Purpose Sarcopenia is significantly associated with frailty, readmission, and mortality in patients with heart failure. This review aims to provide an overview of the literature on sarcopenia in individuals with heart failure. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted regarding the current state of knowledge on assessment tools for the diagnosis, prognosis, and optimal management of sarcopenia in patients with heart failure. Results Sarcopenia can be defined as the loss of muscle mass with low muscle strength and/or poor physical performance. Sarcopenia has been officially listed as a disease in the eighth revision of the Korean Classification of Diseases in 2021. The causes of sarcopenia in patients with heart failure are multifactorial, including chronic inflammation, hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, low muscle blood flow, and endothelial dysfunction. The management of sarcopenia is primarily focused on exercise and/or nutritional management because there is no specific pharmacological therapy to treat sarcopenia. Conclusion Healthcare professionals should be aware of the significance of early detection and timely management of sarcopenia to avoid physical disability, long-term institutional care, and mortality in individuals with heart failure. Clinical trials are required to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions including exercise and nutrition, alone or in combination, on sarcopenia in patients with heart failure. In addition, more research is required to identify multidimensional risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers for sarcopenia.
Purpose This study aims to confirm the influence of type D personality and health literacy on resilience of patients hospitalized for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs), and provide basic information for improving resilience as a post-discharge strategy to promote self-care among patients with chronic diseases.
Methods A questionnaire-based survey was carried out in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were 142 patients who were being treated at a tertiary general hospital for CVDs such as coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Data were collected from July to October 2022 using a structured questionnaire, and then analyzed using the SPSS program version 26.0.
Results 75.3% of the study subjects (n=107) had type D personalities, and the average health literacy and resilience scores were 48.96±9.13 points and 68.27±13.02 points, respectively, indicating relatively low grades. Following a hierarchical regression analysis, low monthly income (β=-.62, p<.001), current smokers (β=-.23, p=.010), patients with type D personality (β=-.24, p=.001), and patients with low health literacy (β=.27, p<.001) were identified as significant predictors of resilience (Adjusted R2=.57, F=14.32, p<.001).
Conclusion In order to increase the resilience of patients hospitalized for CVD, it is necessary to identify and take into account smokers with low socioeconomic status, poor health literacy, and type D personality. We advise doing a follow-up study to ascertain if the resilience of patients hospitalized for CVD influences post-discharge self-care and clinical outcomes.
Purpose This study aimed to identify socioeconomic clusters of older adults and compare cardiovascular health among the identified clusters.
Methods: A secondary analysis was performed using the data from 3,303 older adults (over 65 years of age; 56.5% women) who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016~2017). A two-step cluster analysis was used to identify older adults’ socioeconomic clusters based on 11 factors associated with Socioeconomic Status (SES). Differences in the cardiovascular health outcomes among the identified clusters were analyzed using the x2 test and one-way ANOVA. Results: A three-cluster solution was selected (p<.001) composed of low (n=715), middle (n=1,425), and high-SES clusters (n=1,163). The three clusters differed significantly in the prevalence of diabetes (p<.010), hypertension (p<.001), and metabolic syndrome (p<.001), with greater prevalence in the lower SES clusters. Similarly, systolic blood pressure (p<.001), body mass index (p<.010), and total cholesterol (p<.010) differed significantly among the clusters in the same pattern.
Conclusion: Older adults of lower SES clusters should be a crucial target group for health promotion interventions aimed at the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Tailored interventions can be developed by understanding intersecting SES risk factors in this group.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the cardiac rehabilitation program (Phase III) on cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory function in the elderly (age, > or = 60) who experienced acute myocardial infarction. METHODS The design of research was nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Subjects were 10 people in the experimental group and 10 in the control group. The intervention program was the cardiac rehabilitation program (Phase III), and was performed for 50 ~ 60 minutes, twice a week for 8 weeks. The dependent variables were the cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory function. RESULTS Significant differences were shown in RHR, RSBP, SRPP, SBS, BMI, PT of the experimental group after the intervention. As for the differences in the amount of changes, there were differences among groups in RHR, RSBP, SRPP, SBS, PMET, and PT of the experimental group. CONCLUSION The cardiac rehabilitation program (Phase III) may be effective in improving cardiovascular function and enhancing cardiorespiratory function in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction.
PURPOSE The study aimed to apply Tai Chi exercise to patients with coronary artery disease for 6 months, and to examine changes on body composition, physical strength, and cardiovascular risks. METHODS: Applying a quasi experimental design with a nonequivalent control group, 90 subjects with cardiovascular disease were recruited at C university hospital. For 6 months, 44 subjects performed Tai Chi exercise once a week and daily home exercise, while 46 subjects did not. Body composition was assessed by body mass index, % body fat, and waist-hip ratio; physical strength by balance, mobility, flexibility, grip strength, and back muscle strength; and cardiovascular risk checklist for fixed and modifiable risk factors. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN program with ANCOVA to consider group differences at the pretest. RESULTS: The subjects were 66 years old in average. In 6 months, Tai Chi group improved significantly in balance, mobility, and flexibility with decreased modifiable cardiovascular risks after adjusting for the pretest scores. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi exercise was safely applicable to individuals with coronary artery disease, and effective in some measures of physical strength and modifiable cardiovascular risks. It could be an alternative exercise for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program in this population.
PURPOSE This study was to investigate the sex differences in risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD), depression and self-care activities in type 2 diabetes with metabolic syndrome. METHODS The descriptive correlational design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and twenty-nine diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, Students' t-test, one way ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS The risk of CVD in diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome indicated a significantly negative correlation to self-care activities and age, and positive correlation to waist_C, SBP, DBP and TG. The metabolic syndrome is associated with an approximate 1.7-fold increase in the relative risk in CVD in diabetic women. The main significant predictors influencing CVD risk of diabetes with metabolic syndrome were age, waist_C, SBP and TG, which explained about 29.7%. CONCLUSION These results indicate that patients with diabetes with metabolic syndrome with a high degree of waist_C, SBP and TG are likely to be high in risk of CVD.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of cardiovascular risk factors of type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS Diabetic patients (N=160) were interviewed from November, 2003 to June, 2004. The 24 hour dietary recall, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale for patient with Type 2 diabetes, the Revised Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure Scale and Parma Cardiovascular Risk Index were used to measure the predictors. Data were analyzed by descriptive analyses, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS WIN 10.0. RESULTS Mean dietary intakes of the participants were protein(P) of 64.5g, carbohydrate(C) of 280.74g, fat(F) of 30g, and calcium of 511.45mg. The ratio of CPF was 75:17:8. About 45% of the participants didn't exercise on a regular basis. The levels of self-efficacy, self-care, and cardiovascular risk factors of the participants were moderate. Self-efficacy was the most important predictor of cardiovascular risk factors along with self-care, exercising for more than 6 months, carbohydrate intakes and levels of physical activities. CONCLUSION The findings of the study suggest that intervention programs increasing self-efficacy on diabetic management would be more beneficial than the fractional approach focusing only on diet or physical activities.
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to explore the meaning of quality of life in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. METHODS A grounded theory method guided data collection and analysis. A total of 16 adult outpatients with chronic cardiovascular disease was participated. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews. All interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Coding was used to establish different concepts and categories. A theoretical sampling technique was used to obtain diverse data from many relevant categories. RESULTS Seven categories were extracted, and they divided into constructing and intervening factors of quality of life. Constructing factors were uncertainty, recovery in the sense of control and maintaining social life. Intervening factors were symptom experiences, social support, taking care of themselves, and reflecting life. 'Keeping restrictive conditions under control' was emerged as a core category. The meaning of quality of life in patients with cardiovascular was explained according to the levels of keeping restrictive conditions under control. CONCLUSION The result of this study may contribute for health professionals to understand the quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease.
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to analyze and evaluate prior studies published in Korea on the cardiovascular disease-related quality of life, in order to make recommendations for further research. METHODS: A total of 15 studies were selected from four databases(Digital library of Research Information Center for Health, Korea Medical Database, MedRic, and National Assembly Library). The selected studies were analyzed according to criteria, such as diagnosis/operation, used instrument, generic/specific instrument, dimension of quality of life, translation/ back-translation, sample size, reliability, validity, responsiveness, number of items, type of scale, time required, and independent variables. RESULTS: Of the 15 cardiovascular disease-related quality of life studies, approximately half of them were conducted with hypertension or ischemic heart disease patients. All studies asserted that the concept of quality of life had multidimensional attributes. With respect to the questionnaire used for measuring the quality of life, only one study used a cardiovascular disease specific- instrument and most studies did not consider whether or not the validity of their instrument had been established. In addition, when using questionnaires developed in other languages, only one study employed a translation/ back-translation technique. The types of variables tested for their influence on quality of life were quite limited. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to develop a reliability and validity established cardiovascular disease specific- quality of life for Korean patients and to identify associated new variables.
PURPOSE This study is aimed at testing the effect of health promotion program on health promoting behavior and cardiovascular risk factors of middle-aged women. METHOD The research design was the nonequivalent control group pre-post test. Twelve middle-aged women were the experimental group and ten were the control group. The 8-week health promotion program was given to the experimental group. There were health promotion theories, flexibility and muscle strength exercise, cardiopulmonary endurance exercise, nutrition, stress management, cancer prevention and early detection, management of menopause and wrap-up in health promotion program for middle-aged women. The measurement tool was Health Promoting Behavior developed by researcher using serum cholesterol, obesity rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure as cardiovascular risk factors. RESULT The experimental group showed a higher score of health promoting behavior than the control group. There were no differences on cardiovascular risk factors(cholesterol, obesity rate, diastolic blood pressure) between the experimental and control groups except systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION Conclusively, this health promotion program for middle-aged women was effective in increasing health promotion behaviors, but wasn't effective in decreasing cardiovascular risk factors except the systolic blood pressure. It seems it's necessary to re-study this using more samples and a longer duration of the program, and smaller mortality rate.
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