Factors Affecting on Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Adult Women

II Ok Kim; Gye Jeong Yeom; Sun Hwa Shin

doi:10.7475/kjan.2014.26.4.455

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Factors Affecting on Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Adult Women

II Ok Kim¹, Gye Jeong Yeom², Sun Hwa Shin³

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2014;26(4):455-465.
Published online: August 31, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.4.455

¹Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University, Seoul

²Graduate School of Health Science & Social Welfare, Sahmyook University, Seoul

³Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Shin, Sun Hwa Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3399-1593, Fax: +82-2-3399-1594, E-mail: ffssh@hanmail.net

• Received: June 18, 2014 • Accepted: August 4, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
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Abstract

Purpose
This study was to identify relationships between the levels of perceived stress, cancer-related knowledge, attitude and prevention behaviors, and to explore factors influencing cancer prevention behaviors of adult women in Korea.
Methods
This study was a descriptive research, using a cross-sectional survey. A convenience sample of 314 women aged 20 to 64 was selected. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure perceived stress, cancer-related knowledge, cancer-related attitude, and cancer prevention behaviors. The data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program.
Results
Cancer-related knowledge significantly differed according to age, marital status, education level, and occupation. While correlations between cancer-related knowledge, cancer-related attitude, and cancer prevention behaviors were positive, correlations between perceived stress and cancer prevention behaviors were negative. The hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant positive relations between cancer prevention behaviors and age (β=.18, p=.003), perceived health status (β=.22, p<.001), periodic checkup (β=.21, p=.002), and cancer-related attitude (β=.25, p<.001). Perceived stress on the other hand was negatively related to cancer prevention behaviors (β=-.23, p<.001).
Conclusion
Interventions targeting women, especially young adults should focus on enhancing cancer-related attitude in order to improve cancer prevention behaviors. Thus, there continues to be a need to reduce perceived stress in adult women.
Key Words: Women; Cancer; Attitude; Stress; Behaviors

Table 1.

General Characteristics of the Study Participants (N=314)

Characteristics	Categories	n(%)
Age (year)	20~29	50 (15.9)
	30~39	124 (39.5)
	40~49	92 (29.3)
	≥50	48 (15.3)
Marital status	Unmarried	62 (19.8)
Marital status	Married	252 (80.3)
Religion	Yes	189 (60.2)
Religion	No	125 (39.8)
Education level	≤High school	67 (21.3)
	University	226 (72.0)
	≥Graduate school	21 (6.7)
Occupation	Yes	274 (87.3)
Occupation	No	40 (12.7)
Economic status	Lower	104 (33.1)
	Middle	172 (54.8)
	Upper	38 (12.1)
Perceived health status	Lower	39 (12.4)
	Middle	146 (46.5)
	Upper	129 (41.1)
Current disease	Yes	18 (5.7)
Current disease	No	296 (94.3)
Family history of cancer	Yes	100 (31.9)
Family history of cancer	No	214 (68.2)
Periodic checkup	No	64 (20.4)
	Once a year	155 (49.4)
	Once in two years	77 (24.5)
	Once in three years	18 (5.8)

Table 2.

Mean Score of Perceived Stress, Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behaviors (N=314)

Variables	Range	M±SD	Min	Max
Perceived stress	0~40	18.54±5.01	5	34
Cancer related knowledge	0~30	19.61±4.37	6	28
Stomach cancer	0~5	3.73±0.91	1	5
Lung cancer	0~5	3.08±1.13	0	5
Liver cancer	0~5	2.98±1.40	0	5
Colorectal cancer	0~5	3.36±1.21	0	5
Breast cancer	0~5	3.37±0.95	0	5
Cervical cancer	0~5	3.09±1.40	0	5
Cancer related attitude	14~70	55.31±5.84	41	70
Cancer prevention behaviors	20~100	71.45±9.87	41	100

Table 3.

Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behavior according to General Characteristics (N=314)

Characteristics	Categories	Stomach cancer		Lung cancer		Liver cancer		Colorectal cancer		Breast cancer
Characteristics	Categories	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD t	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	20~29^a	3.18±0.98	8.54	2.94±1.08	0.35	2.46±1.42	4.28	2.98±1.15	2.23	3.28±0.88	1.09
	30~39^b	3.77±0.84	(＜.001)	3.09±1.17	(.790)	2.90±1.38	(.006)	3.36±1.30	(.084)	3.29±0.99	(.353)
	40~49^c	3.93±0.78	a＜b, c, d^†	3.14±1.20		3.30±1.45		3.52±1.15		3.50±0.93
	≥50^d	3.83±1.02		3.06±0.95		3.08±1.20		3.42±1.11		3.44±0.94
Marital status	Unmarried	3.24±0.92	-4.93	3.13±1.12	0.41	2.44±1.42	-3.46	2.98±1.19	-2.72	3.31±0.95	-0.61
Marital status	Married	3.85±0.86	(＜.001)	3.06±1.13	(.683)	3.11±1.37	(.001)	3.45±1.20	(.007)	3.39±0.95	(.542)
Religion	Yes	3.67±0.96	-1.46	3.12±1.14	0.87	3.06±1.39	1.34	3.43±1.21	1.39	3.33±0.87	-0.86
Religion	No	3.82±0.82	(.146)	3.01±1.11	(.384)	2.85±1.41	(.183)	3.24±1.21	(.167)	3.43±1.07	(.389)
Education level	≤High school^a	3.73±0.73	2.96	2.99±1.09	1.55	2.61±1.40	3.50	3.12±1.33	2.11	3.10±0.97	3.52
	University^b	3.69±0.96	(.053)	3.07±1.15	(.215)	3.05±1.42	(.032)	3.40±1.19	(.123)	3.44±0.95	(.031)
	≥Graduate school^c	4.19±0.68		3.48±0.93		3.38±0.92		3.67±1.02		3.52±0.75	a＜b^†
Occupation	Yes	3.73±0.93	-0.39	3.11±1.15	1.51	3.06±1.41	2.70	3.39±1.17	1.08	3.42±0.93	2.31
Occupation	No	3.78±0.70	(.696)	2.83±0.96	(.132)	2.42±1.20	(.007)	3.13±1.49	(.285)	3.05±1.04	(.021)
Economic status	Lower^a	3.70±0.90	0.94	2.92±1.18	1.62	2.84±1.42	2.37	3.20±1.29	1.40	3.28±1.03	1.21
	Middle^b	3.71±0.93	(.393)	3.17±1.11	(.200)	3.13±1.38	(.095)	3.41±1.18	(.248)	3.39±0.92	(.298)
	Upper^c	3.92±0.82		3.05±1.06		2.68±1.38		3.53±1.16		3.55±0.86
Perceived health status	Lower^a	3.69±0.95	0.09	3.13±1.08	0.18	2.82±1.48	0.58	3.26±1.21	0.16	3.36±1.04	0.03
	Middle^b	3.75±0.95	(.917)	3.10±1.20	(.832)	3.06±1.37	(.561)	3.36±1.24	(.854)	3.36±0.94	(.973)
	Upper^c	3.72±0.85		3.03±1.07		2.93±1.42		3.38±1.19		3.39±0.95
Current disease	Yes	3.89±0.83	0.75	3.11±1.02	0.13	2.94±1.43	-0.10	3.61±1.14	0.91	3.78±0.65	1.87
Current disease	No	3.72±0.91	(.452)	3.07±1.14	(.894)	2.98±1.40	(.918)	3.34±1.22	(.361)	3.35±0.96	(.063)
Family history of cancer	Yes	3.68±0.96	-0.70	3.01±1.07	-0.73	3.03±1.44	0.45	3.54±1.12	1.83	3.38±0.89	0.09
Family history of cancer	No	3.76±0.88	(.484)	3.11±1.16	(.465)	2.95±1.39	(.652)	3.27±1.25	(.068)	3.37±0.98	(.925)
Periodic checkup	No^a	3.81±0.89	0.44	2.89±1.07	1.16	2.70±1.31	2.08	3.09±1.37	1.45	3.27±1.06	0.73
	Once a year^b	3.71±0.97	(.726)	3.15±1.17	(.325)	2.98±1.46	(.103)	3.38±1.17	(.229)	3.41±0.96	(.535)
	Once in two years^c	3.75±0.81		3.13±1.06		3.26±1.22		3.51±1.08		3.43±0.86
	Once in three years^d	3.56±0.86		2.83±1.25		2.72±1.81		3.44±1.46		3.17±0.86

Characteristics	Categories	Cervical cancer		Cancer related knowledge		Cancer related attitude		Cancer prevention behaviors
Characteristics	Categories	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	20~29^a	2.82±1.40	1.43	17.66±4.45	5.64	53.84±5.60	1.36	65.78±9.77	12.42
	30~39^b	3.03±1.45	(.233)	19.44±4.49	(.001)	55.55±5.89	(.256)	70.27±9.68	(＜.001)
	40~49^c	3.16±1.34		20.57±4.09	a＜c, d^†	55.82±5.58		73.72±8.30	a＜b, c, d^†
	≥50^d	3.38±1.39		20.21±3.88		55.25±6.38		76.06±10.08	b＜d^†
Marital	Unmarried	2.73±1.42	-2.29	17.82±4.50	-3.66	53.55±5.18	-2.67	66.45±8.59	-4.60
status	Married	3.18±1.39	(.023)	20.04±4.23	(＜.001)	55.74±5.93	(.008)	72.68±9.79	(＜.001)
Religion	Yes	3.06±1.31	-0.38	19.69±4.20	0.41	55.33±5.74	0.09	72.06±9.37	1.35
	No	3.13±1.54	(.701)	19.48±4.63	(.681)	55.27±6.03	(.928)	70.53±10.57	(.178)
Education	≤High school^a	2.87±1.58	1.19	18.42±4.66	4.79	55.69±6.24	0.47	69.55±9.89	1.87
level	University^b	3.14±1.37	(.306)	19.78±4.34	(.009)	55.12±5.86	(.625)	71.82±9.83	(.155)
	≥Graduate school^c	3.29±1.10		21.52±2.46	a＜c^†	56.14±4.30		73.52±9.89
Occupation	Yes	3.11±1.37	0.55	19.81±4.25	2.23	55.31±5.83	-0.02	71.59±9.81	0.67
	No	2.98±1.64	(.583)	18.18±4.93	(.026)	55.33±6.00	(.985)	70.47±10.35	(.504)
Economic	Lower^a	3.03±1.42	1.04	18.97±4.58	1.70	55.18±5.91	0.19	69.41±10.43	5.88
status	Middle^b	3.06±1.40	(.356)	19.87±4.23	(.184)	55.27±6.03	(.831)	71.76±9.62	(.003)
	Upper^c	3.39±1.41		20.13±4.29		55.84±4.82		75.63±7.98	a＜c^†
Perceived	Lower^a	2.97±1.51	0.42	19.23±4.53	0.35	54.97±5.98	0.26	64.51±9.69	17.44
health	Middle^b	3.16±1.37	(.657)	19.81±4.48	(.708)	55.56±6.03	(.768)	70.71±9.60	(＜.001)
status	Upper^c	3.04±1.42		19.49±4.21		55.12±5.62		74.40±9.06	a＜b＜c^†
Current	Yes	3.33±1.37	0.76	20.67±3.18	1.06	57.22±6.80	1.43	74.06±10.11	1.15
disease	No	3.07±1.41	(.448)	19.54±4.43	(.289)	55.19±5.77	(.153)	71.29±9.85	(.250)
Family history	Yes	3.13±1.45	0.35	19.77±4.16	0.46	54.46±5.48	-1.77	71.15±9.13	-0.37
of cancer	No	3.07±1.39	(.725)	19.53±4.47	(.648)	55.71±5.98	(.078)	71.59±10.22	(.711)
Periodic	No^a	2.84±1.42	2.43	18.61±4.56	2.52	53.66±6.03	2.17	66.13±9.85	8.61
checkup	Once a year^b	3.03±1.37	(.065)	19.66±4.39	(.058)	55.75±5.84	(.091)	73.19±9.69	(＜.001)
	Once in two years^c	3.44±1.33		20.52±3.73		55.73±5.28		72.34±9.23	a＜b, c^†
	Once in three years^d	^d 3.00±1.75		18.72±5.39		55.56±6.90		71.61±8.16

^†Scheffé test.

Table 4.

Correlations of Perceived Stress, Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behaviors (N=314)

Variables	Perceived stress	Cancer related knowledge	Cancer related attitude
Cancer related knowledge	-0.09 (.118)
Cancer related attitude	-0.08 (.138)	0.30 (＜.001)
Cancer prevention behaviors	-0.40 (＜.001)	0.15 (.006)	0.31 (＜.001)

Table 5.

Factors Influencing Cancer Prevention Behavior in Adult Women (N=314)

Variables (reference)	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
Variables (reference)	b	β	p	b	β	p	b	β	p	b	β	p	VIF
(Constant)	42.23	0.19	.002	58.57	0.15	.013	54.95	0.15	.017	35.56	0.18	.003	1.64
Age	0.21	0.14	.019	0.16	0.12	.037	0.16	0.11	.064	0.19	0.08	.156	1.56
Marital status (Unmarried)	3.54	-0.03	.543	3.07	-0.03	.588	2.75	-0.03	.569	2.03	-0.03	.538	1.06
Religion (Yes)	-0.63			-0.54			-0.57			-0.59
Education (≤High school)
University	1.42	0.06	.288	0.51	0.02	.699	0.25	0.01	.850	0.76	0.03	.549	1.57
≥Graduate school	0.09	0.01	.969	-1.01	-0.03	.658	-1.48	-0.04	.523	-1.02	-0.03	.646	1.48
Occupation (Yes)	0.87	0.03	.583	0.25	0.01	.869	0.47	0.02	.759	0.22	0.01	.881	1.17
Economic status (Lower)
Middle	1.00	0.06	.248	0.01	0.01	.997	-0.08	0.01	.941	0.10	0.01	.926	1.35
Upper	-0.60	-0.03	.582	1.94	0.06	.248	1.91	0.06	.255	1.88	0.06	.243	1.33
Perceived health status (Lower)
Middle	3.98	0.27	＜.001	3.17	0.22	＜.001	3.22	0.22	＜.001	3.28	0.22	＜.001	1.38
Upper	0.70	0.04	.521	0.45	0.02	.671	0.42	0.02	.695	0.43	0.02	.670	1.24
Current disease (Yes)	-0.40	-0.01	.856	-0.45	-0.01	.832	-0.44	-0.01	.835	0.23	0.01	.911	1.08
Family history of cancer (Yes)	-0.16	-0.01	.884	-0.02	0.01	.985	0.02	0.01	.985	-0.51	-0.02	.616	1.07
Periodic checkup (No)
Once a year	5.78	0.29	＜.001	5.06	0.26	＜.001	1.40	0.11	.068	4.09	0.21	.002	2.12
Once in two years	3.69	0.16	.019	2.98	0.13	.051	3.63	0.18	.001	2.25	0.10	.127	1.92
Once in three years	2.75	0.06	.249	2.64	0.06	.254	-1.47	-0.03	.572	1.73	0.04	.437	1.28
Perceived stress				-0.48	-0.24	＜.001	-0.48	-0.24	＜.001	-0.45	-0.23	＜.001	1.22
Cancer related knowledge							0.15	0.07	.196	-0.02	-0.01	.861	1.25
Cancer related attitude										0.43	0.25	＜.001	1.17
R² (ΔR²)	.261			.311 (.050)			.314 (.003)			.369 (.055)
F (p)	7.02 (＜.001)			8.36 (＜.001)			7.99 (＜.001)			9.60 (＜.001)

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Factors Affecting on Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Adult Women

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(4):455-465. Published online August 31, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.4.455

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Factors Affecting on Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Adult Women

Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(4):455-465. Published online August 31, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.4.455

Factors Affecting on Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Adult Women

Table 1.

General Characteristics of the Study Participants (N=314)

Characteristics	Categories	n(%)
Age (year)	20~29	50 (15.9)
	30~39	124 (39.5)
	40~49	92 (29.3)
	≥50	48 (15.3)
Marital status	Unmarried	62 (19.8)
Marital status	Married	252 (80.3)
Religion	Yes	189 (60.2)
Religion	No	125 (39.8)
Education level	≤High school	67 (21.3)
	University	226 (72.0)
	≥Graduate school	21 (6.7)
Occupation	Yes	274 (87.3)
Occupation	No	40 (12.7)
Economic status	Lower	104 (33.1)
	Middle	172 (54.8)
	Upper	38 (12.1)
Perceived health status	Lower	39 (12.4)
	Middle	146 (46.5)
	Upper	129 (41.1)
Current disease	Yes	18 (5.7)
Current disease	No	296 (94.3)
Family history of cancer	Yes	100 (31.9)
Family history of cancer	No	214 (68.2)
Periodic checkup	No	64 (20.4)
	Once a year	155 (49.4)
	Once in two years	77 (24.5)
	Once in three years	18 (5.8)

Table 2.

Mean Score of Perceived Stress, Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behaviors (N=314)

Variables	Range	M±SD	Min	Max
Perceived stress	0~40	18.54±5.01	5	34
Cancer related knowledge	0~30	19.61±4.37	6	28
Stomach cancer	0~5	3.73±0.91	1	5
Lung cancer	0~5	3.08±1.13	0	5
Liver cancer	0~5	2.98±1.40	0	5
Colorectal cancer	0~5	3.36±1.21	0	5
Breast cancer	0~5	3.37±0.95	0	5
Cervical cancer	0~5	3.09±1.40	0	5
Cancer related attitude	14~70	55.31±5.84	41	70
Cancer prevention behaviors	20~100	71.45±9.87	41	100

Table 3.

Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behavior according to General Characteristics (N=314)

Characteristics	Categories	Stomach cancer		Lung cancer		Liver cancer		Colorectal cancer		Breast cancer
Characteristics	Categories	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD t	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	20~29^a	3.18±0.98	8.54	2.94±1.08	0.35	2.46±1.42	4.28	2.98±1.15	2.23	3.28±0.88	1.09
	30~39^b	3.77±0.84	(＜.001)	3.09±1.17	(.790)	2.90±1.38	(.006)	3.36±1.30	(.084)	3.29±0.99	(.353)
	40~49^c	3.93±0.78	a＜b, c, d^†	3.14±1.20		3.30±1.45		3.52±1.15		3.50±0.93
	≥50^d	3.83±1.02		3.06±0.95		3.08±1.20		3.42±1.11		3.44±0.94
Marital status	Unmarried	3.24±0.92	-4.93	3.13±1.12	0.41	2.44±1.42	-3.46	2.98±1.19	-2.72	3.31±0.95	-0.61
Marital status	Married	3.85±0.86	(＜.001)	3.06±1.13	(.683)	3.11±1.37	(.001)	3.45±1.20	(.007)	3.39±0.95	(.542)
Religion	Yes	3.67±0.96	-1.46	3.12±1.14	0.87	3.06±1.39	1.34	3.43±1.21	1.39	3.33±0.87	-0.86
Religion	No	3.82±0.82	(.146)	3.01±1.11	(.384)	2.85±1.41	(.183)	3.24±1.21	(.167)	3.43±1.07	(.389)
Education level	≤High school^a	3.73±0.73	2.96	2.99±1.09	1.55	2.61±1.40	3.50	3.12±1.33	2.11	3.10±0.97	3.52
	University^b	3.69±0.96	(.053)	3.07±1.15	(.215)	3.05±1.42	(.032)	3.40±1.19	(.123)	3.44±0.95	(.031)
	≥Graduate school^c	4.19±0.68		3.48±0.93		3.38±0.92		3.67±1.02		3.52±0.75	a＜b^†
Occupation	Yes	3.73±0.93	-0.39	3.11±1.15	1.51	3.06±1.41	2.70	3.39±1.17	1.08	3.42±0.93	2.31
Occupation	No	3.78±0.70	(.696)	2.83±0.96	(.132)	2.42±1.20	(.007)	3.13±1.49	(.285)	3.05±1.04	(.021)
Economic status	Lower^a	3.70±0.90	0.94	2.92±1.18	1.62	2.84±1.42	2.37	3.20±1.29	1.40	3.28±1.03	1.21
	Middle^b	3.71±0.93	(.393)	3.17±1.11	(.200)	3.13±1.38	(.095)	3.41±1.18	(.248)	3.39±0.92	(.298)
	Upper^c	3.92±0.82		3.05±1.06		2.68±1.38		3.53±1.16		3.55±0.86
Perceived health status	Lower^a	3.69±0.95	0.09	3.13±1.08	0.18	2.82±1.48	0.58	3.26±1.21	0.16	3.36±1.04	0.03
	Middle^b	3.75±0.95	(.917)	3.10±1.20	(.832)	3.06±1.37	(.561)	3.36±1.24	(.854)	3.36±0.94	(.973)
	Upper^c	3.72±0.85		3.03±1.07		2.93±1.42		3.38±1.19		3.39±0.95
Current disease	Yes	3.89±0.83	0.75	3.11±1.02	0.13	2.94±1.43	-0.10	3.61±1.14	0.91	3.78±0.65	1.87
Current disease	No	3.72±0.91	(.452)	3.07±1.14	(.894)	2.98±1.40	(.918)	3.34±1.22	(.361)	3.35±0.96	(.063)
Family history of cancer	Yes	3.68±0.96	-0.70	3.01±1.07	-0.73	3.03±1.44	0.45	3.54±1.12	1.83	3.38±0.89	0.09
Family history of cancer	No	3.76±0.88	(.484)	3.11±1.16	(.465)	2.95±1.39	(.652)	3.27±1.25	(.068)	3.37±0.98	(.925)
Periodic checkup	No^a	3.81±0.89	0.44	2.89±1.07	1.16	2.70±1.31	2.08	3.09±1.37	1.45	3.27±1.06	0.73
	Once a year^b	3.71±0.97	(.726)	3.15±1.17	(.325)	2.98±1.46	(.103)	3.38±1.17	(.229)	3.41±0.96	(.535)
	Once in two years^c	3.75±0.81		3.13±1.06		3.26±1.22		3.51±1.08		3.43±0.86
	Once in three years^d	3.56±0.86		2.83±1.25		2.72±1.81		3.44±1.46		3.17±0.86

Characteristics	Categories	Cervical cancer		Cancer related knowledge		Cancer related attitude		Cancer prevention behaviors
Characteristics	Categories	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	20~29^a	2.82±1.40	1.43	17.66±4.45	5.64	53.84±5.60	1.36	65.78±9.77	12.42
	30~39^b	3.03±1.45	(.233)	19.44±4.49	(.001)	55.55±5.89	(.256)	70.27±9.68	(＜.001)
	40~49^c	3.16±1.34		20.57±4.09	a＜c, d^†	55.82±5.58		73.72±8.30	a＜b, c, d^†
	≥50^d	3.38±1.39		20.21±3.88		55.25±6.38		76.06±10.08	b＜d^†
Marital	Unmarried	2.73±1.42	-2.29	17.82±4.50	-3.66	53.55±5.18	-2.67	66.45±8.59	-4.60
status	Married	3.18±1.39	(.023)	20.04±4.23	(＜.001)	55.74±5.93	(.008)	72.68±9.79	(＜.001)
Religion	Yes	3.06±1.31	-0.38	19.69±4.20	0.41	55.33±5.74	0.09	72.06±9.37	1.35
	No	3.13±1.54	(.701)	19.48±4.63	(.681)	55.27±6.03	(.928)	70.53±10.57	(.178)
Education	≤High school^a	2.87±1.58	1.19	18.42±4.66	4.79	55.69±6.24	0.47	69.55±9.89	1.87
level	University^b	3.14±1.37	(.306)	19.78±4.34	(.009)	55.12±5.86	(.625)	71.82±9.83	(.155)
	≥Graduate school^c	3.29±1.10		21.52±2.46	a＜c^†	56.14±4.30		73.52±9.89
Occupation	Yes	3.11±1.37	0.55	19.81±4.25	2.23	55.31±5.83	-0.02	71.59±9.81	0.67
	No	2.98±1.64	(.583)	18.18±4.93	(.026)	55.33±6.00	(.985)	70.47±10.35	(.504)
Economic	Lower^a	3.03±1.42	1.04	18.97±4.58	1.70	55.18±5.91	0.19	69.41±10.43	5.88
status	Middle^b	3.06±1.40	(.356)	19.87±4.23	(.184)	55.27±6.03	(.831)	71.76±9.62	(.003)
	Upper^c	3.39±1.41		20.13±4.29		55.84±4.82		75.63±7.98	a＜c^†
Perceived	Lower^a	2.97±1.51	0.42	19.23±4.53	0.35	54.97±5.98	0.26	64.51±9.69	17.44
health	Middle^b	3.16±1.37	(.657)	19.81±4.48	(.708)	55.56±6.03	(.768)	70.71±9.60	(＜.001)
status	Upper^c	3.04±1.42		19.49±4.21		55.12±5.62		74.40±9.06	a＜b＜c^†
Current	Yes	3.33±1.37	0.76	20.67±3.18	1.06	57.22±6.80	1.43	74.06±10.11	1.15
disease	No	3.07±1.41	(.448)	19.54±4.43	(.289)	55.19±5.77	(.153)	71.29±9.85	(.250)
Family history	Yes	3.13±1.45	0.35	19.77±4.16	0.46	54.46±5.48	-1.77	71.15±9.13	-0.37
of cancer	No	3.07±1.39	(.725)	19.53±4.47	(.648)	55.71±5.98	(.078)	71.59±10.22	(.711)
Periodic	No^a	2.84±1.42	2.43	18.61±4.56	2.52	53.66±6.03	2.17	66.13±9.85	8.61
checkup	Once a year^b	3.03±1.37	(.065)	19.66±4.39	(.058)	55.75±5.84	(.091)	73.19±9.69	(＜.001)
	Once in two years^c	3.44±1.33		20.52±3.73		55.73±5.28		72.34±9.23	a＜b, c^†
	Once in three years^d	^d 3.00±1.75		18.72±5.39		55.56±6.90		71.61±8.16

^†Scheffé test.

Table 4.

Correlations of Perceived Stress, Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behaviors (N=314)

Variables	Perceived stress	Cancer related knowledge	Cancer related attitude
Cancer related knowledge	-0.09 (.118)
Cancer related attitude	-0.08 (.138)	0.30 (＜.001)
Cancer prevention behaviors	-0.40 (＜.001)	0.15 (.006)	0.31 (＜.001)

Table 5.

Factors Influencing Cancer Prevention Behavior in Adult Women (N=314)

Variables (reference)	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
Variables (reference)	b	β	p	b	β	p	b	β	p	b	β	p	VIF
(Constant)	42.23	0.19	.002	58.57	0.15	.013	54.95	0.15	.017	35.56	0.18	.003	1.64
Age	0.21	0.14	.019	0.16	0.12	.037	0.16	0.11	.064	0.19	0.08	.156	1.56
Marital status (Unmarried)	3.54	-0.03	.543	3.07	-0.03	.588	2.75	-0.03	.569	2.03	-0.03	.538	1.06
Religion (Yes)	-0.63			-0.54			-0.57			-0.59
Education (≤High school)
University	1.42	0.06	.288	0.51	0.02	.699	0.25	0.01	.850	0.76	0.03	.549	1.57
≥Graduate school	0.09	0.01	.969	-1.01	-0.03	.658	-1.48	-0.04	.523	-1.02	-0.03	.646	1.48
Occupation (Yes)	0.87	0.03	.583	0.25	0.01	.869	0.47	0.02	.759	0.22	0.01	.881	1.17
Economic status (Lower)
Middle	1.00	0.06	.248	0.01	0.01	.997	-0.08	0.01	.941	0.10	0.01	.926	1.35
Upper	-0.60	-0.03	.582	1.94	0.06	.248	1.91	0.06	.255	1.88	0.06	.243	1.33
Perceived health status (Lower)
Middle	3.98	0.27	＜.001	3.17	0.22	＜.001	3.22	0.22	＜.001	3.28	0.22	＜.001	1.38
Upper	0.70	0.04	.521	0.45	0.02	.671	0.42	0.02	.695	0.43	0.02	.670	1.24
Current disease (Yes)	-0.40	-0.01	.856	-0.45	-0.01	.832	-0.44	-0.01	.835	0.23	0.01	.911	1.08
Family history of cancer (Yes)	-0.16	-0.01	.884	-0.02	0.01	.985	0.02	0.01	.985	-0.51	-0.02	.616	1.07
Periodic checkup (No)
Once a year	5.78	0.29	＜.001	5.06	0.26	＜.001	1.40	0.11	.068	4.09	0.21	.002	2.12
Once in two years	3.69	0.16	.019	2.98	0.13	.051	3.63	0.18	.001	2.25	0.10	.127	1.92
Once in three years	2.75	0.06	.249	2.64	0.06	.254	-1.47	-0.03	.572	1.73	0.04	.437	1.28
Perceived stress				-0.48	-0.24	＜.001	-0.48	-0.24	＜.001	-0.45	-0.23	＜.001	1.22
Cancer related knowledge							0.15	0.07	.196	-0.02	-0.01	.861	1.25
Cancer related attitude										0.43	0.25	＜.001	1.17
R² (ΔR²)	.261			.311 (.050)			.314 (.003)			.369 (.055)
F (p)	7.02 (＜.001)			8.36 (＜.001)			7.99 (＜.001)			9.60 (＜.001)

Table 1. General Characteristics of the Study Participants (N=314)

Table 2. Mean Score of Perceived Stress, Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behaviors (N=314)

Table 3. Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behavior according to General Characteristics (N=314)

†

Scheffé test.

Table 4. Correlations of Perceived Stress, Cancer related Knowledge, Cancer related Attitude, and Cancer Prevention Behaviors (N=314)

Table 5. Factors Influencing Cancer Prevention Behavior in Adult Women (N=314)

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