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Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Empathy, Attitude and Pain Management for Patients with Dementia
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Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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Original Article

Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Empathy, Attitude and Pain Management for Patients with Dementia

Mihyun Lee, MSN, RN1, Myonghwa Park, Ph.D., RN2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(4):388-398.
Published online: August 31, 2016

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Corresponding author: Park, Myonghwa College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea. Tel: +82-42-580-8328, Fax: +82-42-580-8309, E-mail: mhpark@cnu.ac.kr
• Received: April 28, 2016   • Accepted: August 22, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purposes of this study were to identify nurses' empathy, attitude and pain management for patients with dementia and the factors associated with their performance of pain management.
  • Methods
    The study design was a cross-sectional survey. The participants in the study were 114 nurses working at 12 geriatric hospitals. This study utilized the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), which measures four empathy factors. Nurses’ attitudes toward pain and performance of pain management, and general and pain related characteristics were measured by self-administered questionnaires.
  • Results
    Barriers to pain management for patients with dementia were absence of guidelines, prejudice of pain in dementia, and lack of time and knowledge deficit. There was a significant positive correlation between empathic concern and attitudes, perspective-taking of empathy and pain management. There was also a correlation between empathy and pain management. Stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that the significant factors affecting the performance of pain management included perspective-taking of empathy, use of pain management in dementia guideline and attitudes toward pain. These factors explained 24.0% of variance.
  • Conclusion
    The findings from this study suggest that empathy and positive attitude are the important provider attributes which needs to be enhanced by educational programs. It is also necessary to develop and disseminate guidelines for a dementia specific pain management.
  • Key Words: Dementia; Empathy; Attitude; Pain; Nurses
Table 1.
Geriatric Hospital Nurses' General and Pain related Characteristics (N=114)
Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD
Age (year) 　 44.22±8.62
＜40 39 (34.2)
＜40 40~49 39 (34.2) 42 (36.9)
≥50 33 (28.9)
Gender 　 Female 110 (96.5)
Male 4 (3.5)
Marital status 　 Married 100 (87.7)
Single 13 (11.4)
Others 1 (0.9)
Level of education 　 3 year 54 (47.4)
4 year 60 (52.6)
Work position 　 Head 23 (20.2)
Charge 13 (11.4)
Staff 78 (68.4)
Years at geriatric hospital†   5.73±3.31
＜5 40 (37.7)
5~9 50 (47.2)
Total years of career experience† 　   13.32±7.33
＜5 8 (7.4)
5~9 19 (17.6)
10~14 45 (41.7)
≥15 36 (33.3)
Knowledge of general pain management Yes 42 (36.8)
No 72 (63.2)
Competency of general pain management Yes 33 (28.9)
No 81 (71.1)
Educational experience of pain management in dementia Yes 59 (51.8)
No 55 (48.2)
Educational source of pain management in dementia‡ Continuing education 34 (29.8)
Hospital 32 (28.1)
Professional association 9 (7.9)
Academic society 13 (11.4)
Graduate courses 4 (3.5)
Number of pain management education in dementia†　 1 20 (34.5)
3 8 (13.7)
≥4 15 (25.9)
Need for education of pain management in dementia Yes 112 (98.2)
No 2 (1.8)
Educational contents for pain management in dementia‡ Medications 77 (67.5)
Type of pain assessment 60 (52.6)
Use of pain assessment scale 39 (34.2)
Non-pharmacological intervention 37 (32.5)
Pathology of pain 33 (28.9)
Outcome of pain 36 (31.6)
Classification of pain 29 (25.4)
Barriers to pain management 26 (22.8)
Effect of pain management 18 (15.8)
Use of pain management guideline Yes 37 (32.5)
No 77 (67.5)
Sources of pain management guideline‡ Hospital 11 (9.6)
Professional association 8 (7.0)
Academic society 15 (13.2)
Others 5 (4.4)
Barriers to pain management in dementia‡ 　 Previous habit of caring for patient s 37 (32.5)
Lack of knowledge 32 (28.1)
Lack of responsibility 19 (16.7)
High-risk patient classification 11 (9.6)
Not important 2 (1.8)
Absence of guidelines 60 (52.6)
Lack of time 35 (30.7)
Lack of facilities and support 25 (21.9)
Lack of human resource 25 (21.9)
Not a priority 23 (20.2)
Difficulty of procedure 21 (18.4)
Taking a long time 7 (6.1)
Lack of experts to referral 21 (18.4)
Lack of other staffs' cooperation 14 (12.3)

†Missing value was excluded;

‡Multiple response.

Table 2.
Empathy, Attitudes, and Performance of Pain Management (N=114)
Variables Categories Range M±SD
Empathy Fantasy 1.71~4.86 3.25±0.64
Empathic concern 1.29~4.86 3.59±0.58
Perspective-taking 2.43~4.86 3.50±0.53
Personal distress 1.29~4.29 2.69±0.54
Attitudes toward pain in dementia   2.08~3.50 2.76±0.26
Performance of pain management in dementia Assessment 2.83~5.00 4.13±0.56
Intervention 2.57~5.00 3.92±0.57
Total 2.66~4.97 3.99±0.51
Table 3.
Differences in Empathy, Attitude, Performance of Pain Management according to the Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Characteristics (N=114)
Characteristics Categories n Empathy: fantasy Empathy: empathic concern Empathy: perspective -taking Empathy: personal distress Attitudes Pain management: assessment Pain management: intervention Pain management: total
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Age (year) ＜40 39 3.29±0.68 0.12 3.54±0.62 4.91 3.41±0.57 2.62 2.75±0.47 2.08 2.75±0.29 0.44 4.12±0.54 0.49 3.81±0.57 1.09 3.92±0.50 0.59
40~49a 42 3.23±0.64 (.881) 3.43±0.58 (.009) 3.44±0.49 (.077) 2.56±0.57 (.130) 2.74±0.24 (.642) 4.19±0.55 (.609) 3.95±0.53 (.337) 4.03±0.49 (.556)
≥50b 33 3.23±0.61   3.84±0.46 a＜b 3.68±0.52   2.80±0.55   2.80±0.26   4.06±0.61   4.00±0.61   3.99±0.51  
Marital status Married 100 3.28±0.64 -1.51 3.62±0.58 -1.40 3.52±0.53 -1.01 2.71±0.55 -0.71 2.77±0.26 -0.59 4.13±0.57 -0.18 3.96±0.55 -2.05 4.02±0.51 -1.55
Others 14 3.01±0.64 (.133) 3.38±0.59 (.164) 3.36±0.57 (.313) 2.60±0.46 (.479) 2.72±0.27 (.556) 4.10±0.55 (.855) 3.63±0.59 (.043) 3.79±0.51 (.527)
Level of education 3 year 54 3.23±0.62 -0.25 3.54±0.55 -0.86 3.41±0.49 -1.59 2.72±0.54 0.57 2.71±0.23 -1.75 4.03±0.55 -1.77 3.89±0.61 -1.30 3.91±0.52 -1.62
4 year 60 3.26±0.67 (.803) 3.63±0.61 (.388) 3.57±0.56 (.113) 2.67±0.54 (.568) 2.80±0.29 (.082) 4.22±0.56 (.078) 3.98±0.52 (.193) 4.06±0.49 (.107)
Job position Head/charg e 36 3.24±0.63 -0.14 3.61±0.50 0.27 3.63±0.58 1.75 2.71±0.49 0.20 2.86±0.28 2.80 4.10±0.62 -0.41 3.92±0.52 0.01 3.98±0.51 -0.14
Staff 78 3.26±0.65 (.886) 3.58±0.62 (.788) 3.44±0.51 (.082) 2.69±0.56 (.842) 2.71±0.24 (.006) 4.14±0.54 (.678) 3.92±0.59 (.985) 4.00±0.52 (.886)
Years at geriatric hospital ＜5a 40 3.28±0.72 0.31 3.54±0.71 0.17 3.40±0.50 0.80 2.80±0.59 1.74 2.68±0.23 10.41 4.18±0.55 1.88 3.94±0.55 1.47 4.02±0.49 1.94
5~9b 50 3.26±0.57 (.730) 3.60±0.49 (.842) 3.53±0.57 (.452) 2.74±0.51 (.180) 2.75±0.23 (＜.001) 4.01±0.57 (.157) 3.83±0.59 (.234) 3.89±0.52 (.148)
10~14c 16 3.13±0.64   3.52±0.57   3.53±0.41   2.50±0.41   3.01±0.30 a＜c b＜c 4.29±0.60   4.10±0.53   4.17±0.51  
Total years of career experience ＜5 8 3.14±0.85 0.29 3.62±0.82 0.45 3.64±0.58 1.44 2.76±0.57 1.83 2.68±0.32 4.98 3.87±0.53 1.22 3.77±0.65 0.35 3.81±0.53 0.65
5~9a 19 3.18±0.62 (.831) 3.48±0.48 (.715) 3.36±0.39 (.234) 2.77±0.38 (.145) 2.59±0.22 (.003) 4.21±0.51 (.305) 4.00±0.58 (.788) 4.07±0.49 (.579)
10~14 45 3.31±0.65   3.54±0.65   3.42±0.55   2.80±0.59   2.76±0.24 a＜b 4.18±0.56   3.90±0.53   4.00±0.48  
≥15b 36 3.25±0.63   3.66±0.50   3.63±0.54   2.53±0.52   2.86±0.27   4.01±0.59   3.87±0.60   3.92±0.56  
Knowledge of general pain management Yes 42 3.24±0.62 0.12 3.62±0.60 -0.50 3.65±0.49 -2.32 2.49±0.55 3.22 2.78±0.29 -0.66 4.28±0.56 -2.25 4.10±0.50 -2.72 4.17±0.46 -2.85
No 72 3.25±0.66 (.901) 3.57±0.58 (.613) 3.41±0.54 (.022) 2.81±0.49 (.002) 2.75±0.25 (.510) 4.04±0.55 (.026) 3.81±0.58 (.007) 3.89±0.51 (.005)
Competency of general pain management Yes 33 3.26±0.64 -0.10 3.65±0.67 -0.65 3.57±0.56 -0.88 2.54±0.69 1.89 2.74±0.30 0.21 4.30±0.63 1.96 4.16±0.51 3.12 4.21±0.51 2.95
No 81 3.25±0.65 (.917) 3.56±0.55 (.512) 3.47±0.52 (.380) 2.75±0.45 (.060) 2.77±0.25 (.641) 4.06±0.52 (.055) 3.82±0.56 (.003) 3.90±0.49 (.004)
Educational experience of pain management in dementia Yes 59 3.21±0.57 0.61 3.60±0.53 -0.19 3.58±0.52 -1.70 2.56±0.54 2.88 2.75±0.27 0.27 4.17±0.57 -0.74 4.03±0.53 -2.11 4.07±0.49 -1.81
No 55 3.29±0.72 (.539) 3.58±0.63 (.844) 3.41±0.54 (.092) 2.84±0.50 (.005) 2.77±0.26 (.783) 4.09±0.55 (.458) 3.80±0.59 (.037) 3.90±0.52 (.072)
Use of pain management guideline Yes 37 3.20±0.67 0.56 3.61±0.51 -0.32 3.54±0.40 -0.69 2.57±0.50 1.75 2.67±0.24 2.47 4.34±0.60 -2.90 4.11±0.63 -2.47 4.19±0.58 -2.91
No 77 3.27±0.67 (.574) 3.58±0.62 (.747) 3.48±0.59 (.489) 2.76±0.55 (.081) 2.80±0.26 (.015) 4.02±0.52 (.004) 3.88±0.52 (.015) 3.90±0.58 (.004)

a, b, c: Scheffé test.

Table 4.
Correlation among Empathy, Attitude, and Performance of Pain Management (N=114)
Variables Categories Empathy Attitude
FS EC PT PD
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Empathy EC .46 (＜.001)        
PT .37 (＜.001) .59 (＜.001)      
PD .22 (.017) -.04 (.646) -.10 (.250)    
Attitude   .09 (.322) .22 (.015) .13 (.141) -.09 (.293)  
Pain management in dementia Total .02 (.814) .15 (.102) .27 (.003) -.12 (.188) .12 (.170)
Assessment .06 (.519) .11 (.238) .19 (.041) -.07 (.408) .18 (.045)
Intervention -.01 (.992) .15 (.102) .28 (.002) -.13 (.168) .08 (.394)

FS=fantasy; EC=empathic concern; PT=perspective-taking; PD=personal distress.

Table 5.
Associated Factors with Performance of Pain Management by Stepwise Multiple Regression (N=114)
Variables B SE β t R2 p
(Constant) 72.02 24.11   2.98   .004
Empathy: Perspective-taking 1.42 0.56 0.29 2.51 .08 .013
Use of pain management guideline 7.61 4.07 0.25 2.39 .19 .019
Attitude toward pain in dementia 1.28 0.58 0.22 2.20 .22 .030
Competency of general pain management -0.32 0.58 0.19 1.86 .25 .065
R2=.25, Adjusted R2=.24, F=2.48, p=.006
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    Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Empathy, Attitude and Pain Management for Patients with Dementia
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(4):388-398.   Published online August 31, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.4.388
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    Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Empathy, Attitude and Pain Management for Patients with Dementia
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(4):388-398.   Published online August 31, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.4.388
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    Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Empathy, Attitude and Pain Management for Patients with Dementia
    Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Empathy, Attitude and Pain Management for Patients with Dementia

    Geriatric Hospital Nurses' General and Pain related Characteristics (N=114)

    Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD
    Age (year) 　 44.22±8.62
    ＜40 39 (34.2)
    ＜40 40~49 39 (34.2) 42 (36.9)
    ≥50 33 (28.9)
    Gender 　 Female 110 (96.5)
    Male 4 (3.5)
    Marital status 　 Married 100 (87.7)
    Single 13 (11.4)
    Others 1 (0.9)
    Level of education 　 3 year 54 (47.4)
    4 year 60 (52.6)
    Work position 　 Head 23 (20.2)
    Charge 13 (11.4)
    Staff 78 (68.4)
    Years at geriatric hospital†   5.73±3.31
    ＜5 40 (37.7)
    5~9 50 (47.2)
    Total years of career experience† 　   13.32±7.33
    ＜5 8 (7.4)
    5~9 19 (17.6)
    10~14 45 (41.7)
    ≥15 36 (33.3)
    Knowledge of general pain management Yes 42 (36.8)
    No 72 (63.2)
    Competency of general pain management Yes 33 (28.9)
    No 81 (71.1)
    Educational experience of pain management in dementia Yes 59 (51.8)
    No 55 (48.2)
    Educational source of pain management in dementia‡ Continuing education 34 (29.8)
    Hospital 32 (28.1)
    Professional association 9 (7.9)
    Academic society 13 (11.4)
    Graduate courses 4 (3.5)
    Number of pain management education in dementia†　 1 20 (34.5)
    3 8 (13.7)
    ≥4 15 (25.9)
    Need for education of pain management in dementia Yes 112 (98.2)
    No 2 (1.8)
    Educational contents for pain management in dementia‡ Medications 77 (67.5)
    Type of pain assessment 60 (52.6)
    Use of pain assessment scale 39 (34.2)
    Non-pharmacological intervention 37 (32.5)
    Pathology of pain 33 (28.9)
    Outcome of pain 36 (31.6)
    Classification of pain 29 (25.4)
    Barriers to pain management 26 (22.8)
    Effect of pain management 18 (15.8)
    Use of pain management guideline Yes 37 (32.5)
    No 77 (67.5)
    Sources of pain management guideline‡ Hospital 11 (9.6)
    Professional association 8 (7.0)
    Academic society 15 (13.2)
    Others 5 (4.4)
    Barriers to pain management in dementia‡ 　 Previous habit of caring for patient s 37 (32.5)
    Lack of knowledge 32 (28.1)
    Lack of responsibility 19 (16.7)
    High-risk patient classification 11 (9.6)
    Not important 2 (1.8)
    Absence of guidelines 60 (52.6)
    Lack of time 35 (30.7)
    Lack of facilities and support 25 (21.9)
    Lack of human resource 25 (21.9)
    Not a priority 23 (20.2)
    Difficulty of procedure 21 (18.4)
    Taking a long time 7 (6.1)
    Lack of experts to referral 21 (18.4)
    Lack of other staffs' cooperation 14 (12.3)

    †Missing value was excluded;

    ‡Multiple response.

    Empathy, Attitudes, and Performance of Pain Management (N=114)

    Variables Categories Range M±SD
    Empathy Fantasy 1.71~4.86 3.25±0.64
    Empathic concern 1.29~4.86 3.59±0.58
    Perspective-taking 2.43~4.86 3.50±0.53
    Personal distress 1.29~4.29 2.69±0.54
    Attitudes toward pain in dementia   2.08~3.50 2.76±0.26
    Performance of pain management in dementia Assessment 2.83~5.00 4.13±0.56
    Intervention 2.57~5.00 3.92±0.57
    Total 2.66~4.97 3.99±0.51

    Differences in Empathy, Attitude, Performance of Pain Management according to the Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Characteristics (N=114)

    Characteristics Categories n Empathy: fantasy Empathy: empathic concern Empathy: perspective -taking Empathy: personal distress Attitudes Pain management: assessment Pain management: intervention Pain management: total
    M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
    Age (year) ＜40 39 3.29±0.68 0.12 3.54±0.62 4.91 3.41±0.57 2.62 2.75±0.47 2.08 2.75±0.29 0.44 4.12±0.54 0.49 3.81±0.57 1.09 3.92±0.50 0.59
    40~49a 42 3.23±0.64 (.881) 3.43±0.58 (.009) 3.44±0.49 (.077) 2.56±0.57 (.130) 2.74±0.24 (.642) 4.19±0.55 (.609) 3.95±0.53 (.337) 4.03±0.49 (.556)
    ≥50b 33 3.23±0.61   3.84±0.46 a＜b 3.68±0.52   2.80±0.55   2.80±0.26   4.06±0.61   4.00±0.61   3.99±0.51  
    Marital status Married 100 3.28±0.64 -1.51 3.62±0.58 -1.40 3.52±0.53 -1.01 2.71±0.55 -0.71 2.77±0.26 -0.59 4.13±0.57 -0.18 3.96±0.55 -2.05 4.02±0.51 -1.55
    Others 14 3.01±0.64 (.133) 3.38±0.59 (.164) 3.36±0.57 (.313) 2.60±0.46 (.479) 2.72±0.27 (.556) 4.10±0.55 (.855) 3.63±0.59 (.043) 3.79±0.51 (.527)
    Level of education 3 year 54 3.23±0.62 -0.25 3.54±0.55 -0.86 3.41±0.49 -1.59 2.72±0.54 0.57 2.71±0.23 -1.75 4.03±0.55 -1.77 3.89±0.61 -1.30 3.91±0.52 -1.62
    4 year 60 3.26±0.67 (.803) 3.63±0.61 (.388) 3.57±0.56 (.113) 2.67±0.54 (.568) 2.80±0.29 (.082) 4.22±0.56 (.078) 3.98±0.52 (.193) 4.06±0.49 (.107)
    Job position Head/charg e 36 3.24±0.63 -0.14 3.61±0.50 0.27 3.63±0.58 1.75 2.71±0.49 0.20 2.86±0.28 2.80 4.10±0.62 -0.41 3.92±0.52 0.01 3.98±0.51 -0.14
    Staff 78 3.26±0.65 (.886) 3.58±0.62 (.788) 3.44±0.51 (.082) 2.69±0.56 (.842) 2.71±0.24 (.006) 4.14±0.54 (.678) 3.92±0.59 (.985) 4.00±0.52 (.886)
    Years at geriatric hospital ＜5a 40 3.28±0.72 0.31 3.54±0.71 0.17 3.40±0.50 0.80 2.80±0.59 1.74 2.68±0.23 10.41 4.18±0.55 1.88 3.94±0.55 1.47 4.02±0.49 1.94
    5~9b 50 3.26±0.57 (.730) 3.60±0.49 (.842) 3.53±0.57 (.452) 2.74±0.51 (.180) 2.75±0.23 (＜.001) 4.01±0.57 (.157) 3.83±0.59 (.234) 3.89±0.52 (.148)
    10~14c 16 3.13±0.64   3.52±0.57   3.53±0.41   2.50±0.41   3.01±0.30 a＜c b＜c 4.29±0.60   4.10±0.53   4.17±0.51  
    Total years of career experience ＜5 8 3.14±0.85 0.29 3.62±0.82 0.45 3.64±0.58 1.44 2.76±0.57 1.83 2.68±0.32 4.98 3.87±0.53 1.22 3.77±0.65 0.35 3.81±0.53 0.65
    5~9a 19 3.18±0.62 (.831) 3.48±0.48 (.715) 3.36±0.39 (.234) 2.77±0.38 (.145) 2.59±0.22 (.003) 4.21±0.51 (.305) 4.00±0.58 (.788) 4.07±0.49 (.579)
    10~14 45 3.31±0.65   3.54±0.65   3.42±0.55   2.80±0.59   2.76±0.24 a＜b 4.18±0.56   3.90±0.53   4.00±0.48  
    ≥15b 36 3.25±0.63   3.66±0.50   3.63±0.54   2.53±0.52   2.86±0.27   4.01±0.59   3.87±0.60   3.92±0.56  
    Knowledge of general pain management Yes 42 3.24±0.62 0.12 3.62±0.60 -0.50 3.65±0.49 -2.32 2.49±0.55 3.22 2.78±0.29 -0.66 4.28±0.56 -2.25 4.10±0.50 -2.72 4.17±0.46 -2.85
    No 72 3.25±0.66 (.901) 3.57±0.58 (.613) 3.41±0.54 (.022) 2.81±0.49 (.002) 2.75±0.25 (.510) 4.04±0.55 (.026) 3.81±0.58 (.007) 3.89±0.51 (.005)
    Competency of general pain management Yes 33 3.26±0.64 -0.10 3.65±0.67 -0.65 3.57±0.56 -0.88 2.54±0.69 1.89 2.74±0.30 0.21 4.30±0.63 1.96 4.16±0.51 3.12 4.21±0.51 2.95
    No 81 3.25±0.65 (.917) 3.56±0.55 (.512) 3.47±0.52 (.380) 2.75±0.45 (.060) 2.77±0.25 (.641) 4.06±0.52 (.055) 3.82±0.56 (.003) 3.90±0.49 (.004)
    Educational experience of pain management in dementia Yes 59 3.21±0.57 0.61 3.60±0.53 -0.19 3.58±0.52 -1.70 2.56±0.54 2.88 2.75±0.27 0.27 4.17±0.57 -0.74 4.03±0.53 -2.11 4.07±0.49 -1.81
    No 55 3.29±0.72 (.539) 3.58±0.63 (.844) 3.41±0.54 (.092) 2.84±0.50 (.005) 2.77±0.26 (.783) 4.09±0.55 (.458) 3.80±0.59 (.037) 3.90±0.52 (.072)
    Use of pain management guideline Yes 37 3.20±0.67 0.56 3.61±0.51 -0.32 3.54±0.40 -0.69 2.57±0.50 1.75 2.67±0.24 2.47 4.34±0.60 -2.90 4.11±0.63 -2.47 4.19±0.58 -2.91
    No 77 3.27±0.67 (.574) 3.58±0.62 (.747) 3.48±0.59 (.489) 2.76±0.55 (.081) 2.80±0.26 (.015) 4.02±0.52 (.004) 3.88±0.52 (.015) 3.90±0.58 (.004)

    a, b, c: Scheffé test.

    Correlation among Empathy, Attitude, and Performance of Pain Management (N=114)

    Variables Categories Empathy Attitude
    FS EC PT PD
    r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Empathy EC .46 (＜.001)        
    PT .37 (＜.001) .59 (＜.001)      
    PD .22 (.017) -.04 (.646) -.10 (.250)    
    Attitude   .09 (.322) .22 (.015) .13 (.141) -.09 (.293)  
    Pain management in dementia Total .02 (.814) .15 (.102) .27 (.003) -.12 (.188) .12 (.170)
    Assessment .06 (.519) .11 (.238) .19 (.041) -.07 (.408) .18 (.045)
    Intervention -.01 (.992) .15 (.102) .28 (.002) -.13 (.168) .08 (.394)

    FS=fantasy; EC=empathic concern; PT=perspective-taking; PD=personal distress.

    Associated Factors with Performance of Pain Management by Stepwise Multiple Regression (N=114)

    Variables B SE β t R2 p
    (Constant) 72.02 24.11   2.98   .004
    Empathy: Perspective-taking 1.42 0.56 0.29 2.51 .08 .013
    Use of pain management guideline 7.61 4.07 0.25 2.39 .19 .019
    Attitude toward pain in dementia 1.28 0.58 0.22 2.20 .22 .030
    Competency of general pain management -0.32 0.58 0.19 1.86 .25 .065
    R2=.25, Adjusted R2=.24, F=2.48, p=.006
    Table 1. Geriatric Hospital Nurses' General and Pain related Characteristics (N=114)

    Missing value was excluded;

    Multiple response.

    Table 2. Empathy, Attitudes, and Performance of Pain Management (N=114)

    Table 3. Differences in Empathy, Attitude, Performance of Pain Management according to the Geriatric Hospital Nurses' Characteristics (N=114)

    a, b, c: Scheffé test.

    Table 4. Correlation among Empathy, Attitude, and Performance of Pain Management (N=114)

    FS=fantasy; EC=empathic concern; PT=perspective-taking; PD=personal distress.

    Table 5. Associated Factors with Performance of Pain Management by Stepwise Multiple Regression (N=114)

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

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