Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare and verify the effects of aroma essential oil inhalation and music listening on stress response, vital signs, and bispectral index. Methods In a randomized controlled trial design, the participants consisted of healthy adults aged 20~50 years who were randomly assigned to the Aroma essential oil inhalation Group (AG), Music Listening Group (MLG), or control group. The AG inhaled aroma essential oil for 10 minutes, the MLG listened to music for 10 minutes, and the control group took a break for 10 minutes. Stressors introduced to the participants included 70 dB of white noise and an arithmetic calculation. Results The perceived stress was significantly different between three groups at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after the intervention. The stress responses of the AG and MLG were significantly lower than that of the control group. At 10 minutes and 30 minutes after the intervention, there were significant differences in the Bispectral index (BIS) between three groups, and the BIS of the AG and MLG were significantly lower than that of the control group. At 30 minutes after the intervention, the stress index, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate were significantly different between three groups. Conclusion Aroma essential oil inhalation and music listening are effective nursing interventions as they reduce stress, stabilize vital signs, and have sedative effects in healthy adults who perceive stress.

Citations

• Effect of Healing Beats Program on Stress, Heart Rate and Sleep Quality of Colorectal Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Eun-Jeong Hong
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2024; 24(1): 32.     CrossRef
• Comparative effects of music therapy and aromatherapy on stress, quality of life, and happiness among shift nurses in Korea: a randomized controlled trial
  So-heun Lee, Won-jong Kim, Eun-Hi Choi, Myung-Haeng Hur
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2024; 26(4): 337.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study utilized a randomized block-design for the purpose of studying the effect of dialysate temperature on blood pressure (BP), core temperature, and physical symptoms in hemodialysis patients. The sample was thirty-one patients undergoing hemodialysis assigned to one of three groups. were divided into 3 groups.
METHODS
Repeated analysis of variance to number of hypotension occurrences, core temperature changes, and physical symptoms at cool dialysis with dialysate of 35.5℃, standard dialysis with dialysate of 36.5℃ and isothermic dialysis based on blood temperature feedback monitor (BTM). Each of the three groups underwent hemodialysis six times at a specific dialysate temperature.
RESULTS
The number of hypotension events were 21 at cool dialysis, 47 at standard dialysis, and 27 at isothermic dialysis, occurrences under cool dialysis were less frequent than under standard dialysis (F=8.08, p=.002). The patients' core temperature increased by 0.07℃ at cool dialysis, 0.21℃ at standard dialysis, and 0.18℃ at isothermic dialysis, cool dialysis showed a significantly smaller increase in core temperature (F=17.76, p < .001). There was no difference in the incidence of physical symptoms related to dialysate temperatures (F=2.04, p=.146).
CONCLUSION
Cool dialysis resulted in a significant prevention of the increase in core temperature and was more effective than standard dialysis in preventing hypotension. Isothermic dialysis had no positive effects in preventing the increase in core temperature or occurrences of hypotension.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on stress, fatigue, mood, and vital signs of the nurses in the operating rooms.
METHODS
The data were collected from September 2007 to February 2008 in the operating room at K hospital located in Seoul, Korea. A total of 48 nurses were recruited. Among them, 25 nurses were randomly assigned to an experimental group and 23 were assigned to a control group. Experimental group was provided with aroma inhalation by necklace which had essential oil mixture of 0.2 cc. For aroma inhalation, Lavender, Zeranium and Mazoram were mixed in ratio of 5:3:2. In order to test the effectiveness of aroma inhalation, the pretest and posttest results for stress, fatigue, mood, and vital signs were compared between the experimental group and the control group. The data were analyzed by unpaired t-test and ANCOVA using the SPSS/WIN 15.0 program.
RESULTS
There were statistically significant decreases in the stress and fatigue scores, and increase in the mood scores and showed significant relaxation in the vital signs after the aroma inhalation.
CONCLUSION
The aromatherapy had the positive effects on stress, fatigue, mood, and vital signs.

PURPOSE
This study was object to the effects of a resistance exercise combined with relaxation therapy on blood pressure, frequency of exercise and physical fitness in elderly women.
METHODS
Seventy three elderly women participated in an exercise program for 12 months. The exercise program consisted of stretching, massage and resistance training using thera-bands twice a week and 50 minutes in every sessions each week. Repeated measures ANOVA were performed using SAS.
RESULTS
After the exercise program there was a significant difference in systolic blood pressure, frequency of exercise, body fat, sitting to standing, walking 2 minutes, sitting on a chair and reaching, and standing on one leg with eyes opened. After 6 months, there was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and significant increase in frequency of exercise, body fat, sitting to standing and standing on one leg with eyes opened. In 12 months, there was a significant increase in body fat, 2 minutes walking, and sitting in a chair and reaching.
CONCLUSION
Resistance exercise combined with muscle relaxation therapy would have a positive effect on elderly women. We found that it was helpful for the elderly women in terms of physical fitness.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hand massage on fatigue, sleep satisfaction and blood pressure of the aged in a long-term care facility.
METHODS
The data were collected from June to August 2008. The subjects were randomly recruited from a long-term care facility in Junnam Providence and were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 22) or control group (n = 22). Hand massage was carried out every other day in the evening for two weeks. Massage was administered to each forearm and hand for 10 minutes. Descriptive statistics, x2-test and t-test were performed using SAS program.
RESULTS
In the experimental group, the fatigue (p = .017) was significantly lower and the sleep satisfaction (p = .043) was significantly higher than for the control group.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the results of the study, hand massage can be recommended for the elderly with sleep disturbance to reduce fatigue.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine lifestyle, BMI, BP, and lipids profiles in male subjects and to explore the relationships among variables.
METHODS
A total of 148 male subjects were recruited from one life insurance company from December 1, 2005 to February 28, 2006. Data collection methods were structured questionnaire, anthropometry and serum analysis. The relationships among lifestyle, BMI, BP, and serum lipid profiles were assessed by descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and partial Pearson's correlation coefficient of variables after controlling for age, educational level, and economic status.
RESULTS
The mean BMI of the participants was relatively high as 25.38(range: 18.38 - 32.83). The differences of serum lipid profiles according to age, educational level, and economic status were significant. 'Use of caffeine and drugs'(r = -.187, p < .05) and 'consciousness of safety'( r= -.200, p < .05) was negatively related to BMI. Higher score of 'type of personality' domain was correlated with lower systolic BP(r = -.221, p < .01) and lower diastolic BP(r = -.195, p < .05) and was positively correlated with HDL(r = .191, p < .05).
CONCLUSION
'Use of caffeine and drugs', 'consciousness of safety' and 'type of personality' of lifestyle as well as 'dietary habit' and 'exercise' played a key role in circulatory disease.

PURPOSE
This study was intended to determine how the choice of music affects the physiological and psychological status of women college student during music therapy. METHODS: A nonequivalent experimental group pretest-posttest design was used. 19 out of 54 subjects were assigned to listen to their favorite music and 17 to their unfavorite music for 20 minutes using MP3 players and headphones. Anxiety, blood pressure, pulse and blood glucose levels of the subjects were measured before treatment. The data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed rank test using the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program.
RESULTS
The result showed that systolic blood pressure, blood glucose and anxiety level decreased significantly in the favorite music group. however systolic blood pressure, pulse rate and anxiety level increased significantly in the unfavorite music group. The favorite music group showed a significantly higher level of satisfaction than the unfavorite music group.
CONCLUSION
Choice of music affects the physiological and psychological status of an individual. Favorite music listening would enhance the effect of music therapy. Therefore, selection of music must be considered in light of the subject's preference and characteristics.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of weight control program on body composition(body mass index and waist-hip ratio), blood pressure, serum lipids(total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein) and self-regulation behavior in obese college women.
METHODS
Forty seven obese subjects were divided into experimental(22) and control(25) groups. The weight control program lasting 12 weeks consisted of a traffic-light diet, jumping-rope exercises, and behavior modification methods with e-mail counseling. The data were collected from 29 March to 17 September of 2004. The variables were assessed before and after intervention for 12 weeks in two groups. Then, those were repeated after a 12 week suspension of intervention in the experimental group. The data were analysed by the SPSS computer program.
RESULTS
BMI, HDL, LDL and self-regulation behavior levels showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups. While there were no significant differences in waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride.
CONCLUSION
The weight control program had a positive effect on obese college women, and can be used to control obesity.

The cause of essential hypertension is yet unknown, but in general is caused by interaction of hereditary factors, diet, obesity, lack of exercise and stress. The aging process influences various physiological mechanism related to regulation of blood pressure. So elderly hypertensives have a tendancy to consider the disease as a result of the physiological aging process. This attitude causes many complications, worsening of the disease and even early death because of inappropriate care. In order to improve self-management of elderly hypertensives in this study the researcher examined the effect of blood pressure regulation by an education program that improves self-care behavior, through increasing self-efficacy. The education program consisted of group education on hypertension and self-care strategies, and encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy resources such as verbal persuation, performance accomplishment and vicarious experiences. A quasi-experimental pre-and post-test design was used. Thirty-two elderly hypertensives participated in the study. Eighteen in the education group and fourteen in the control group. The education program consisted of eight sessions twice a week for four weeks. There was no intervention for the control group. Data were analysed using SPSS for Windows(Version 8.0). The results were as follows. 1. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 2. There was no significant difference in the level of self-care behavior between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 3. There was significant difference in self-efficacy of experimental and control group, depending on the measuring period, but there was no difference between these groups on interaction by groups and over time. 4. There was positive correlation between self efficacy and self care behavior depending on the measuring period. There was negative correlation between diastolic blood pressure and self-care behavior on the posttest of the program, and between systolic blood pressure and self-care behavior on the follow-up test of the program. Findings indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies for the regulation of blood pressure for the elderly, which is easy for the elderly to learn as a nonpharmacologic approach.

Hemodialysis(HD)-associated hypotension is a frequent complication, but it is difficult to manage. Until now, several maneuvers have been tried to prevent the HD-associated hypotension. Of these, the sodium content of dialysate was regarded as an important factor for maintaining blood pressure during HD. In this study, we evaluated the effect of hypertonic dialysate on blood pressure, interdialytic weight gain and the incidence of thirst. The study was done for 6 weeks successively with 3 different groups. Each patient was dialysed with 3 different dialysates for 2 weeks: Group I(Conventional HD: sodium concentration: 137 mEq/L), Group II(Hypertonic HD: 147 mEq/L) and Group III (Sequential HD: from 147 to 140 mEq/L). Hemodynamic parameters(blood pressure, pulse rate and ultrafiltration rate), biochemical parameters(hematocrits, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, fasting blood sugar) and complications (interdialytic weight gain &thirsty sensation) were compared among 3 groups. The results were as follows: 1. Decline of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at the time of a 3 hour check during hemodialysis was lower in the Group II than Group I and III (p=0.002; p=0.012). and decline of diastolic blood pressure at the time of a 4 hour check during hemodialysis was lower in the Group II and III than Group I(p=0.04). 2. ncidence of hypotensive episodes during dialysis was significantly lower in Group II than group I (p=0.0287). 3. The ultrafiltration in Group III at the time of 1 hour, 2 hour and 3 hour check during hemodialysis was higher than that in Group I and II at the time of 1 hour, 2 hour and 3 hour check during emodialysis respectively (p=0.0001; p=0.0001; p=0.0004). 4. Interdialytic weight gain was higher in Group II(3.1+/-0.8) than GroupI(2.8+/-0.8) and III (2.9+/-0.9) (p=0.0422). 5. Hematologic and biochemical results were not significantly different among 3 Groups. 6. Frequency of thirst was different in Group I, II and III, 0.05+/-0.12, 0.41+/-0.24 and 0.22+/-0.29 respectively (p=0.0259). The results suggest that hypertonic HD was effective in preventing HD-associated hypotension but interdialytic weight gain and thirst sensations were increased as compared with a conventional method. In this situation, sequential HD seems to be an alternative method to minimizes the side effect of hypertonic HD.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among variables which are categorized by two groups : the first group consists of obesity, serum lipids, and blood pressure which were measured by physical index or physiological index, and the second group consists of demographic variables and variables related to lifestyle that is known to influence the first group. The canonical correlation analysis was conducted with the data collected from 400 male clients who visited one university hospital located in Inchon in a period, from May 1996 to December 1996, for physical examination. According to the results, blood pressure and HDL of the first group were shown to have strong relationship with age, alcohol, smoking, exercise of the second group. And total cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic, BMI of the first group were shown to have strong relationship with income status, education, exercise of the second group. And all of the serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL), BMI, and diastolic were shown to have relationship with education, smoking, alcohol. It should be noted that fat rate, which was one of the indices for obesity, was not significant in any of the canonical variates. From the comparative study results on which combination of indices of obesity, serum lipids and blood pressure was related to either alcohol or smoking more, it can be seem that smoking was more highly related to two blood pressure indices such as systolic and diastolic, and that alcohol was highly related to serum lipid indices such as HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride. Also investigation on what differences exist between the combination of variables showing high relationship to systolic and the combination of variables showing high relationship to diastolic was conducted. Systolic turned out to have relationship with total cholesterol, triglyceride, obesity (fat rate), income status, education, exercise. And diastolic was related to HDL-c, total cholesterol, tryglyceride, obesity (BMI), education, smoking, alcohol. From this results, it could be seen that the combination of variables which have high relationship to systolic and diastolic have different patterns. Lastly, the investigation on what relationships exist between serum lipids and demographic variables/lifestyle variables was conducted. It turned out that HDL-c had high relationship with age, education, income status, alcohol, and that all of serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL) were shown to have high relationship with income status, education, age, exercise. From these results, it could be seen that the demographic variables were more influential both on HDL and on all of serum lipids than lifestyle variables were.