Impact of Stress on Depression among University Students: Testing for Moderating Effect of Social Support

Young Rye Park; Eun Hee Jang

doi:10.7475/KJAN.2013.25.5.549

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Impact of Stress on Depression among University Students: Testing for Moderating Effect of Social Support

Young Rye Park¹, Eun Hee Jang²

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2013;25(5):549-558.
Published online: October 18, 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/KJAN.2013.25.5.549

¹Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University, Gunsan

²Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Jang, Eun Hee Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea. Tel: +82-10-4256-5034, Fax: +82-2-824-7961, E-mail: cartooneh@hanmail.net

• Received: July 7, 2013 • Accepted: October 18, 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify impact of stress on depression among university students and the moderating effect of social support in the relationship between stress and depression in university students.
Methods
A total of 445 subjects were participated from May to July 2011. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires and t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 20.0 were used to analyze the data.
Results
The results indicate that depression was increased by stress and decreased with social support. Social support included four type of social support behavior; emotional support, informational support, material support, and appraisal support. Multiple regression analysis showed that moderating effect of emotional support was significant when provided by friends but not by parents.
Conclusion
These finding indicate the importance of emotional support of friends on depression in university students.
Key Words: Stress; Depression; Social support; Student

Table 1.

General Characteristics of Subjects (N=445)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
Gender	Male	227 (51.0)
Gender	Female	218 (49.0)
Age (year)		21.46±2.47
Grade	Freshman	119 (26.7)
	Sophomore	85 (19.1)
	Junior	129 (29.0)
	Senior	112 (25.2)
Type of residence	Own home	179 (40.2)
	Self-boarding/lodging	146 (32.8)
	Dormitory	111 (24.9)
	Etc	9 (2.0)
Religion	None	204 (45.8)
Religion	Others	241 (54.2)
Sleeping hours	＜6 hr	37 (8.3)
	6~＜8 hr	274 (61.6)
	≥8 hr	134 (30.1)
Smoking	Non-smoker	323 (72.6)
	Ex-smoker	30 (6.7)
	Present smoker	92 (20.7)
Drinking frequency	None	212 (47.6)
	1~2 times/week	179 (40.2)
	≥3 times/week	54 (12.1)
Exercise	None	38 (8.5)
Exercise	≥1 times/week	407 (91.5)
Satisfaction with school life	Satisfied	218 (49.0)
	Moderate	184 (41.3)
	Dissatisfied	43 (9.7)
Subjective health status	Healthy	286 (64.3)
	Moderate	119 (26.7)
	Unhealthy	40 (9.0)
Present disease state	Yes	43 (9.7)
Present disease state	No	402 (90.3)

Table 2.

Differences of Stress, Depression, and Social Support by General Characteristics (N=445)

Characteristics	Categories	Stress	t or F (p)	Depression	t or F (p) Social support	t or F (p)
Gender	Male	2.06±0.62	-3.70	0.46±0.38	-4.46 4.29±0.49	3.50
Gender	Female	2.28±0.67	(＜.001)	0.64±0.46	(＜.001) 4.13±0.46	(＜.001)
Grade^†	Freshman^a	2.14±0.62	0.51	0.57±0.41	0.40 4.07±0.45	5.02
	Sophomore^b	2.16±0.72	(.679)	0.57±0.47	(.754) 4.21±0.51	(.002)
	Junior^c	2.14±0.60		0.53±0.40	4.29±0.47	a＜b, c, d
	Senior^d	2.23±0.68		0.53±0.45	4.27±0.47
Religion	None	2.13±0.58	-1.17	0.54±0.40	-0.45 4.24±0.47	1.06
Religion	Others	2.20±0.71	(.244)	0.55±0.46	(.652) 4.19±0.47	(.290)
Type of residence	Own home	2.14±0.67	1.04	0.57±0.44	1.78 4.15±0.50	2.94
	Self-boarding/lodging	2.13±0.67	(.376)	0.49±0.42	(.151) 4.30±0.48	(.033)
	Dormitory	2.26±0.60		0.57±0.43	4.18±0.44
	Etc	2.13±0.48		0.71±0.41	4.26±0.43
Sleeping^† hours	＜6hr^a	2.38±0.52	2.60	0.73±0.40	4.14 4.14±0.48	0.43
	6~＜8hr^b	2.13±0.63	(.075)	0.55±0.44	(.016) 4.22±0.46	(.649)
	≥8hr^c	2.19±0.65		0.50±0.41	b,c＜a 4.22±0.52
Smoking	Non-smoker	2.19±0.65	0.43	0.56±0.44	0.24 4.19±0.48	1.52
	Ex-smoker	2.11±0.74	(.649)	0.52±0.53	(.788) 4.24±0.44	(.220)
	Present smoker	2.13±0.61		0.53±0.37	4.28±0.77
Drinking frequency^†	None^a	2.24±0.66	2.46	0.59±0.45	3.21 4.14±0.47	4.31
	1~2 times/week^b	2.11±0.64	(.087)	0.53±0.43	(.049) 4.27±0.50	(.014)
	≥3 times/week^c	2.09±0.63		0.43±0.33	c＜a 4.30±0.43	a＜c
Exercise	None	2.40±0.92	2.14	0.61±0.46	0.88 4.20±0.49	-0.20
Exercise	≥1 times/week	2.15±0.62	(.104)	0.54±0.43	(.379) 4.21±0.48	(.844)
Satisfaction with school life^†	Satisfied^a	2.01±0.58	16.44	0.42±0.35	29.83 4.36±0.43	26.33
	Moderate^b	2.27±0.66	(＜.001)	0.61±0.44	(＜.001) 4.11±0.48	(＜.001)
	Dissatisfied^c	2.54±0.72	a＜b＜c	0.90±0.51	a＜b＜c 3.90±0.48	c＜b＜a
Subjective health status^†	Healthy^a	2.04±0.60	17.75	0.45±0.36	27.25 4.29±0.46	12.87
	Moderate^b	2.33±0.65	(＜.001)	0.67±0.43	(＜.001) 4.11±0.45	(＜.001)
	Unhealthy^c	2.57±0.76	a＜b＜c	0.89±0.60	a＜b＜c 3.96±0.54	c＜b＜a
Present disease state	Yes	2.41±0.75	2.68	0.73±0.58	2.27 4.00±0.47	-3.01
Present disease state	No	2.14±0.63	(.008)	0.52±0.40	(.028) 4.23±0.48	(.003)

^†Duncan test.

Table 3.

Descriptive Statistics of Variables (N=445)

Variables	n (%)	Range	M±SD	Cronbach's ⍺
Stress	445 (100)	1.0~5.0	2.17±0.65	.80
Low	154 (34.6)	1.0~1.8
Moderate	202 (45.4)	2.0~2.6
High	89 (20.0)	2.8~5.0
Depression	445 (100)	0~48.0	10.93±8.57	.88
Low	340 (76.4)	0~15.0
Likely	69 (15.5)	16.0~24.0
Definitely	36 (8.1)	25.0~48.0
Social support	445 (100)	32.0~57.5	48.71±5.51	.93
Parents	445 (100)	28.0~65.0	57.31±7.00	.92
Friends	445 (100)	20.5~50.0	40.10±5.76	.91

Table 4.

Correlation among Stress, Depression, and Social Support (N=445)

Variables		Stress	Depression	Social support
		Stress	Depression	Social support of parents	Social support of friends
		r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Stress		1
Depression		.68 (＜.001)	1
Social support	Social support of parents	-.23 (＜.001)	-.27 (＜.001)	1
	Social support of friends	-.29 (＜.001)	-.28 (＜.001)	.48 (＜.001)	1

Table 5.

Moderating Effect of Social Support between Stress and Depression (N=445)

Variables	Social support of parents				Social support of friends
Variables	B	β	t	p	B	β	t	p
(Constant)	-0.58		-4.94	＜.001	-0.54		-4.62	＜.001
Satisfaction with school life	0.22	0.18	5.09	＜.001	0.20	0.16	4.59	＜.001
Emotional support	-0.02	-0.02	-0.62	.536	-0.09	-0.10	-2.76	.006
Stress	0.64	0.63	17.81	＜.001	0.61	0.60	16.95	＜.001
Stress × Emotional support	-0.09	-0.11	-2.90	.004	-0.13	-0.14	-4.15	＜.001
	Adjusted R²=.53, F=123.22, p＜.001				Adjusted R²=.54, F=127.57, p＜.001

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Impact of Stress on Depression among University Students: Testing for Moderating Effect of Social Support

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(5):549-558. Published online October 31, 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.5.549

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Impact of Stress on Depression among University Students: Testing for Moderating Effect of Social Support

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(5):549-558. Published online October 31, 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.5.549

Impact of Stress on Depression among University Students: Testing for Moderating Effect of Social Support

Table 1.

General Characteristics of Subjects (N=445)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
Gender	Male	227 (51.0)
Gender	Female	218 (49.0)
Age (year)		21.46±2.47
Grade	Freshman	119 (26.7)
	Sophomore	85 (19.1)
	Junior	129 (29.0)
	Senior	112 (25.2)
Type of residence	Own home	179 (40.2)
	Self-boarding/lodging	146 (32.8)
	Dormitory	111 (24.9)
	Etc	9 (2.0)
Religion	None	204 (45.8)
Religion	Others	241 (54.2)
Sleeping hours	＜6 hr	37 (8.3)
	6~＜8 hr	274 (61.6)
	≥8 hr	134 (30.1)
Smoking	Non-smoker	323 (72.6)
	Ex-smoker	30 (6.7)
	Present smoker	92 (20.7)
Drinking frequency	None	212 (47.6)
	1~2 times/week	179 (40.2)
	≥3 times/week	54 (12.1)
Exercise	None	38 (8.5)
Exercise	≥1 times/week	407 (91.5)
Satisfaction with school life	Satisfied	218 (49.0)
	Moderate	184 (41.3)
	Dissatisfied	43 (9.7)
Subjective health status	Healthy	286 (64.3)
	Moderate	119 (26.7)
	Unhealthy	40 (9.0)
Present disease state	Yes	43 (9.7)
Present disease state	No	402 (90.3)

Table 2.

Differences of Stress, Depression, and Social Support by General Characteristics (N=445)

Characteristics	Categories	Stress	t or F (p)	Depression	t or F (p) Social support	t or F (p)
Gender	Male	2.06±0.62	-3.70	0.46±0.38	-4.46 4.29±0.49	3.50
Gender	Female	2.28±0.67	(＜.001)	0.64±0.46	(＜.001) 4.13±0.46	(＜.001)
Grade^†	Freshman^a	2.14±0.62	0.51	0.57±0.41	0.40 4.07±0.45	5.02
	Sophomore^b	2.16±0.72	(.679)	0.57±0.47	(.754) 4.21±0.51	(.002)
	Junior^c	2.14±0.60		0.53±0.40	4.29±0.47	a＜b, c, d
	Senior^d	2.23±0.68		0.53±0.45	4.27±0.47
Religion	None	2.13±0.58	-1.17	0.54±0.40	-0.45 4.24±0.47	1.06
Religion	Others	2.20±0.71	(.244)	0.55±0.46	(.652) 4.19±0.47	(.290)
Type of residence	Own home	2.14±0.67	1.04	0.57±0.44	1.78 4.15±0.50	2.94
	Self-boarding/lodging	2.13±0.67	(.376)	0.49±0.42	(.151) 4.30±0.48	(.033)
	Dormitory	2.26±0.60		0.57±0.43	4.18±0.44
	Etc	2.13±0.48		0.71±0.41	4.26±0.43
Sleeping^† hours	＜6hr^a	2.38±0.52	2.60	0.73±0.40	4.14 4.14±0.48	0.43
	6~＜8hr^b	2.13±0.63	(.075)	0.55±0.44	(.016) 4.22±0.46	(.649)
	≥8hr^c	2.19±0.65		0.50±0.41	b,c＜a 4.22±0.52
Smoking	Non-smoker	2.19±0.65	0.43	0.56±0.44	0.24 4.19±0.48	1.52
	Ex-smoker	2.11±0.74	(.649)	0.52±0.53	(.788) 4.24±0.44	(.220)
	Present smoker	2.13±0.61		0.53±0.37	4.28±0.77
Drinking frequency^†	None^a	2.24±0.66	2.46	0.59±0.45	3.21 4.14±0.47	4.31
	1~2 times/week^b	2.11±0.64	(.087)	0.53±0.43	(.049) 4.27±0.50	(.014)
	≥3 times/week^c	2.09±0.63		0.43±0.33	c＜a 4.30±0.43	a＜c
Exercise	None	2.40±0.92	2.14	0.61±0.46	0.88 4.20±0.49	-0.20
Exercise	≥1 times/week	2.15±0.62	(.104)	0.54±0.43	(.379) 4.21±0.48	(.844)
Satisfaction with school life^†	Satisfied^a	2.01±0.58	16.44	0.42±0.35	29.83 4.36±0.43	26.33
	Moderate^b	2.27±0.66	(＜.001)	0.61±0.44	(＜.001) 4.11±0.48	(＜.001)
	Dissatisfied^c	2.54±0.72	a＜b＜c	0.90±0.51	a＜b＜c 3.90±0.48	c＜b＜a
Subjective health status^†	Healthy^a	2.04±0.60	17.75	0.45±0.36	27.25 4.29±0.46	12.87
	Moderate^b	2.33±0.65	(＜.001)	0.67±0.43	(＜.001) 4.11±0.45	(＜.001)
	Unhealthy^c	2.57±0.76	a＜b＜c	0.89±0.60	a＜b＜c 3.96±0.54	c＜b＜a
Present disease state	Yes	2.41±0.75	2.68	0.73±0.58	2.27 4.00±0.47	-3.01
Present disease state	No	2.14±0.63	(.008)	0.52±0.40	(.028) 4.23±0.48	(.003)

^†Duncan test.

Table 3.

Descriptive Statistics of Variables (N=445)

Variables	n (%)	Range	M±SD	Cronbach's ⍺
Stress	445 (100)	1.0~5.0	2.17±0.65	.80
Low	154 (34.6)	1.0~1.8
Moderate	202 (45.4)	2.0~2.6
High	89 (20.0)	2.8~5.0
Depression	445 (100)	0~48.0	10.93±8.57	.88
Low	340 (76.4)	0~15.0
Likely	69 (15.5)	16.0~24.0
Definitely	36 (8.1)	25.0~48.0
Social support	445 (100)	32.0~57.5	48.71±5.51	.93
Parents	445 (100)	28.0~65.0	57.31±7.00	.92
Friends	445 (100)	20.5~50.0	40.10±5.76	.91

Table 4.

Correlation among Stress, Depression, and Social Support (N=445)

Variables		Stress	Depression	Social support
		Stress	Depression	Social support of parents	Social support of friends
		r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Stress		1
Depression		.68 (＜.001)	1
Social support	Social support of parents	-.23 (＜.001)	-.27 (＜.001)	1
	Social support of friends	-.29 (＜.001)	-.28 (＜.001)	.48 (＜.001)	1

Table 5.

Moderating Effect of Social Support between Stress and Depression (N=445)

Variables	Social support of parents				Social support of friends
Variables	B	β	t	p	B	β	t	p
(Constant)	-0.58		-4.94	＜.001	-0.54		-4.62	＜.001
Satisfaction with school life	0.22	0.18	5.09	＜.001	0.20	0.16	4.59	＜.001
Emotional support	-0.02	-0.02	-0.62	.536	-0.09	-0.10	-2.76	.006
Stress	0.64	0.63	17.81	＜.001	0.61	0.60	16.95	＜.001
Stress × Emotional support	-0.09	-0.11	-2.90	.004	-0.13	-0.14	-4.15	＜.001
	Adjusted R²=.53, F=123.22, p＜.001				Adjusted R²=.54, F=127.57, p＜.001

Table 1. General Characteristics of Subjects (N=445)

Table 2. Differences of Stress, Depression, and Social Support by General Characteristics (N=445)

†

Duncan test.

Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of Variables (N=445)

Table 4. Correlation among Stress, Depression, and Social Support (N=445)

Table 5. Moderating Effect of Social Support between Stress and Depression (N=445)

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Impact of Stress on Depression among University Students: Testing for Moderating Effect of Social Support

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