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Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students
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Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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Original Article

Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students

Young Hee Yang1, Eun Man Kim2, Mi Yu3, Seungmi Park4, Haeyoung Lee4
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2015;27(3):337-346.
Published online: June 30, 2015

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Corresponding author: Lee, Haeyoung Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro, 79 beon-gil, Asan 336-795, Korea. Tel: +82-41-540-9537, Fax: +82-41-540-9558, E-mail: hylee@hoseo.edu
• Received: April 4, 2015   • Accepted: June 11, 2015

Copyright © 2015 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study was to develop and test the resilience scale for Korean nursing college students.
  • Methods
    The initial 82 items (7 factors) were developed through literature review and student interviews. Items were reduced to 55 items through content validity test by 5 experts and face validity tests by 20 nursing students. The preliminary Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing Students (RS_KNS) was administered to 302 nursing students of 4 universities in Chungnam. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's ⍺.
  • Results
    Twenty-four items were selected for the final scale. Seven factors evolved from the factor analysis, which explained 61.9% of the total variance. The internal consistency, Cronbach's ⍺ was .84 and reliability of the subscales ranged from .60 to .77.
  • Conclusion
    The resilience scale for Korean nursing college students demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to assess the resilience of nursing college students and is expected to get utilized in teaching and research.
  • Key Words: Psychological resilience; Nursing students; Factor analysis; Validation studies
Figure 1.
Conceptual framework of resilience for nursing college students.
kjan-27-337f1.jpg
Table 1.
The Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (N=302)
Variables Categories n (%) or M±SD
Age (year)   22.7±0.9
Grade Junior 151 (50.0)
Senior 151 (50.0)
Religion Christian 57 (18.9)
Buddhism 19 (6.3)
Catholic 43 (14.2)
No religion 183 (60.6)
Economic status s High 6 (2.0)
Middle 257 (85.4)
Low 38 (12.6)
Health status Very poor 0 (0.0)
Poor 33 (11.0)
Moderate 164 (54.5)
Good 92 (30.5)
Very good 12 (4.0)
Alcohol No 35 (11.5)
＜1 /month 127 (42.1)
2~4/month 127 (42.1)
2~3/week 13 (4.3)
≥4/week 0 (0.0)
Smoking No 292 (97.0)
Past smoker 9 (3.0)
Current smoker r 0 (0.0)
Table 2.
Factor Analysis Results in 7 Dimensions
Items SC P CA ER StS R SoS
1 I have enough energy to do what I have to do. .78 .18 -.07 .00 .12 .12 .13
2 I am confident to handle any difficult assignment given to me. .81 .18 .18 .12 .09 .18 .05
3 I usually take my work in stride. .73 .04 .22 .15 .07 .18 .00
14 If I write down the things I am grateful for, it will be a very long list. .16 .70 .12 .10 -.01 .26 -.04
15 I have few things I feel grateful for. .06 .75 .02 .06 -.05 .11 .25
16 I think that difficult problems will work out eventually as time goes. .09 .73 -.06 .09 .24 -.11 .09
17 I expect and imagine a better me. .15 .59 .26 .06 .18 .09 .24
27 I prefer solving problems myself to letting others decide everything for me. .13 .11 .82 .08 .05 .14 -.05
28 When facing problems, I try to solve the problems rather than hiding them .11 .08 .72 .26 .11 .09 .20
40 I can control my emotions when difficult things happen. -.07 .13 .03 .71 .12 .09 -.03
44 I am good at controling unpleasant or painful emotions such as sadness, fear and anger. .19 .01 .03 .82 .05 .07 -.02
45 I am good at keeping my concentration or logical mind even in a stressful situation. .12 -.04 .24 .68 .14 .05 .05
46 When I am too upset, I control my emotions first and then start to act. .04 .14 .07 .64 .07 -.05 .15
51 I take things one day at a time .10 .11 .17 .18 .81 .03 -.02
52 I effectively use my time as I know when to study and when to refresh. -.02 .20 .04 .13 .75 .13 .06
55 I usually get assignments done in advance. .17 -.04 -.03 .08 .80 .01 .07
8 I can lead conversations smoothly depending on partners or circumstances. .20 -.04 .19 .07 -.09 .63 .10
9 I can keep good relationships with clinical practicum supervisors or nurses. .16 .01 .06 .04 .09 .77 .05
10 I am good at establishing rapport with patients. -.02 .19 .05 -.03 .17 .78 -.04
11 I am good at building good relations with people in clinical practices. .14 .14 -.02 .09 .01 .73 .26
33 When I am in a difficult situation, I consult with and seek advice from friends. .03 .06 -.03 .07 -.11 .21 .69
34 I have few friends to open up my minds. -.08 .19 .09 -.01 -.06 .05 .76
35 When there are things I do not know well, I usually study with or share relevant materials with friends. .10 -.00 .11 .18 .17 .04 .67
37 I have family that cheers me up all the time. .17 .21 -.03 -.10 .20 -.01 .57
Explained variance 2.10 2.23 1.52 2.30 2.15 2.43 2.12
% of variance 8.77 9.30 6.31 9.60 8.95 10.11 8.85
Cumulative% of variance 8.77 18.07 24.38 33.98 42.98 53.09 61.94

SC=self confidence; P=positivity; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; R=relationship; SoS=social support.

Table 3.
Correlation Coefficients of Resilience and Hardiness
Variables Resilience SC Positivity CA ER StS Relationship Hardiness
Resilience 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 .61**
SC .63** .43**
Positivity .68** .39** .57**
CA .55** .34** .27** .40**
ER .58** .25** .23** .34** .26**
StS .59** .27** .26** .21** .30** .30**
Relationship .58** .37** .28** .28** .16** .15** .21**
SoS .58** .20** .36** .18** .15* .16** .24** .38**

SC=self confidence; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; SoS=social support; *p＜.05, **p＜.001.

Table 4.
Reliability of the Resilience Scale for Nursing College Students
Variables Item No. No. of items Cronbach's ⍺
Resilience   24 .84
Self confidence 01, 02, 03 3 .77
Positivity 14, 15, 16, 17 4 .72
Coping ability 27, 28 2 .60
Emotional regulation 40, 44, 45, 46 4 .72
Structured style 51, 52, 55 3 .76
Relationship 08, 09, 10, 11 4 .76
Social support 33, 34, 35, 37 4 .65
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    Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(3):337-346.   Published online June 30, 2015
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.3.337
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    Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(3):337-346.   Published online June 30, 2015
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.3.337
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    Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students
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    Figure 1. Conceptual framework of resilience for nursing college students.

    Figure 1.

    Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students

    The Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (N=302)

    Variables Categories n (%) or M±SD
    Age (year)   22.7±0.9
    Grade Junior 151 (50.0)
    Senior 151 (50.0)
    Religion Christian 57 (18.9)
    Buddhism 19 (6.3)
    Catholic 43 (14.2)
    No religion 183 (60.6)
    Economic status s High 6 (2.0)
    Middle 257 (85.4)
    Low 38 (12.6)
    Health status Very poor 0 (0.0)
    Poor 33 (11.0)
    Moderate 164 (54.5)
    Good 92 (30.5)
    Very good 12 (4.0)
    Alcohol No 35 (11.5)
    ＜1 /month 127 (42.1)
    2~4/month 127 (42.1)
    2~3/week 13 (4.3)
    ≥4/week 0 (0.0)
    Smoking No 292 (97.0)
    Past smoker 9 (3.0)
    Current smoker r 0 (0.0)

    Factor Analysis Results in 7 Dimensions

    Items SC P CA ER StS R SoS
    1 I have enough energy to do what I have to do. .78 .18 -.07 .00 .12 .12 .13
    2 I am confident to handle any difficult assignment given to me. .81 .18 .18 .12 .09 .18 .05
    3 I usually take my work in stride. .73 .04 .22 .15 .07 .18 .00
    14 If I write down the things I am grateful for, it will be a very long list. .16 .70 .12 .10 -.01 .26 -.04
    15 I have few things I feel grateful for. .06 .75 .02 .06 -.05 .11 .25
    16 I think that difficult problems will work out eventually as time goes. .09 .73 -.06 .09 .24 -.11 .09
    17 I expect and imagine a better me. .15 .59 .26 .06 .18 .09 .24
    27 I prefer solving problems myself to letting others decide everything for me. .13 .11 .82 .08 .05 .14 -.05
    28 When facing problems, I try to solve the problems rather than hiding them .11 .08 .72 .26 .11 .09 .20
    40 I can control my emotions when difficult things happen. -.07 .13 .03 .71 .12 .09 -.03
    44 I am good at controling unpleasant or painful emotions such as sadness, fear and anger. .19 .01 .03 .82 .05 .07 -.02
    45 I am good at keeping my concentration or logical mind even in a stressful situation. .12 -.04 .24 .68 .14 .05 .05
    46 When I am too upset, I control my emotions first and then start to act. .04 .14 .07 .64 .07 -.05 .15
    51 I take things one day at a time .10 .11 .17 .18 .81 .03 -.02
    52 I effectively use my time as I know when to study and when to refresh. -.02 .20 .04 .13 .75 .13 .06
    55 I usually get assignments done in advance. .17 -.04 -.03 .08 .80 .01 .07
    8 I can lead conversations smoothly depending on partners or circumstances. .20 -.04 .19 .07 -.09 .63 .10
    9 I can keep good relationships with clinical practicum supervisors or nurses. .16 .01 .06 .04 .09 .77 .05
    10 I am good at establishing rapport with patients. -.02 .19 .05 -.03 .17 .78 -.04
    11 I am good at building good relations with people in clinical practices. .14 .14 -.02 .09 .01 .73 .26
    33 When I am in a difficult situation, I consult with and seek advice from friends. .03 .06 -.03 .07 -.11 .21 .69
    34 I have few friends to open up my minds. -.08 .19 .09 -.01 -.06 .05 .76
    35 When there are things I do not know well, I usually study with or share relevant materials with friends. .10 -.00 .11 .18 .17 .04 .67
    37 I have family that cheers me up all the time. .17 .21 -.03 -.10 .20 -.01 .57
    Explained variance 2.10 2.23 1.52 2.30 2.15 2.43 2.12
    % of variance 8.77 9.30 6.31 9.60 8.95 10.11 8.85
    Cumulative% of variance 8.77 18.07 24.38 33.98 42.98 53.09 61.94

    SC=self confidence; P=positivity; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; R=relationship; SoS=social support.

    Correlation Coefficients of Resilience and Hardiness

    Variables Resilience SC Positivity CA ER StS Relationship Hardiness
    Resilience 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 .61**
    SC .63** .43**
    Positivity .68** .39** .57**
    CA .55** .34** .27** .40**
    ER .58** .25** .23** .34** .26**
    StS .59** .27** .26** .21** .30** .30**
    Relationship .58** .37** .28** .28** .16** .15** .21**
    SoS .58** .20** .36** .18** .15* .16** .24** .38**

    SC=self confidence; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; SoS=social support; *p＜.05, **p＜.001.

    Reliability of the Resilience Scale for Nursing College Students

    Variables Item No. No. of items Cronbach's ⍺
    Resilience   24 .84
    Self confidence 01, 02, 03 3 .77
    Positivity 14, 15, 16, 17 4 .72
    Coping ability 27, 28 2 .60
    Emotional regulation 40, 44, 45, 46 4 .72
    Structured style 51, 52, 55 3 .76
    Relationship 08, 09, 10, 11 4 .76
    Social support 33, 34, 35, 37 4 .65
    Table 1. The Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (N=302)

    Table 2. Factor Analysis Results in 7 Dimensions

    SC=self confidence; P=positivity; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; R=relationship; SoS=social support.

    Table 3. Correlation Coefficients of Resilience and Hardiness

    SC=self confidence; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; SoS=social support; *p＜.05, **p＜.001.

    Table 4. Reliability of the Resilience Scale for Nursing College Students

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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