Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/kjan/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2025-07.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • KSAN
  • Contact us
  • E-Submission

Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

OPEN ACCESS
mobile search button mobile menu button
Search
Advanced Search
ABOUT
BROWSE ARTICLES
EDITORIAL POLICY
FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Articles

Page Path

Original Research

Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Seo Jin Park1, Taeyoung Yang2, Jun Young Lee3, Jinhee Kim1
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2018;30(1):106-114.
Published online: February 18, 2018

1Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea

2Department of Medicine, Taeyoung 21 Hospital, Gwangju, Korea

3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Jinhee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-9174 Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea. Tel: +82-62-230-6410, Fax: +82-62-230-6329, E-mail: jinheeara@chosun.ac.kr
- This research was supported by research fund from Chosun University in 2015.
- This manuscript is a revision of the first author's mater's thesis from Chosun University.
• Received: November 15, 2017   • Accepted: February 18, 2018

© 2018 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 117 Views
  • 0 Download
  • 2 Crossref
  • 1 Scopus
prev next

Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF
  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify the factors contributing to diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM).
  • Methods
    Data were collected from 131 patients who had been diagnosed with DM for more than six months. Patients recruited from three hospitals in Gwangju city were given both a foot examination to confirm the presence of a foot ulcer and an individual time of survey using questionnaires about foot care knowledge and self management behavior.
  • Results
    Factors contributing to DFU were male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=4.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.16~20.44), history of DM-related hospitalization (aOR= 4.56, 95% CI=1.17~17.84), duration of DM (aOR=13.75, 95% CI=2.31~82.66 for those with time since diagnosis of 11~15 years; aOR=6.37, 95% CI=1.09~37.36 for those with time since diagnosis of 16-20 years; aOR=12.97, 95% CI=2.26~74.32 for those with time since diagnosis of over 21 years), DM diet (aOR=0.13, 95% CI=0.03-0.64 for those who did not practice dietary control), and exercise (aOR=15.59, 95% CI=3.49~69.64 for those who did not engage in regular exercise).
  • Conclusion
    The factors identified in this study provided strategic information for developing educational program targeting patients with DM to prevent DFC.
  • Key Words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Diabetic foot; Exercise
Table 1.
Diabetic Foot Ulcer according to Characteristics of Participants (N=131)
Variables Categories Total (n=131) With DFU (n=32) Without DFU (n=99) x2 or t p
n(%) n(%) n(%)
Gender Male 77(58.8) 27(84.4) 50(50.5) 11.45 ＜.001
Female 54(41.2) 5(15.6) 49(49.5)    
Age (year)   62.47±11.74 64.84±11.45 61.70±11.78 1.32 .188
≤59 53(40.5) (21.9)7 46(46.5) 8.28 .016
60~69 38(29.0) (46.9)15 23(23.2)    
≥70 40(30.5) 10(31.3) 30(30.3)    
Educational level (n=129) None 11(8.5) 5(15.6) 6(6.2) 3.74 .443
Elementary school 33(25.6) 9(28.1) 24(24.7)    
Junior high school 30(23.3) 5(15.6) 25(25.8)    
High school 29(22.5) 7(21.9) 22(22.7)    
≥ College 26(20.2) 6(18.8) 20(20.6)    
Marital status Married 98(74.8) 26(81.3) 72(72.7) 0.93 .334
Single 33(25.2) 6(18.8) 27(27.3)    
Smoking status Current smoker 21(16.0) 7(21.9) 14(14.1) 1.63 .442
Nonsmoker 73(55.7) 15(46.9) 58(58.6)    
Ex-smoker 37(28.2) 10(31.3) 27(27.3)    
History of hospitalization Yes 34(26.0) 20(62.5) 14(14.1) 29.43 ＜.001
No 97(74.0) 12(37.5) 85(85.9)    
Previous education for foot care (n=130) Yes 6(4.6) 3(9.4) 3(3.1) 2.18 .139
Never 124(95.4) 29(90.6) 95(96.9)    
BMI 　   23.96±3.38 23.65±2.50 24.06±3.62 0.71 .482
Underweight 3(2.3) (3.1)1 2(2.0) 3.11 .375
Normal 48(36.6) (34.4)11 37(37.4) 　 　
Overweight 35(26.7) (37.5)12 23(23.2)    
Obesity 45(34.4) 8(25.0) 37(37.4)    

DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; BMI=body mass index.

Table 2.
Diabetic Foot Ulcer according to Clinical Characteristics of Participants (N=131)
Variables Categories Total (n=131) With DFU (n=32) Without DFU (n=99) χ² or t p
n(%) n(%) n(%)
FPG (mg/dL) (n=113)   141.52±40.42 132.52±28.77 144.93±43.69 1.76 .083
＜110 7(6.2) 2(6.5) 5(6.1) 0.00 .945
≥110 106(93.8) 29(93.5) 77(93.9)    
Treatment with insulin Yes 26(19.8) 8(25.0) 18(18.2) 0.71 .401
No 105(80.2) 24(75.0) 81(81.8)    
Treatment with OHA Yes 125(95.4) 28(87.5) 97(98.0) 6.08 .014
No 6(4.6) 4(12.5) 2(2.0)    
Hypertension Yes 54(41.2) 16(50.0) 38(38.4) 1.35 .246
No 77(58.8) 16(50.0) 61(61.6)    
Retinopathy Yes 19(14.5) 0(0.0) 19(19.2) 7.18 .007
No 112(85.5) 32(100.0) 80(80.8)    
Nephropathy Yes 9(6.9) 1(3.1) 8(8.1) 0.93 .335
No 122(93.1) 31(96.9) 91(91.9)    
Foot deformity Yes 2(1.5) 1(3.1) 1(1.0) 0.72 .396
No 129(98.5) 31(96.9) 98(99.0)    
History of foot disease Yes 30(22.9) 10(31.3) 20(20.2) 1.67 .196
No 101(77.1) 22(68.8) 79(79.8)    
Duration of DM (year)   11.28±9.60 18.84±9.19 8.83±8.41 -5.72 ＜.001
≤10 78(59.5) (18.8)6 72(72.7) 31.65 ＜.001
11~15 15(11.5) (21.9)7 8(8.1)    
16~20 16(12.2) (18.8)6 10(10.1)    
≥21 22(16.8) 13(40.6) 9(9.1)    
DM diet Yes 29(22.1) 13(40.6) 16(16.2) 8.40 .004
No 102(77.9) 19(59.4) 83(83.8)    
Exercise 　 Yes 73(55.7) 9(28.1) 64(64.6) 13.07 ＜.001
No 58(44.3) 23(71.9) 35(35.4) 　 　

DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; DM=diabetes mellitus; FPG=fasting plasma glucose; OHA=oral hypoglycemic agents.

Table 3.
Foot-care Knowledge and Self-care Behavior (N=131)
Variables Total (n=131) With DFU (n=32) Without DFU (n=99) t p
M± SD M± SD M± SD
Knowledge 7.02±4.23 5.88±4.43 7.39±4.12 1.78 .077
Self-care behavior (n=124) 69.94±13.09 67.06±11.98 70.92±13.36 1.45 .151

DFU=diabetic foot ulcer.

Table 4.
Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer (N=131)
Variables Categories Unadjusted Adjusted∗
OR 95% CI p OR (95% CI) p
Gender Female 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
Male 5.29 1.89~14.86 .002 4.86 1.16~20.44 .031
Age (year) ≤59 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
60~69 4.29 1.53~11.97 .006 1.23 0.23~6.49 .812
≥70 2.19 0.75~6.39 .151 1.02 0.18~5.94 .980
History of hospitalization No 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
Yes 10.12 4.07~25.19 ＜.001 4.56 1.17~17.84 .029
Treatment with OHA Yes 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
No 6.93 1.21~39.80 .030 0.93 0.09~9.29 .951
Duration of DM (year) ≤10 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
11~15 10.5 2.83~39.01 ＜.001 13.75 2.31~82.66 .004
16~20 7.2 1.94~26.70 .003 6.37 1.09~37.36 .040
≥21 17.33 5.27~56.97 ＜.001 12.97 2.26~74.32 .004
DM diet Yes 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
No 0.28 0.12~0.68 .005 0.13 0.03~0.64 .012
Exercise Yes 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
No 4.67 1.95~11.20 ＜.001 15.59 3.49~69.64 ＜.001

DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; Ref=reference; OHA=oral hypoglycemic agents; DM=diabetes mellitus.

  • 1.Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.. 2011;94(3):311- 21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029.
  • 2.Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care.. 2004;27(5):1047-53. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.
  • 3.Ku BJ, Choi DE, Jeong JO, Rha SY, Lee HJ, Hong WJ, et al. The clinical observations in diabetic patients with foot ulcer. The Journal of Korean Diabetes.. 2002;3(3):244-52.
  • 4.Kim JY, Lee KT, Young KW, Hwang SK. A clinical study on the diabetic foot wound. The Journal of Korean Diabetes Asso-ciation.. 2007;31(1):89-95. https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.1.89.
  • 5.Park SA, Ko SH, Lee SH, Cho JH, Moon SD, Jang SA, et al. Incidence of diabetic foot and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients: a five-year observational study. Korean Diabetes Journal.. 2009;33(4):315-23. https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.4.315.
  • 6.Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, McCulloch DK, Sandhu N, Reiber GE, et al. Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care.. 1999;22(3):382-7. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.3.382.
  • 7.Dubský M, Jirkovská A, Bem R, Fejfarová V, Skibová J, Schaper NC, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers: prospective follow-up analysis in the Eurodiale subgroup. International Wound Journal.. 2013;10(5):555-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-481x.2012.01022.x.
  • 8.Boulton AJ, Vileikyte L, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. The Lancet.. 2005;366(9498):1719-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67698-2.
  • 9.Boulton AJ, Kirsner RS, Vileikyte L. Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. The New England Journal of Medicine.. 2004;351(1):48-55. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp032966.
  • 10.Moulik PK, Mtonga R, Gill GV. Amputation and mortality in new-onset diabetic foot ulcers stratified by etiology. Diabetes Care.. 2003;26(2):491-4. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2.491.
  • 11.Merza Z, Tesfaye S. The risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration. The Foot.. 2003;13(3):125-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2592(03)00031-2.
  • 12.Bakker K, Apelqvist J, Schaper NC. Practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot 2011. Diabetes/Metabolism Research Reviews.. 2012;28(S1):225-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2253.
  • 13.Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, Frykberg RG, Hellman R, Kirkman MS, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment. Diabetes Care.. 2008;31(8):1679-85. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-9021.
  • 14.Bakker K, Abbas ZG, Pendsey S. Step by step, improving diabetic foot care in the developing world. Practical Diabetes International.. 2006;23(8):365-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pdi.1012.
  • 15.Lee MS, Park KS. The effects of foot care education on knowledge and self-care behavior on diabetes mellitus. The Chung-Ang Journal of Nursing.. 2001;5(2):125-31.
  • 16.Koh NK, Song MS. Foot ulcer risk, foot care knowledge, and foot care practice in patients with type 2 diabetics. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.. 2006;18(1):81-91.
  • 17.Moon MY, Kim MA. Development and evaluation of a web- based educational program on prevention of foot lesion in adults with diabetes. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.. 2010;12(2):154-67.
  • 18.Rossaneis MA, Haddad MD, Mantovani MD, Marcon SS, Pis-sinati PS. Foot ulceration in patients with diabetes: a risk analysis. British Journal of Nursing.. 2017;26(6):S6-14. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2017.26.6.s6.
  • 19.Kim Y. A study on classification of obesity for Koreans based on the articles in the Korean Journal of Community Nutrition - articles enlisted from 1996 to 2011 -. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.. 2013;18(5):525-38. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.5.525.
  • 20.WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and inter-vention strategies. The Lancet.. 2004;363(9403):157-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15268-3.
  • 21.Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. Evidence-based Infor-mation for Patient. Seoul: Korean Academy of Medical Sciences ․Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014.
  • 22.Stuart L, Wiles PG. A comparison of qualitative and quantitative research methods used to assess knowledge of foot care among people with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine.. 1997;14(9):785-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199709)14:9<785::aid-dia466>3.0.co;2-0.
  • 23.Barth R, Campbell LV, Allen S, Jupp JJ, Chisholm DJ. Intensive education improves knowledge, compliance, and foot pro-blems in type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine.. 1991;8(2):111-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01555.x.
  • 24.Palumbo P, Melton LJ. Peripheral vascular disease and dia-betes. Diabetes in America.. 1995;2:401-8.
  • 25.Medical Advisory Secretariat. Behavioral interventions for type 2 diabetes: an evidence-based analysis. Ontario Health Tech-nology Assessment Series.. 2009;9(21):1-45.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Daily Life Management Guidelines for Diabetic Foot Patients
      Ahyoung Kim
      The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(4): 214.     CrossRef
    • Factors Related to the Occurrence and Number of Chronic Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Utilizing The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea, 2002~2015
      Haejung Lee, Misoon Lee, Gaeun Park, Ah Reum Khang
      Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2022; 24(1): 22.     CrossRef

    Download Citation

    Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

    Format:

    Include:

    Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2018;30(1):106-114.   Published online February 28, 2018
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.106
    Download Citation
    Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
    Format:
    • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
    • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
    Include:
    • Citation for the content below
    Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2018;30(1):106-114.   Published online February 28, 2018
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.106
    Close
    Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

    Diabetic Foot Ulcer according to Characteristics of Participants (N=131)

    Variables Categories Total (n=131) With DFU (n=32) Without DFU (n=99) x2 or t p
    n(%) n(%) n(%)
    Gender Male 77(58.8) 27(84.4) 50(50.5) 11.45 ＜.001
    Female 54(41.2) 5(15.6) 49(49.5)    
    Age (year)   62.47±11.74 64.84±11.45 61.70±11.78 1.32 .188
    ≤59 53(40.5) (21.9)7 46(46.5) 8.28 .016
    60~69 38(29.0) (46.9)15 23(23.2)    
    ≥70 40(30.5) 10(31.3) 30(30.3)    
    Educational level (n=129) None 11(8.5) 5(15.6) 6(6.2) 3.74 .443
    Elementary school 33(25.6) 9(28.1) 24(24.7)    
    Junior high school 30(23.3) 5(15.6) 25(25.8)    
    High school 29(22.5) 7(21.9) 22(22.7)    
    ≥ College 26(20.2) 6(18.8) 20(20.6)    
    Marital status Married 98(74.8) 26(81.3) 72(72.7) 0.93 .334
    Single 33(25.2) 6(18.8) 27(27.3)    
    Smoking status Current smoker 21(16.0) 7(21.9) 14(14.1) 1.63 .442
    Nonsmoker 73(55.7) 15(46.9) 58(58.6)    
    Ex-smoker 37(28.2) 10(31.3) 27(27.3)    
    History of hospitalization Yes 34(26.0) 20(62.5) 14(14.1) 29.43 ＜.001
    No 97(74.0) 12(37.5) 85(85.9)    
    Previous education for foot care (n=130) Yes 6(4.6) 3(9.4) 3(3.1) 2.18 .139
    Never 124(95.4) 29(90.6) 95(96.9)    
    BMI 　   23.96±3.38 23.65±2.50 24.06±3.62 0.71 .482
    Underweight 3(2.3) (3.1)1 2(2.0) 3.11 .375
    Normal 48(36.6) (34.4)11 37(37.4) 　 　
    Overweight 35(26.7) (37.5)12 23(23.2)    
    Obesity 45(34.4) 8(25.0) 37(37.4)    

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; BMI=body mass index.

    Diabetic Foot Ulcer according to Clinical Characteristics of Participants (N=131)

    Variables Categories Total (n=131) With DFU (n=32) Without DFU (n=99) χ² or t p
    n(%) n(%) n(%)
    FPG (mg/dL) (n=113)   141.52±40.42 132.52±28.77 144.93±43.69 1.76 .083
    ＜110 7(6.2) 2(6.5) 5(6.1) 0.00 .945
    ≥110 106(93.8) 29(93.5) 77(93.9)    
    Treatment with insulin Yes 26(19.8) 8(25.0) 18(18.2) 0.71 .401
    No 105(80.2) 24(75.0) 81(81.8)    
    Treatment with OHA Yes 125(95.4) 28(87.5) 97(98.0) 6.08 .014
    No 6(4.6) 4(12.5) 2(2.0)    
    Hypertension Yes 54(41.2) 16(50.0) 38(38.4) 1.35 .246
    No 77(58.8) 16(50.0) 61(61.6)    
    Retinopathy Yes 19(14.5) 0(0.0) 19(19.2) 7.18 .007
    No 112(85.5) 32(100.0) 80(80.8)    
    Nephropathy Yes 9(6.9) 1(3.1) 8(8.1) 0.93 .335
    No 122(93.1) 31(96.9) 91(91.9)    
    Foot deformity Yes 2(1.5) 1(3.1) 1(1.0) 0.72 .396
    No 129(98.5) 31(96.9) 98(99.0)    
    History of foot disease Yes 30(22.9) 10(31.3) 20(20.2) 1.67 .196
    No 101(77.1) 22(68.8) 79(79.8)    
    Duration of DM (year)   11.28±9.60 18.84±9.19 8.83±8.41 -5.72 ＜.001
    ≤10 78(59.5) (18.8)6 72(72.7) 31.65 ＜.001
    11~15 15(11.5) (21.9)7 8(8.1)    
    16~20 16(12.2) (18.8)6 10(10.1)    
    ≥21 22(16.8) 13(40.6) 9(9.1)    
    DM diet Yes 29(22.1) 13(40.6) 16(16.2) 8.40 .004
    No 102(77.9) 19(59.4) 83(83.8)    
    Exercise 　 Yes 73(55.7) 9(28.1) 64(64.6) 13.07 ＜.001
    No 58(44.3) 23(71.9) 35(35.4) 　 　

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; DM=diabetes mellitus; FPG=fasting plasma glucose; OHA=oral hypoglycemic agents.

    Foot-care Knowledge and Self-care Behavior (N=131)

    Variables Total (n=131) With DFU (n=32) Without DFU (n=99) t p
    M± SD M± SD M± SD
    Knowledge 7.02±4.23 5.88±4.43 7.39±4.12 1.78 .077
    Self-care behavior (n=124) 69.94±13.09 67.06±11.98 70.92±13.36 1.45 .151

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer.

    Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer (N=131)

    Variables Categories Unadjusted Adjusted∗
    OR 95% CI p OR (95% CI) p
    Gender Female 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
    Male 5.29 1.89~14.86 .002 4.86 1.16~20.44 .031
    Age (year) ≤59 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
    60~69 4.29 1.53~11.97 .006 1.23 0.23~6.49 .812
    ≥70 2.19 0.75~6.39 .151 1.02 0.18~5.94 .980
    History of hospitalization No 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
    Yes 10.12 4.07~25.19 ＜.001 4.56 1.17~17.84 .029
    Treatment with OHA Yes 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
    No 6.93 1.21~39.80 .030 0.93 0.09~9.29 .951
    Duration of DM (year) ≤10 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
    11~15 10.5 2.83~39.01 ＜.001 13.75 2.31~82.66 .004
    16~20 7.2 1.94~26.70 .003 6.37 1.09~37.36 .040
    ≥21 17.33 5.27~56.97 ＜.001 12.97 2.26~74.32 .004
    DM diet Yes 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
    No 0.28 0.12~0.68 .005 0.13 0.03~0.64 .012
    Exercise Yes 1 (Ref)     1 (Ref)    
    No 4.67 1.95~11.20 ＜.001 15.59 3.49~69.64 ＜.001

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; Ref=reference; OHA=oral hypoglycemic agents; DM=diabetes mellitus.
    Table 1. Diabetic Foot Ulcer according to Characteristics of Participants (N=131)

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; BMI=body mass index.

    Table 2. Diabetic Foot Ulcer according to Clinical Characteristics of Participants (N=131)

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; DM=diabetes mellitus; FPG=fasting plasma glucose; OHA=oral hypoglycemic agents.

    Table 3. Foot-care Knowledge and Self-care Behavior (N=131)

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer.

    Table 4. Factors Contributing to Diabetic Foot Ulcer (N=131)

    DFU=diabetic foot ulcer; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; Ref=reference; OHA=oral hypoglycemic agents; DM=diabetes mellitus.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

    ABOUT

    BROWSE ARTICLES 

    EDITORIAL POLICY

    FOR CONTRIBUTORS  

    © Korean Society of Adult Nursing.
    TOP