PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the eHealth Literacy Scale into Korean (KeHEALS) and evaluate its reliability and validity.
METHODS
The cross-cultural adaptation of the KeHEALS was conducted according to the World Health Organization's guideline. To evaluate the reliability and validity, the data of 397 participants (210 young adults and 187 older adults) were collected from 2017 November to 2018 February. An online survey was conducted with young adults, while a face-to-face survey was conducted with older adults in two senior welfare centers. The reliability of the KeHEALS was examined using the internal consistency and test-retest reliability tests. Regarding the validity, the content validity index was calculated for content validity, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the hypothesized test were conducted for assessing construct validity of the KeHEALS.
RESULTS
The Cronbach's α coefficient was .89 and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the 2-week test-retest reliability was .80. The content validity index of the KeHEALS was 1.0. From the exploratory factor analysis, eight items were retained in one factor, which accounted for 58.1% of the total variance. This factor structure was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis. The total score of the KeHEALS was significantly correlated with the attitudes toward internet health information.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study provide evidence for the adequate psychometric properties of the KeHEALS. The KeHEALS will be useful to evaluate the eHealth literacy among Koreans.

Citations

• Development and Validation of the Media Health Literacy Scale: Assessment Tool Development Study
  Sangyoon Shin, Seungyeon Kim, Youngshin Song, Hyesun Jeong, Yun Mi Yu, Euni Lee
  Journal of Medical Internet Research.2025; 27: e62884.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Digital Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy on Self-Care Behaviors among Community-Dwelling Elderly: Focusing on Gyeongsangbuk-do
  Hyojin Son, Youngran Han
  Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2025; 36: 59.     CrossRef
• Current Status of Information and Communication Technologies Utilization, Education Needs, Mobile Health Literacy, and Self-Care Education Needs of a Population of Stroke Patients
  Mi-Kyoung Cho, Aro Han, Hyunjung Lee, Jiwoo Choi, Hyohjung Lee, Hana Kim
  Healthcare.2025; 13(10): 1183.     CrossRef
• Development and validation of a menopause-specific health literacy scale for middle-aged women
  Haein Lee, Junghee Kim, Hanna Lee
  Patient Education and Counseling.2025; 136: 108762.     CrossRef
• Measuring Digital Health Literacy in Older Adults: Development and Validation Study
  SungMin Kim, Choonghee Park, Sunghyeon Park, Dai-Jin Kim, Ye-Seul Bae, Jae-Heon Kang, Ji-Won Chun
  Journal of Medical Internet Research.2025; 27: e65492.     CrossRef
• Need for and Acceptance of Digital Health Interventions for Self-Management Among Older Adults Living Alone: A Mixed-Methods Approach
  Gahye Kim, Minhwa Hwang, Seonghyeon Lee, Yeon-Hwan Park
  Asian Nursing Research.2025; 19(1): 86.     CrossRef
• Effects of e-health literacy on health-related quality of life in young adults with type 2 diabetes: Parallel mediation of diabetes self-efficacy and self-care behaviors
  Yura Jang, Youngran Yang
  Applied Nursing Research.2025; 82: 151917.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting the Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients with Bladder Cancer
  Haetsal Kwon, Hyojung Park
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2024; 38(3): 358.     CrossRef
• A Scoping Review of Tools to Assess Digital Health Literacy Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults for Application to Dietetic Practice
  Jingyi Jess Bai, Mariam Mandoh, Yee Mei Yu, Margaret Allman-Farinelli
  Dietetics.2024; 3(4): 523.     CrossRef
• The Impact of Mothers’ Smartphone Use, eHealth Literacy, Maternal Role Performance Confidence, and Online Social Support on Health Promotion Behavior for Infants and Toddlers
  Se-Young JUNG, So Yeon PARK
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2024; 24(3): 134.     CrossRef
• Influence of Digital Literacy and Patient Activation on Sick Role Behavior in Vulnerable Older Adults with Diabetes
  Young-Eun Yi, Hyun-Ju Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2024; 31(2): 179.     CrossRef
• Quality controlled YouTube content intervention for enhancing health literacy and health behavioural intention: A randomized controlled study
  Yujin Park, Su Hwan Kim, Hyung-Jin Yoon
  DIGITAL HEALTH.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validity testing of the Korean version of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) and its application in people with chronic diseases
  Yon Hee Seo, Richard H Osborne, Yeunhee Kwak, Jung-Won Ahn, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
  PLOS ONE.2024; 19(8): e0308086.     CrossRef
• The Impact of e-Health Literacy and Technological Self-efficacy on Older Adults’ Level of Digital Informatization
  Sein Ryu, Yeojoo Chae
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2024; 49(4): 348.     CrossRef
• Impact of Mobile Health Literacy, Stroke-Related Health Knowledge, Health Beliefs, and Self-Efficacy on the Self-Care Behavior of Patients with Stroke
  Hana Kim, Aro Han, Hyunjung Lee, Jiwoo Choi, Hyohjung Lee, Mi-Kyoung Cho
  Healthcare.2024; 12(19): 1913.     CrossRef
• The effects of health literacy on medication compliance in the independent living: Mediating effect of e-health literacy: A cross-sectional descriptive study
  Woo Joo Nam, Ju Young Ha
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(2): 180.     CrossRef
• Digital Health Equity and Tailored Health Care Service for People With Disability: User-Centered Design and Usability Study
  Sandeul Ha, Seung Hee Ho, Young-Hyeon Bae, Minyoung Lee, Ju Hee Kim, Ju Han Kim, Jisan Lee
  Journal of Medical Internet Research.2023; 25: e50029.     CrossRef
• The Impacts of Digital Literacy, Attitudes towards Internet Health Information, and e-Health Literacy on Health Promotion Behavior among Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
  HeeJin Shin, JaeHee Jeon
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(4): 367.     CrossRef
• Effects of e-Health Literacy, Parenting Stress, and Maternal Role Confidence on Children’s Health-Promoting Behaviors in Mothers of Infants and Toddlers
  So-Hee Park, Jeung-Im Kim
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2023; 27(2): 92.     CrossRef
• Core contents for digital healthcare services across the life span
  Jiye Kim, Jiyoung Lee, Sunyoung Yang, Hyekyeong Kim
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2023; 40(4): 33.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy and Social Support on the Relationship Between eHealth Literacy and Self-Care Competency in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Eunhee Jo, Su-Jin Lee, Sun Hee Han
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2023; 30(3): 325.     CrossRef
• Social Support, eHealth Literacy, and mHealth Use in Older Adults With Diabetes
  Minjin Kim, Beomsoo Kim, Sunhee Park
  CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Digital literacy among Korean older adults: A scoping review of quantitative studies
  Hun Kang, Jiwon Baek, Sang Hui Chu, JiYeon Choi
  DIGITAL HEALTH.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• What topics are women interested in during pregnancy: exploring the role of social media as informational and emotional support
  Joo Yun Lee, Eunhee Lee
  BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Understanding the digital health care experience based on eHealth literacy: Focusing on the Seoul citizens
  Na-Young Park, Nan-He Yoon, Namsoo Park, Young-Bok Kim, Minson Kwak, Sarang Jang
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2022; 39(4): 67.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with eHealth literacy focusing on digital literacy components: A cross-sectional study of middle-aged adults in South Korea
  Jaegyeong Lee, Sunghee H Tak
  DIGITAL HEALTH.2022; 8: 205520762211027.     CrossRef
• Evaluating a theory-based intervention for improving eHealth literacy in older adults: a single group, pretest–posttest design
  Sun Ju Chang, Kyoung-eun Lee, Eunjin Yang, Hyunju Ryu
  BMC Geriatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing on Intention to Use Mobile Application for Health Promotion in Middle Aged Women: Applying the Health Belief Model
  Sunah Park, Youngrye Park
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2022; 25(2): 91.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with eHealth use among community dwelling older adults
  MoonKi Choi
  International Journal of Nursing Practice.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The influence of Digital Informatization Level, Self-efficacy, and Social Support on Digital Health Literacy in the Elderly with Cancer
  Hye Su Kim, Ji Hyun Sung
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2022; 22(4): 255.     CrossRef
• Selected health behaviors associated with health literacy and digital health literacy
  Eun Jin Choi, Heeran Chun, Woosung Kwak
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2022; 39(5): 81.     CrossRef
• Validating the Digital Health Literacy Instrument in Relation to COVID-19 Information (COVID-DHL-K) among South Korean Undergraduates
  Heeran Chun, Eun-Ja Park, Seul Ki Choi, Hyeran Yoon, Orkan Okan, Kevin Dadaczynski
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3437.     CrossRef
• Psychometric comparisons of measures of eHealth literacy using a sample of Korean older adults
  Hyunjung Kim, Eunjin Yang, Hyunju Ryu, Hee Jung Kim, Sun Joo Jang, Sun Ju Chang
  International Journal of Older People Nursing.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Internet health information education for older adults: A pilot study
  Sun Ju Chang, Eunjin Yang, Kyoung-Eun Lee, Hyunju Ryu
  Geriatric Nursing.2021; 42(2): 533.     CrossRef
• Association of eHealth Use, Literacy, Informational Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behaviors: Mediation of Health Self-Efficacy
  MoonKi Choi
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(21): 7890.     CrossRef
• Comparing Factors Associated With eHealth Literacy Between Young and Older Adults
  Eunjin Yang, Sun Ju Chang, Hyunju Ryu, Hee Jung Kim, Sun Joo Jang
  Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2020; 46(8): 46.     CrossRef
• Effects of the Health Literacy and Knowledge on Adherence to Self-care Behavior among Elderly with Ischemic Stroke Visiting Local General Hospitals
  Young-Nam Park, Chul-Gyu Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(5): 573.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Health Belief on the Correlations among Disease-related Knowledge, eHealth Literacy, and Self-care Behaviors in Outpatients with Hypertension
  Gyoo Yeong Cho, Myung Nam Ha
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(6): 638.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a instrument to evaluate patient safety perception in hospitalized patient and to examine its validity and reliability.
METHODS
For the development of the initial items, the literature was reviewed along with the existing measuring tools. The items were evaluated by experts for content validity. This study was conducted from September 2017 to January 2018. A total of 294 hospitalized patients participated in the study to verify the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data were analyzed by item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency.
RESULTS
The final instrument were derived containing 24 items and 3 factors. There were 10 items on “activities to ensure”, 10 items on “patient's safety practices”, and 4 items on “trust of the medical system.” The criterion-related validity was established using the Patient Measure of Safety (r=.72, p < .001). The Cronbach's α for this instrument was .93.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that this instrument has satisfactory validity and reliability. It can quantitatively measure the degree of patient safety awareness of hospitalized patients.

Citations

• What Factors Influence Patient Measures of Safety Among Adults?
  Yujeong Kim, Eunhee Nam
  Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2025; Volume 18: 353.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Role of Patient Safety Perception in the Relationship between Right to Know and Patient Participation among Inpatients
  Sun-Hwa Shin, On-Jeon Baek
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2025; 37(2): 114.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of the Korean Patient Safety Culture Survey Instrument for Hospitals
  Sun-Gyo Lee
  Quality Improvement in Health Care.2024; 30(1): 105.     CrossRef
• Influence of patient safety perception and attitude on inpatients’ willingness to participate in patient safety: An observation study
  Mi Hwa Won, In Suk Hwang, Sun-Hwa Shin
  Medicine.2024; 103(29): e39033.     CrossRef
• Mediating effects of patient safety perception and willingness to participate in patient safety on the relationship between health literacy and patient participation behavior among inpatients
  Mi Hwa Won, Sun-Hwa Shin
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Patient Understanding of Patient Safety: Based on Results from Focus Group Discussion
  Jeehye Im, Minsu Ock
  Quality Improvement in Health Care.2022; 28(2): 50.     CrossRef
• Effect of Sanitation Knowledge and Attitude of Beauty Industry Workers on their Hygiene Management in the Workplace -Focusing on the mediated effect of organizational loyalty-
  Yoo-Jin Oh, Min-Soo Jung
  Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology.2022; 28(1): 129.     CrossRef
• Development and Effectiveness of a Patient Safety Education Program for Inpatients
  Sun Hwa Shin, Mi Jung Kim, Ho Jin Moon, Eun Hye Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3262.     CrossRef
• The Moderating Effect of Patient Safety Knowledge in the Relationship between Patient Experience and Patient Safety Perception for Patients in Primary Care Institutions
  On Jeon Baek, Sun Hwa Shin
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(4): 387.     CrossRef
• The influence of patient-centeredness on patient safety perception among inpatients
  Nahee Choi, Jinhee Kim, Hyunlye Kim, Holly Seale
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(2): e0246928.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Subgroups with Lower Level of Patient Safety Perceptions Using Decision-Tree Analysis
  Sun Hwa Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(5): 686.     CrossRef
• Patient Safety Perception and Patient Participation among Hemato-oncology Patients
  Se Jeong Kang, Jeong Yun Park
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2019; 19(4): 224.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was designed to develop and test the Hope Scale for Korean cancer patients.
METHODS
The process for the development of the Hope Test was a selection of initial items drawn from a literature review and in-depth interviews. The selected items were assessed for content validity by experts. The Hope Scale was comprised of five factors and 30 preliminary items. The preliminary Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients (HS_KCP) was administered to 259 cancer patients from one university hospital and one cancer hospital in Busan. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's α.
RESULTS
Eighteen items were selected for the final scale. Five factors (inner sense of control, trust and expectation for recovery of disease, interconnection, spirituality, emotional despair) evolved from the factor analysis, which explained 63.3% of the total variance. The convergent & discriminent validity was r=.83 (p<.001), r=-73 (p<.001). The internal consistency, Cronbach's α was .88 and reliability of the subscales ranged from .54 to .85.
CONCLUSION
The Hope Scale for Korean cancer patients demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to assess the hope of cancer patients and is feasible within a clinical setting.

Citations

• The Effects of Spiritual Well-being on Self-care Practices in People Undergoing Hemodialysis: The Mediating Effect of Hope
  Bu Kyung Kim, Pok-Ja Oh
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2022; 34(6): 592.     CrossRef
• Psychometric Evaluation of Persian Version of Hope Scale in Iranian Patients With Cancer
  Hamid Sharif Nia, Pardis Rahmatpour, Long She, Mahdi Abounoori, Mohammad Moein Maddah, Saeed Pahlevan Sharif, Mobin Mohammadinezhad
  Journal of Nursing Measurement.2022; 30(1): 40.     CrossRef
• The Catalogue of Spiritual Care Instruments: A Scoping Review
  Ricko Damberg Nissen, Erik Falkø, Dorte Toudal Viftrup, Elisabeth Assing Hvidt, Jens Søndergaard, Arndt Büssing, Johan Wallin, Niels Hvidt
  Religions.2020; 11(5): 252.     CrossRef
• Concept Analysis of Fighting Spirit in Korean Patients with Cancer
  Kyung Ok Kim, Jung A Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(1): 50.     CrossRef
• Post-traumatic Growth among Stroke Patients: Impact of Hope, Meaning in Life, and Social Support
  Young-Ju Jeong, Hee Sun Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(6): 605.     CrossRef
• Relationships among Hope, Self-care Agency and Quality of Life of Female Oncology Patients with Lymphedema
  Ka Ryeong Bae, Young Soon Im, Gie Ok Noh, Yoojung Son, Han Gil Seo
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2017; 17(4): 213.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was to develop and test the resilience scale for Korean nursing college students.
METHODS
The initial 82 items (7 factors) were developed through literature review and student interviews. Items were reduced to 55 items through content validity test by 5 experts and face validity tests by 20 nursing students. The preliminary Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing Students (RS_KNS) was administered to 302 nursing students of 4 universities in Chungnam. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alpha.
RESULTS
Twenty-four items were selected for the final scale. Seven factors evolved from the factor analysis, which explained 61.9% of the total variance. The internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha was .84 and reliability of the subscales ranged from .60 to .77.
CONCLUSION
The resilience scale for Korean nursing college students demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to assess the resilience of nursing college students and is expected to get utilized in teaching and research.

Citations

• Resilience of nursing students: A concept analysis study
  Sunghee Park, Mi-Young Choi
  Nurse Education Today.2025; 144: 106463.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Nursing Students’ Practice Transition Shock, Resilience, and Professional Self-concept on Career Identity
  Sein Ryu
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2024; 49(2): 153.     CrossRef
• Effects of Emotional Regulation, Resilience, and Distress Disclosure on Post-Traumatic Growth in Nursing Students
  Kyungmi Kim, Jongeun Lee, Jaeyeon Yoon
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 2782.     CrossRef
• Development and testing of the university student resilience scale
  Thomas Mueller
  Journal of American College Health.2023; 71(3): 967.     CrossRef
• Turkish adaptation of the resilience scale for nurses: A validity and reliability study
  Süleyman Ü. Şenocak, Fatma Demirkıran, Tarık Totan
  Nurse Education Today.2021; 107: 105108.     CrossRef
• Development and psychometric properties of the Nursing Student Academic Resilience Inventory (NSARI): A mixed-method study
  Tayyebeh Ali-Abadi, Abbas Ebadi, Hamid Sharif Nia, Mohsen Soleimani, Ali Asghar Ghods, Paola Gremigni
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(6): e0252473.     CrossRef
• The mediating effects on the relationship between campus life adaptation and clinical competence
  Sunghee Park, Miyoung Choi, Sookhee Lee
  Nurse Education Today.2019; 72: 67.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Emotional Labor and Resilience on Clinical Competency in Nursing Students
  Eun Mi Park, Yeoungsuk Song
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2019; 25(3): 357.     CrossRef
• Effect of Incivility, Resilience, and Social Support Experienced by Nursing Students on Burnout in Clinical Practice
  Eun Jung Lee, Mi-Hae Sung, Hye-Kyong Ahn, Yun Ah Kim
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2019; 25(1): 86.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Subjective Happiness in Korean Nursing Students
  Eun Man Kim, Young Hee Yang, Haeyoung Lee, Mi Yu
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2016; 22(3): 294.     CrossRef