Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly

Dong Choon Uhm; Mi Jung Nam

doi:10.7475/kjan.2014.26.2.171

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Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly

Dong Choon Uhm¹, Mi Jung Nam²

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2014;26(2):171-180.
Published online: April 30, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.2.171

¹Department of Emergency Medical Technology, Daejeon University, Daejeon

²Department of Nursing, Daejeon Health Science College, Daejeon, Korea

Corresponding author: Nam, Mi Jung Department of Nursing, Daejeon Health Science College, 21 Chungjeong-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-711, Korea. Tel: +82-42-670-9377, Fax: +82-42-670-9571, E-mail: mjnam@hit.ac.kr

• Received: September 5, 2013 • Accepted: April 7, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
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Abstract

Purpose
This study was to investigate the effects of upper meridian massage on cerebral blood flow, emotions, and sleep of the institutionalized elderly.
Methods
This study was a nonequivalent control group pre- and posttest design. The participants were 50 elderly (26 in the experimental group; 24 in the control group) living in the institutions. Data were collected between July 9 and September 1, 2011. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and x²-test, Repeated Measures ANOVA, and Cronbach's ⍺ coefficient. Each participant in the experimental group received the upper meridian massage for 10 minutes, 4 times per week for 2 weeks. Each participant's cerebral blood flow and self-reported questionnaires were tested before treatment, after 1 week and 2 weeks during treatment sessions.
Results
There were significant differences in sleep and emotions after 1 week and 2 weeks during treatment sessions. But cerebral blood flow measured by common carotid artery pulsatility index (CCA PI) and common carotid artery resistance index (CCA RI) demonstrated significant differences in 2 week point in time.
Conclusion
These results indicated that upper meridian massage could be an effective intervention for improving cerebral blood flow, emotions, and sleep of the institutionalized elderly.
Key Words: Aged; Massage; Sleep; Emotions; Blood flow

Table 1.

Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics and Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

Variables	Categories	Total (n=50)	Exp. (n=26)	Cont. (n=24)	x² or t	^p
Variables	Categories	n (%), M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	^p
Gender	Male	17 (34.0)	12 (46.2)	5 (20.8)	3.57	.059
Gender	Female	33 (66.0)	14 (53.8)	19 (79.2)	3.57	.059
Age (year)		80.0±6.68	78.6±7.85	81.5±4.86	-1.52	.134
Spouse	Yes	5 (10.0)	1 (3.8)	4 (16.7)	4.32	.076
	No	43 (86.0)	25 (96.2)	18 (75.0)
	No response	2 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (8.3)
Religion	Yes	21 (42.0)	11 (42.3)	10 (41.7)	4.12	.135
	No	22 (44.0)	9 (34.6)	13 (54.2)
	No response	7 (14.0)	6 (23.1)	1 (4.2)
Education	Uneducated	7 (14.0)	3 (11.5)	4 (16.7)	0.37	.923
	More than elementary	30 (60.0)	16 (61.5)	14 (58.3)
	school	13 (26.0)	7 (26.9)	6 (25.0)
	No response
MMSE-K		23.6±2.89	23.5±2.75	23.7±3.09	-0.20	.841
Disease	Hypertension	37 (74.0)	19 (73.1)	18 (78.3)	0.18	.674
	Arthritis	35 (70.0)	21 (80.8)	14 (60.9)	2.37	.124
	Diabetes mellitus	16 (32.0)	9 (34.6)	7 (30.4)	0.10	.755
	Other conditions	13 (26.0)	5 (19.2)	8 (34.8)	1.51	.218
	Total	48 (96.0)	26 (100.0)	22 (91.7)	2.26	.133

Exp.=Experimental group; Con.=Control group; MMSE-K=Mini Mental State Examination-Korea

Table 2.

Homogeneity Test for Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

Variables	Exp. (n=26)	Cont. (n=24)	t	p
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	t	p
Sleep Scale A	41.32±9.39	39.47±7.79	0.89	.379
POMS	54.00±21.04	58.40±22.18	-0.91	.369
CCA RI	0.90±0.13	0.86±0.15	1.24	.220
CCA PI	2.46±1.04	2.14±0.78	1.47	.148

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index; CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

Table 3.

Repeated Measures ANOVA in Dependent Variables (N=50

Variables	Groups	Pre-test	Intervention	Posttest	F (p)	Source	F (p)
Variables	Groups	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	F (p)	Source	F (p)
Sleep scale A	Exp.	41.32±9.39	45.56±8.88	47.40±8.26	5.98 (.005^†)	Time	4.07 (.020)
	Cont.	39.47±7.79	41.85±8.37	39.14±8.27	1.43 (.252)	Group	4.60 (.037)
						G×T	3.16 (.047)
POMS	Exp.	54.00±21.04	42.35±19.03	30.31±18.38	15.50 (＜.001^‡)	Time	7.85 (.001)
	Cont.	58.40±22.18	52.95±25.95	61.00±22.21	3.10 (.057)	Group	7.84 (.008)
						G×T	11.81 (＜.001)
CCA RI	Exp.	0.90±0.13	0.86±0.13	0.84±0.14	3.38 (.042 ^§)	Time	0.11 (.897)
	Cont.	0.86±0.15	0.89±0.15	0.90±0.13	0.99 (.381)	Group	0.24 (.624)
						G×T	3.71 (.028)
CCA PI	Exp.	2.46±1.04	2.22±0.86	1.97±0.80	3.27 (.046^\|\|)	Time	0.87 (.423)
	Cont.	2.14±0.78	2.40±0.71	2.34±0.71	1.22 (.304)	Group	0.18 (.672)
						G×T	3.69 (.029)

Exp.=experimental group, Cont.=control group; Intervention=posttest in 1week; Posttest=posttest in 2 weeks; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index, CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

^†Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.022), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.008) No significant differences intervention and posttest (p=.299);

^‡Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.011), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p＜.001) Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.004);

^§No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.107), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.028) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.301);

^║No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.209), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.022) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.196).

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Effects of Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Improve the Sleep of Korean Elderly: A Systematic Review
Yunhee Park, Hyun Jung Yun
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(1): 67. CrossRef

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Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(2):171-180. Published online April 30, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.2.171

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Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(2):171-180. Published online April 30, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.2.171

Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly

Table 1.

Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics and Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

Variables	Categories	Total (n=50)	Exp. (n=26)	Cont. (n=24)	x² or t	^p
Variables	Categories	n (%), M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	^p
Gender	Male	17 (34.0)	12 (46.2)	5 (20.8)	3.57	.059
Gender	Female	33 (66.0)	14 (53.8)	19 (79.2)	3.57	.059
Age (year)		80.0±6.68	78.6±7.85	81.5±4.86	-1.52	.134
Spouse	Yes	5 (10.0)	1 (3.8)	4 (16.7)	4.32	.076
	No	43 (86.0)	25 (96.2)	18 (75.0)
	No response	2 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (8.3)
Religion	Yes	21 (42.0)	11 (42.3)	10 (41.7)	4.12	.135
	No	22 (44.0)	9 (34.6)	13 (54.2)
	No response	7 (14.0)	6 (23.1)	1 (4.2)
Education	Uneducated	7 (14.0)	3 (11.5)	4 (16.7)	0.37	.923
	More than elementary	30 (60.0)	16 (61.5)	14 (58.3)
	school	13 (26.0)	7 (26.9)	6 (25.0)
	No response
MMSE-K		23.6±2.89	23.5±2.75	23.7±3.09	-0.20	.841
Disease	Hypertension	37 (74.0)	19 (73.1)	18 (78.3)	0.18	.674
	Arthritis	35 (70.0)	21 (80.8)	14 (60.9)	2.37	.124
	Diabetes mellitus	16 (32.0)	9 (34.6)	7 (30.4)	0.10	.755
	Other conditions	13 (26.0)	5 (19.2)	8 (34.8)	1.51	.218
	Total	48 (96.0)	26 (100.0)	22 (91.7)	2.26	.133

Exp.=Experimental group; Con.=Control group; MMSE-K=Mini Mental State Examination-Korea

Table 2.

Homogeneity Test for Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

Variables	Exp. (n=26)	Cont. (n=24)	t	p
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	t	p
Sleep Scale A	41.32±9.39	39.47±7.79	0.89	.379
POMS	54.00±21.04	58.40±22.18	-0.91	.369
CCA RI	0.90±0.13	0.86±0.15	1.24	.220
CCA PI	2.46±1.04	2.14±0.78	1.47	.148

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index; CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

Table 3.

Repeated Measures ANOVA in Dependent Variables (N=50

Variables	Groups	Pre-test	Intervention	Posttest	F (p)	Source	F (p)
Variables	Groups	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	F (p)	Source	F (p)
Sleep scale A	Exp.	41.32±9.39	45.56±8.88	47.40±8.26	5.98 (.005^†)	Time	4.07 (.020)
	Cont.	39.47±7.79	41.85±8.37	39.14±8.27	1.43 (.252)	Group	4.60 (.037)
						G×T	3.16 (.047)
POMS	Exp.	54.00±21.04	42.35±19.03	30.31±18.38	15.50 (＜.001^‡)	Time	7.85 (.001)
	Cont.	58.40±22.18	52.95±25.95	61.00±22.21	3.10 (.057)	Group	7.84 (.008)
						G×T	11.81 (＜.001)
CCA RI	Exp.	0.90±0.13	0.86±0.13	0.84±0.14	3.38 (.042 ^§)	Time	0.11 (.897)
	Cont.	0.86±0.15	0.89±0.15	0.90±0.13	0.99 (.381)	Group	0.24 (.624)
						G×T	3.71 (.028)
CCA PI	Exp.	2.46±1.04	2.22±0.86	1.97±0.80	3.27 (.046^\|\|)	Time	0.87 (.423)
	Cont.	2.14±0.78	2.40±0.71	2.34±0.71	1.22 (.304)	Group	0.18 (.672)
						G×T	3.69 (.029)

Table 1. Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics and Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

Exp.=Experimental group; Con.=Control group; MMSE-K=Mini Mental State Examination-Korea

Table 2. Homogeneity Test for Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index; CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

Table 3. Repeated Measures ANOVA in Dependent Variables (N=50

†

Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.022), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.008) No significant differences intervention and posttest (p=.299);

‡

Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.011), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p＜.001) Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.004);

No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.107), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.028) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.301);

║

No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.209), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.022) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.196).

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