Purpose
This study aimed to identify the effects of psychological insulin resistance, diabetes distress, and diabetes self-efficacy of patients and their spouses on insulin therapy adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods
A path analysis based on the actor-partner interdependence model, a couple analysis method, was used to identify the actor and partner effects of psychological insulin resistance, diabetes distress, diabetes self-efficacy on the insulin therapy adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected between February 25 and May 1, 2019, from 200 patients with type 2 diabetes and their spouses.
Results
The psychological insulin resistance of the patient had an actor effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the patient and a partner effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the spouse, and the patient’s diabetes distress had a partner effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the spouse. The psychological insulin resistance of the spouse had an actor effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the spouse, and the diabetes self-efficacy of the patient and spouse were found to affect the insulin therapy adherence of the patient directly.
Conclusion
This study provided basic data for the development of programs that can enhance insulin therapy adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on the perspectives of both the patient and spouse.

Citations

• The Impact of Psychological Insulin Resistance and Dyadic Coping on Insulin Medication Adherence in Elderly Diabetes Patients and Their Spouses: A Latent Profile Analysis
  Yuanhong Wu, Huijing Xu, Yuxin Wang, Xiaohui Wang, Shanyu Wu
  Patient Preference and Adherence.2024; Volume 18: 2647.     CrossRef
• The use of multiple daily injections versus insulin pump therapy for HgbA1c reduction in patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes
  Dana E. Stallings, Karen J. Higgins
  Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners.2023; 35(10): 615.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors contributing to diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
METHODS
Data were collected from 131 patients who had been diagnosed with DM for more than six months. Patients recruited from three hospitals in Gwangju city were given both a foot examination to confirm the presence of a foot ulcer and an individual time of survey using questionnaires about foot care knowledge and self management behavior.
RESULTS
Factors contributing to DFU were male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=4.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.16~20.44), history of DM-related hospitalization (aOR=4.56, 95% CI=1.17~17.84), duration of DM (aOR=13.75, 95% CI=2.31~82.66 for those with time since diagnosis of 11~15 years; aOR=6.37, 95% CI=1.09~37.36 for those with time since diagnosis of 16–20 years; aOR=12.97, 95% CI=2.26~74.32 for those with time since diagnosis of over 21 years), DM diet (aOR=0.13, 95% CI=0.03–0.64 for those who did not practice dietary control), and exercise (aOR=15.59, 95% CI=3.49~69.64 for those who did not engage in regular exercise).
CONCLUSION
The factors identified in this study provided strategic information for developing educational program targeting patients with DM to prevent DFC.

Citations

• Daily Life Management Guidelines for Diabetic Foot Patients
  Ahyoung Kim
  The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(4): 214.     CrossRef
• Factors Related to the Occurrence and Number of Chronic Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Utilizing The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea, 2002~2015
  Haejung Lee, Misoon Lee, Gaeun Park, Ah Reum Khang
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2022; 24(1): 22.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to understand what are the experiences and management of type 2 diabetes in everyday lives among Korean people.
METHODS
A grounded theory method was utilized to explore how people with type 2 diabetes to experience and manage their disease under the Korean socio-cultural context. The data were collected via narrative in-depth interviews with 21 people with type 2 diabetes during 2010-2011 and all interviews were transcribed for verbatim analysis.
RESULTS
The core category was 'Rearranging everyday lives by accepting diabetes as lifelong annoying companion.' Four stages were identified: ignoring; struggling compromising and conciliating. Each stage illustrates major problems and/or strategies that the participants face in dealing with diabetes. The process illustrates the transference from their ordinary life, in which diabetes or health was ignored, to the health-oriented life, within which diabetes is integrated into their lives. The most difficult barriers they faced in everyday lives include social stigma of diabetes and collectivistic culture in Korea. Within the culture, the group goals are concerned over individual ones, making it harder for the participants to take care of their own health.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the study imply that health care professionals may consider the influence of social stigma in caring diabetic patients. Also, the intervention study is warranted to educate Korean people with diabetes to get aware of the sociocultural context and stigma as well as personal difficulties in self-caring diabetes.

Citations

• The Mediating Effect of Acceptance Action in the Relationship between Diabetes Distress and Self-stigma among Old Adults with Diabetes in South Korea
  Hyesun Kim, Kawoun Seo
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(4): 446.     CrossRef
• Association among Lifestyle Factors, Obesity, C-peptide Secretion, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk in Adults with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Study
  Sun-Young Kwon, Hye-Ja Park
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2019; 44(2): 125.     CrossRef
• Samoan migrants’ perspectives on diabetes: A qualitative study
  Yasin Shahab, Olataga Alofivae‐Doorbinnia, Jennifer Reath, Freya MacMillan, David Simmons, Kate McBride, Penelope Abbott
  Health Promotion Journal of Australia.2019; 30(3): 317.     CrossRef
• A Review of Qualitative Research in Korea: The Life Experiences of Diabetes Patients
  Been Yoo
  The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2017; 18(4): 270.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was to identify the mental health and self-care activities according to perceived stress level in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
The descriptive survey design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and fifty-two diabetic participants with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Students' t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0.
RESULTS
The high, moderate, and low stress groups according to perceived stress score consisted of 30.9%, 38.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. Differences of mental health and total self-care activities among the three groups were statistically significant. Depression (F=46.73, p<.001), trait anger (F=5.75, p<.01), and anger expression-in (F=4.60, p<.01) of participants in the high stress group were higher than other groups, whereas the total of self-care activities (F=2.85, p<.05) and exercise (F=3.49, p<.05) were lower than other groups.
CONCLUSION
This study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome with a high stress level were low in self-care activities along with elevated depression and anger.

PURPOSE
This study was to investigate the sex differences in risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD), depression and self-care activities in type 2 diabetes with metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
The descriptive correlational design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and twenty-nine diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, Students' t-test, one way ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 12.0.
RESULTS
The risk of CVD in diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome indicated a significantly negative correlation to self-care activities and age, and positive correlation to waist_C, SBP, DBP and TG. The metabolic syndrome is associated with an approximate 1.7-fold increase in the relative risk in CVD in diabetic women. The main significant predictors influencing CVD risk of diabetes with metabolic syndrome were age, waist_C, SBP and TG, which explained about 29.7%.
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that patients with diabetes with metabolic syndrome with a high degree of waist_C, SBP and TG are likely to be high in risk of CVD.

PURPOSE
Thisstudy was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of exercise behavior using Transtheoretical Model in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHOD
The study method was a survey in 100 type 2 DM patients at out-patients clinic of Y medical center from March 19, 2000 to October 30, 2000.
RESULT
The results were as follows:The subjects were divided into five stages of exercise behavior ;15.0% in pre-contemplation stage, 33.0% in contemplation stage, 17.0% in preparation stage, 16.0% in action stage and 19.0% in maintenance stage. The subjects in pre-contemplation stage used all processes of change in the least. "Dramatic relief(DR)", "Environmental reevaluation(ER)" and "Self reevaluation(SR)" were identified as main processes ofchangein contemplation stage. "Consciousness raising(CR)", "DR" were used higher than average in preparation stage. "Helpingrelationships(HR)","CR", "ER", "SR", "Social liberation(SL)", "Counter conditioning (CC)", "Reinforcement management(RM)", "Self liberation(SEL)" and "Stimulus control(SC)" were used higher than average in action stage. The subjects in maintenance stage used all process of change the highest except "DR"and "HR". "Cons" score of decisional balance was the highest in pre-contemplation stage, "Pros" score was the highest in action stage and "Self-efficacy" score was the highest in maintenance stage.
CONCLUSION
This study can provide the basis of staged matching exercise program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.