 (44.7)  
Heavy 49 (39.5) 32 (40.0)   58 (36.9) 23 (48.9)  
Smoking No 36 (29.0) 26 (32.5) 2.27 (.329) 53 (33.8) 9 (19.1) 4.78 (.092)
Ex-smoker 43 (34.7) 33 (41.2)   53 (33.8) 23 (48.9)  
Current 45 (36.3) 21 (26.2)   51 (32.5) 15 (31.9)  
Exercise Yes 51 (51.1) 12 (15.0) 15.55 (＜.001) 44 (28.0) 19 (40.4) 2.61 (.106)
No 73 (48.9) 68 (85.0)   113 (72.0) 28 (59.6)  
IPAQ   1,558.51±1,536.22 1,235.63±1,367.99 1.53 (.128) 1,274.37±1,352.67 1,958.07±1,749.79 2.83 (.005)
Low 39 (31.5) 37 (46.2) 4.85 (.088) 64 (40.8) 12 (25.5) 5.96 (.056)
Moderate 67 (54.0) 32 (40.0)   75 (47.8) 24 (51.1)  
High 18 (14.5) 11 (13.8)   18 (11.5) 11 (23.4)  
Snack time/day 0.81±0.75 1.07±1.03 2.06 (.055) 0.79±0.71 1.31±1.20 3.68 (＜.001)
Midnight snack/week 0.97±1.22 0.89±1.30 0.74 (.640) 0.93±1.29 0.97±1.14 0.18 (.855)
Calory Moderate 107 (86.3) 58 (72.5) 5.98 (.014) 128 (81.5) 37 (78.7) 0.18 (.668)
Over 17 (13.7) 22 (27.5)   29 (18.5) 10 (21.3)  
Carbohydrate Moderate 109 (87.9) 73 (91.3) 0.57 (.452) 140 (89.2) 42 (89.4) 0.00 (.971)
Over 15 (12.1) 7 (8.8)   17 (10.8) 5 (10.6)  
Fat Moderate 90 (72.6) 59 (73.8) 0.03 (.854) 117 (74.5) 32 (68.1) 0.76 (.383)
Over 34 (27.4) 21 (26.3)   40 (25.5) 15 (31.9)  
†Sodium Moderate 7 (5.6) 3 (3.8) 0.38 (.743) 10 (6.4) 0 (0.0) 3.15 (.121)
Over 117 (94.4) 77 (96.3)   147 (93.6) 47 (100.0)  

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

†Fisher's exact test.

Table 4.
Factors associated with Dyslipidemia
Variables Categories Crude OR Adjusted OR
Crude OR 95% Cl p Adj. OR 95% Cl p
Family history (Ref. yes)
No 0.69 0.35~1.33 .266 0.91 0.40~2.07 .855
Duration of career   1.02 0.98~1.07 .291 1.06 1.01~1.12 .028
Work hour/week   1.00 0.97~1.04 .854 1.00 0.95~1.05 .751
Time spent at desk/day   1.12 0.96~1.29 .148 1.25 1.03~1.51 .023
Job stress (Ref. Q-24)
Q25-49 2.33 1.20~4.52 .012 2.72 1.24~5.93 .013
Q50- 1.75 0.73~4.24 .213 1.89 0.62~5.77 .264
Drinking (Ref. no)
Moderate 0.59 0.28~1.70 .417 0.89 0.26~3.04 .855
Heavy 0.85 1.37~2.00 .715 0.78 0.28~2.16 .634
Smoking (Ref. nonsmoker)
Ex-smoker 1.06 0.54~2.09 .861 1.74 0.76~4.01 .304
Current smoker 0.65 0.31~1.33 .236 0.83 0.34~2.01 .658
Exercise (Ref. yes)
No 3.96 1.95~8.06 ＜.001 6.86 2.62~17.93 ＜.001
IPAQ (Ref. low)
Moderate 0.50 0.27~0.93 .029 0.73 0.35~1.55 .434
High 0.64 0.27~1.55 .324 1.34 0.38~4.76 .528
Snack time/day   1.40 1.01~1.94 .044 1.57 1.03~2.38 .036
Night eating/week   0.95 0.75~1.19 .639 0.80 0.59~1.08 .143
Calory (Ref. moderate)
Over 2.39 1.18~4.85 .016 2.32 0.98~5.52 .057
Carbohydrate (Ref. moderate)
Over 0.70 0.27~1.79 .454 0.80 0.24~2.66 .713
Fat (Ref. moderate)
Over 0.94 0.50~1.78 .854 0.77 0.35~1.70 .513
Sodium   1.42 0.97~2.10 .075 1.53 0.95~2.47 .083

Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

Table 5.
Factors associated with Hypertension
Variables Categories Crude OR Adjusted OR
Crude OR 95% Cl p Adj. OR 95% Cl p
Family history (Ref. yes)
No 1.16 0.56~2.41 .697 0.99 0.41~2.38 .977
Duration of career   1.07 1.02~1.13 .007 1.07 1.01~1.14 .021
Work hour/week   0.99 0.95~1.4 .710 1.01 0.96~1.07 .675
Time spent at desk/day   0.84 0.70~1.00 .059 0.88 0.71~1.09 .246
Job stress (Ref. Q-24)
Q25-49 0.60 0.26~1.36 .220 0.49 0.19~1.30 .153
Q50- 0.56 0.18~1.75 .318 1.05 0.27~4.01 .946
Alcohol (Ref. non)
Moderate 1.50 0.33~6.88 .602 2.67 0.47~15.18 .269
Heavy 3.51 1.01~12.24 .049 5.00 1.25~20.04 .023
Smoking (Ref. nonsmoker)
Ex-smoker 2.56 1.08~6.04 .032 2.45 0.89~6.65 .082
Current smoker 1.73 0.70~4.31 .238 1.71 0.60~4.86 .311
Exercise (Ref. yes)
No 0.57 0.29~1.13 .109 0.86 0.35~2.16 .772
IPAQ (Ref. low)
Moderate 1.71 0.79~3.68 .173 1.55 0.64~3.76 .333
High 3.26 1.23~8.61 .017 2.26 0.61~8.44 .225
Snack time/day   1.90 1.31~2.80 .001 2.10 1.33~3.34 .002
Night eating/week   1.02 0.79~1.32 .854 0.79 0.54~1.15 .214
Calory (Ref. moderate)
Over 1.19 0.53~2.67 .668 1.03 0.40~2.40 .946
Carbohydrate (Ref. moderate)
Over 0.98 0.34~2.82 .971 0.86 0.23~3.22 .819
Fat (Ref. moderate)
Over 1.37 0.67~2.79 .384 1.21 0.51~2.88 .668
Sodium   1.31 0.84~2.04 .240 1.19 0.70~2.03 .525

Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.4.432
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    The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers
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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.4.432
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    The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers
    The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers

    General Characteristics, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors (N=204)

    Characteristics Categories   n (%) or M±SD
    Age (year)     43.7±6.8
    30~39 60 (29.4)
    40~49 103 (50.5)
    ≥50 41 (20.1)
    Education High school 25 (12.3)
    Diploma 16 (7.8)
    Bachelor's degree 131 (64.2)
    ≥Master's degree 32 (15.7)
    Annual income (10,000 won) ＜3,000 12 (5.9)
    3,000~＜4,000 27 (13.2)
    4,000~＜5,000 50 (24.5)
    5,000~＜6,000 45 (22.1)
    ≥6,000 70 (34.3)
    Past history Hypertension 13 (6.4)
    Diabetes mellitus 5 (2.5)
    Dyslipidemia 15 (7.4)
    Family history Parents 42 (20.6)
    Grand parents 12 (5.9)
    Duration of career   16.25±6.75
    Job position Staff 62 (30.4)
    Middle manager 118 (57.8)
    Senior manager 24 (11.8)
    Work hour/week   46.52±7.36
    ≤40 86 (42.2)
    ＞40 118 (57.8)
    Time spent at desk/day 6.32±1.92
    Job stress   40.14±7.70
    Q-24 (≤42.4) 129 (63.2)
    Q25-49 (42.5~48. 51 (25.0)
    Q50-74 (48.5~54. 20 (9.8)
    ≥Q75- (≥54.8) 4 (2.0)
    Drinking No 30 (14.7)
    Yes Moderate drinking 93 (53.5)
    Heavy drinking 81 (46.6)
    Smoking Nonsmoker   62 (30.4)
    Ex-smoker 76 (37.3)
    Current smoker 66 (32.4)
    Exercise Yes 63 (30.9)
    No 141 (69.1)
    IPAQ (MET)   1,431.89±1,477.56
    Low 76 (37.3)
    Moderate 99 (48.5)
    High 29 (14.2)
    Diet Snack time/day 0.91±0.88
    Midnight snack/week 0.94±1.25
    Calory Moderate 165 (80.9)
    Over 39 (19.1)
    Carbohydrate Moderate 182 (89.2)
    Over 22 (10.8)
    Fat Moderate 149 (73.0)
    Over 55 (27.0)
    Sodium Moderate 10 (4.9)
    Over 194 (95.1)

    IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire; MET=metabolic equivalent task.

    †Multiple response.

    Dyslipidemia and Hypertension

    Variables Categories n (%)
    Serum lipid profile (mg/dL)
    Total cholesterol ＜230 187 (91.7)
    ≥230 17 (8.3)
    Triglyceride ＜200 156 (76.5)
    ≥200 48 (23.5)
    HDL-cholesterol ＜40 177 (86.8)
    ≥40 27 (13.2)
    LDL-cholesterol ＜150 182 (89.2)
    ≥150 22 (10.8)
    Dyslipidemia No 124 (60.8)
    Yes 80 (39.2)
    Blood pressure (mmHg)
    Systolic blood pressure ＜140 188 (92.2)
    ≥140 16 (7.8)
    Diastolic blood pressure ＜90 161 (78.9)
    ≥90 43 (21.1)
    Hypertension No 157 (77.0)
    Yes 47 (23.0)

    HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein.

    Differences in Individual, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors between Two Groups

    Variables   Dyslipidemia Hypertension
    No Yes x2 or t (p) No Yes x2 or t (p)
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Age (year)   43.0±7.1 44.7±6.3 1.70 (.091) 42.7±6.6 46.9±6.8 3.78 (＜.001)
    Family history No 89 (71.8) 63 (78.8) 1.25 (.264) 118 (75.2) 34 (72.3) 0.15 (.706)
    Yes 35 (28.2) 17 (21.2)   39 (24.8) 13 (27.7)  
    Duration of career 15.86±6.62 16.88±6.98 1.06 (.293) 15.56±6.70 18.62±6.51 2.77 (.006)
    Work hour/week 46.44±7.05 46.64±7.86 0.18 (.855) 46.62±7.34 46.17±7.49 0.37 (.712)
    Time spent at desk/week 6.16±1.91 6.56±1.91 1.45 (.147) 6.46±1.96 5.85±1.69 1.91 (.057)
    Job stress   3.951±7.01 41.12±8.62 1.46 (.145) 40.70±7.83 38.26±7.02 1.91 (.057)
    Q-24 87 (70.2) 42 (52.5) 6.87 (.032) 95 (60.5) 34 (72.3) 2.19 (.356)
    Q25-49 24 (19.4) 27 (33.8)   42 (26.8) 9 (19.1)  
    ≥Q50- 13 (10.5) 11 (13.8)   20 (12.7) 4 (8.5)  
    Drinking No 17 (13.7) 13 (16.2) 0.31 (.855) 27 (17.2) 3 (6.4) 4.20 (.123)
    Moderate 58 (46.8) 35 (43.8)   72 (45.9) 21 (44.7)  
    Heavy 49 (39.5) 32 (40.0)   58 (36.9) 23 (48.9)  
    Smoking No 36 (29.0) 26 (32.5) 2.27 (.329) 53 (33.8) 9 (19.1) 4.78 (.092)
    Ex-smoker 43 (34.7) 33 (41.2)   53 (33.8) 23 (48.9)  
    Current 45 (36.3) 21 (26.2)   51 (32.5) 15 (31.9)  
    Exercise Yes 51 (51.1) 12 (15.0) 15.55 (＜.001) 44 (28.0) 19 (40.4) 2.61 (.106)
    No 73 (48.9) 68 (85.0)   113 (72.0) 28 (59.6)  
    IPAQ   1,558.51±1,536.22 1,235.63±1,367.99 1.53 (.128) 1,274.37±1,352.67 1,958.07±1,749.79 2.83 (.005)
    Low 39 (31.5) 37 (46.2) 4.85 (.088) 64 (40.8) 12 (25.5) 5.96 (.056)
    Moderate 67 (54.0) 32 (40.0)   75 (47.8) 24 (51.1)  
    High 18 (14.5) 11 (13.8)   18 (11.5) 11 (23.4)  
    Snack time/day 0.81±0.75 1.07±1.03 2.06 (.055) 0.79±0.71 1.31±1.20 3.68 (＜.001)
    Midnight snack/week 0.97±1.22 0.89±1.30 0.74 (.640) 0.93±1.29 0.97±1.14 0.18 (.855)
    Calory Moderate 107 (86.3) 58 (72.5) 5.98 (.014) 128 (81.5) 37 (78.7) 0.18 (.668)
    Over 17 (13.7) 22 (27.5)   29 (18.5) 10 (21.3)  
    Carbohydrate Moderate 109 (87.9) 73 (91.3) 0.57 (.452) 140 (89.2) 42 (89.4) 0.00 (.971)
    Over 15 (12.1) 7 (8.8)   17 (10.8) 5 (10.6)  
    Fat Moderate 90 (72.6) 59 (73.8) 0.03 (.854) 117 (74.5) 32 (68.1) 0.76 (.383)
    Over 34 (27.4) 21 (26.3)   40 (25.5) 15 (31.9)  
    †Sodium Moderate 7 (5.6) 3 (3.8) 0.38 (.743) 10 (6.4) 0 (0.0) 3.15 (.121)
    Over 117 (94.4) 77 (96.3)   147 (93.6) 47 (100.0)  

    IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

    †Fisher's exact test.

    Factors associated with Dyslipidemia

    Variables Categories Crude OR Adjusted OR
    Crude OR 95% Cl p Adj. OR 95% Cl p
    Family history (Ref. yes)
    No 0.69 0.35~1.33 .266 0.91 0.40~2.07 .855
    Duration of career   1.02 0.98~1.07 .291 1.06 1.01~1.12 .028
    Work hour/week   1.00 0.97~1.04 .854 1.00 0.95~1.05 .751
    Time spent at desk/day   1.12 0.96~1.29 .148 1.25 1.03~1.51 .023
    Job stress (Ref. Q-24)
    Q25-49 2.33 1.20~4.52 .012 2.72 1.24~5.93 .013
    Q50- 1.75 0.73~4.24 .213 1.89 0.62~5.77 .264
    Drinking (Ref. no)
    Moderate 0.59 0.28~1.70 .417 0.89 0.26~3.04 .855
    Heavy 0.85 1.37~2.00 .715 0.78 0.28~2.16 .634
    Smoking (Ref. nonsmoker)
    Ex-smoker 1.06 0.54~2.09 .861 1.74 0.76~4.01 .304
    Current smoker 0.65 0.31~1.33 .236 0.83 0.34~2.01 .658
    Exercise (Ref. yes)
    No 3.96 1.95~8.06 ＜.001 6.86 2.62~17.93 ＜.001
    IPAQ (Ref. low)
    Moderate 0.50 0.27~0.93 .029 0.73 0.35~1.55 .434
    High 0.64 0.27~1.55 .324 1.34 0.38~4.76 .528
    Snack time/day   1.40 1.01~1.94 .044 1.57 1.03~2.38 .036
    Night eating/week   0.95 0.75~1.19 .639 0.80 0.59~1.08 .143
    Calory (Ref. moderate)
    Over 2.39 1.18~4.85 .016 2.32 0.98~5.52 .057
    Carbohydrate (Ref. moderate)
    Over 0.70 0.27~1.79 .454 0.80 0.24~2.66 .713
    Fat (Ref. moderate)
    Over 0.94 0.50~1.78 .854 0.77 0.35~1.70 .513
    Sodium   1.42 0.97~2.10 .075 1.53 0.95~2.47 .083

    Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

    Factors associated with Hypertension

    Variables Categories Crude OR Adjusted OR
    Crude OR 95% Cl p Adj. OR 95% Cl p
    Family history (Ref. yes)
    No 1.16 0.56~2.41 .697 0.99 0.41~2.38 .977
    Duration of career   1.07 1.02~1.13 .007 1.07 1.01~1.14 .021
    Work hour/week   0.99 0.95~1.4 .710 1.01 0.96~1.07 .675
    Time spent at desk/day   0.84 0.70~1.00 .059 0.88 0.71~1.09 .246
    Job stress (Ref. Q-24)
    Q25-49 0.60 0.26~1.36 .220 0.49 0.19~1.30 .153
    Q50- 0.56 0.18~1.75 .318 1.05 0.27~4.01 .946
    Alcohol (Ref. non)
    Moderate 1.50 0.33~6.88 .602 2.67 0.47~15.18 .269
    Heavy 3.51 1.01~12.24 .049 5.00 1.25~20.04 .023
    Smoking (Ref. nonsmoker)
    Ex-smoker 2.56 1.08~6.04 .032 2.45 0.89~6.65 .082
    Current smoker 1.73 0.70~4.31 .238 1.71 0.60~4.86 .311
    Exercise (Ref. yes)
    No 0.57 0.29~1.13 .109 0.86 0.35~2.16 .772
    IPAQ (Ref. low)
    Moderate 1.71 0.79~3.68 .173 1.55 0.64~3.76 .333
    High 3.26 1.23~8.61 .017 2.26 0.61~8.44 .225
    Snack time/day   1.90 1.31~2.80 .001 2.10 1.33~3.34 .002
    Night eating/week   1.02 0.79~1.32 .854 0.79 0.54~1.15 .214
    Calory (Ref. moderate)
    Over 1.19 0.53~2.67 .668 1.03 0.40~2.40 .946
    Carbohydrate (Ref. moderate)
    Over 0.98 0.34~2.82 .971 0.86 0.23~3.22 .819
    Fat (Ref. moderate)
    Over 1.37 0.67~2.79 .384 1.21 0.51~2.88 .668
    Sodium   1.31 0.84~2.04 .240 1.19 0.70~2.03 .525

    Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.
    Table 1. General Characteristics, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors (N=204)

    IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire; MET=metabolic equivalent task.

    Multiple response.

    Table 2. Dyslipidemia and Hypertension

    HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein.

    Table 3. Differences in Individual, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors between Two Groups

    IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

    Fisher's exact test.

    Table 4. Factors associated with Dyslipidemia

    Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

    Table 5. Factors associated with Hypertension

    Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

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