Purpose
Middle-aged women often experience weight gain, particularly as visceral fat, due to hormonal changes associated with menopause. Visceral fat, which accumulates in the abdomen, poses significant risks to cardiometabolic health. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the cardiometabolic risks associated with Visceral Fat Obesity (VFO) and Subcutaneous Fat Obesity (SFO) in middle-aged Korean women and to identify factors that influence VFO.
Methods
Women aged 40 to 64 with overweight or obesity were recruited from March to April 2019. The study involved anthropometric measurements, fasting blood tests, and low-volume abdominal computed tomography. Additionally, participants provided self-reported sociodemographic, health-related, and lifestyle information, including Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake.
Results
Of all participants, 70.8% were post-menopausal, and 55.1% had VFO. Those with VFO exhibited significantly higher mean values for waist circumference, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and the Framingham risk score compared to those with SFO. The factors influencing VFO were age (odds ratio (OR)=1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.032~1.247), body mass index (OR=1.47; 95% CI, 1.151 ~1.875), days of vigorous PA per week (OR=0.42; 95% CI, 0.244~0.735), and intake of animal calcium (OR=0.99; 95% CI, 0.988~0.997).
Conclusion
The findings indicate that middle-aged women with VFO face increased cardiometabolic risks. Since menopause is inevitable in women, targeting modifiable behaviors to reduce weight, particularly visceral fat, is crucial for lowering cardiometabolic risk.

Purpose
This study aimed to clarify the relationship between andropause syndrome and health-related quality of life, as well as the mediation effect of family bond among middle-aged males in South Korea. Methods A total of 135 middle-aged males who live in B, K, and U City participated in the study, conducted from March 10 to May 31, 2021. Participants were invited to complete self-reported questionnaires measuring andropause syndrome, health-related Quality of Life (QoL), family bond, and demographic information. The data obtained were analyzed using multiple regression and a simple mediation model applying the PROCESS macro with 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval (5,000 bootstrap resampling). Results The QoL of middle-aged males in South Korea showed a significant negative correlation with andropause syndrome (r=-.32, p<.001), and a significant positive correlation with family bond (r=.59, p<.001). Futher, family bond had a mediating effect between andropause syndrome and QoL (indirect effect=-4.07, 95% Boot confidence interval=-6.53~-1.97). Conclusion Based on the results of this study, in order to improve the QoL of middle-aged males in South Korea, it is necessary to provide programs that can improve family bond along with physical and mental intervention programs to effectively alleviate andropause syndrome.

Citations

• A comprehensive analysis of research trends on andropause among middle-aged South Korean men
  Young Hwa Lee, Sun Jung Park, Hyun Ji Kim, Bock Soon Park, Hyo Yeol Jang, Ha Na Cho, Young Sook Lim
  International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES.2023; 10(6): 129.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study examined the effects of a yoga exercise program on stress response, physical fitness and self-esteem among middle-aged women.
METHODS
Participants were 39 middle-aged females from District Y in Seoul who were assigned to either a treatment (N=19) or to a control group (N=20). The treatment participated three times a week in a yoga exercise program which included classes and practices. Data collection instruments included the Symptoms of Stress Inventory (1977), the Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (1965) and measurements of grip strength, flexibility and balance. The data were analyzed using the SPSS-WIN 12.0 program.
RESULTS
The treatment group had significantly lower score for stress response (t=-6.18, p<.001) and higher scores on grip strength (t=2.52, p=.018), balance (t=3.24, p=.003), and self-esteem (t=4.46, p<.001). There was no significant difference in flexibility (F=0.51, p=.479).
CONCLUSION
The yoga exercise program can be used as a nursing intervention for middle-aged women to reduce stress and improve self-esteem.

Citations

• Yoga fitness with middle-aged women: benefits for physical and mental health
  A. Yefremenko, O. Nasonkina, Ya. Aleksenko, M. Marchenkov, H. Poltoratska, T. Fedorina
  Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports).2024; (10(183)): 109.     CrossRef
• Navigating Societal Stressors Through Yoga in Korea
  Jasmyn Kim, Sua Im, Rokbit Sanghee Lee, Jinmoo Heo
  Leisure Sciences.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
• 중년여성 요가참여자의 객체화된 신체의식과 요가만족 간의 구조적 관계 연구*
  예진 이, 용수 이
  The Korean Journal of Physical Education.2023; 62(5): 265.     CrossRef
• Effects of Forest Therapy on Psychological Improvement in Middle-aged Women in Korea
  Bum-Jin Park, Won-Sop Shin, Chang-Seob Shin, Poung-Sik Yeon, Chung-Yeub Chung, Si-Hyung Lee, Dong-Jun Kim, Youn-Hee Kim, Chang-Eun Park
  Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(5): 492.     CrossRef
• Influence of Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention (LSI) Program on Health, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women
  Su-Jin Jung, Seung-Ok Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Jun Heo, Soo-Wan Chae, Baik-Hwan Cho
  Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2022; 12(3): 127.     CrossRef
• Effects of Forest Therapy on Health Promotion among Middle-Aged Women: Focusing on Physiological Indicators
  Bum-Jin Park, Chang-Seob Shin, Won-Sop Shin, Chung-Yeub Chung, Si-Hyung Lee, Dong-Jun Kim, Youn-Hee Kim, Chang-Eun Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(12): 4348.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify aging anxiety and influencing factors of middle-aged adults.
METHODS
Descriptive correlation design was used. Three hundred and three middle-aged adults participated in the study and completed the questionnaires in the period from September 11 to October 15 of 2011. The data was analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchial multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
Aging anxiety of middle-aged adults was higher than a moderate level. Socio-demographic variables such as age, religion, education, economic level, perceived health status and experience of living with older adults influenced significantly on aging anxiety. In contrast, general self-efficacy, aging knowledge and attitude toward older adults were negatively correlated with aging anxiety. Hierarchial multiple regression analysis incorporating these variables showed an explanation rate of aging anxiety at 21%. And religion, perceived health status, attitude toward older adults, and general self-efficacy were statistically significant among variables that influence on aging anxiety.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study suggest that senior preparation programs that can enhance self-efficacy, induce positive attitude on older adults and promote health should be implemented to reduce aging anxiety of middle-aged adults.

Citations

• 중년 여성의 행복감과 삶의 의미가 노화 불안에 미치는 영향*
  성민 전, 정윤 박
  Journal of Family Relations.2025; 29(4): 49.     CrossRef
• Yaşlı Bireylere Bakım Verenlerde Yaşlılık Dönemi Korkusu ve Ölüm Kaygısı
  Kübra Sarı, Merve Çayır Yılmaz
  Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi.2025; 8(1): 10.     CrossRef
• Aging is inevitable: understanding aging anxiety related to physical symptomology and quality of life with the mediating role of self-esteem in adults
  Rowaida Yawar, Soulat Khan, Maryam Rafiq, Nimra Fawad, Sundas Shams, Saher Navid, Muhammad Abdullah Khan, Nabiha Taufiq, Areesha Touqir, Moazma Imran, Tayyab Ali Butt
  International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2024; 17(2): 170.     CrossRef
• Association between Menopausal Women’s Quality of Life and Aging Anxiety: The Role of Life Satisfaction and Depression
  Seunghee Lee, Mijung Jang, Dohhee Kim, KyooSang Kim
  Medicina.2024; 60(8): 1189.     CrossRef
• Evaluating Eye Health and Interest in Eye Health Care of Middle-Aged Adults
  Myoung-Hee Lee, Ka-Ul Choi, Se-Jin Kim
  Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2023; 28(2): 83.     CrossRef
• Aging anxiety and beliefs about exercise in middle-aged women
  Nedim TEKİN, Adeviye AYDIN
  Turkish Journal of Kinesiology.2023; 9(3): 214.     CrossRef
• The health status, aging anxiety, social networking, generativity, and happiness of late middle-aged adults
  Hae Kyung Chang
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2021; 27(4): 392.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Climacteric Symptom Cognition, Self-efficacy on Aging Anxiety in Middle-Aged Couples: Actor and Partner Interdependence Mediation Model
  Yeon-Suk Kim, Myung-Haeng Hur
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(3): 247.     CrossRef
• Development of an Aging Anxiety Scale for Middle-Aged Women
  Haejin Lee, Mi-Ae You
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(1): 14.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Social support, Self-efficacy and Perceived health status on Aging anxiety of the Middle-aged women
  Young-Ok Jung, Hyo-Sook Oh
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2016; 30(1): 30.     CrossRef
• Aging Anxiety, Factors of Successful Aging and Preparation for Aging in Early and Late Middle Age
  Kum-Hee Hong, Ju-Young Ha
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(1): 29.     CrossRef
• Influences on the Aging Anxiety of University Students
  Suk-Jung Han, Hyo-Sun Kim
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(2): 1164.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was performed to identify the relationship between Sense of Humor, Coping Humor, Perceived stress and self-esteem in the middle-aged women. METHODS: Data were collected from the 20th of June to the 30th of August in 2009 from 145 middle-aged women living in Seoul. Data analysis was done with SPSS/WIN 12.0 program for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The mean score of the humor sense was 55.94+/-6.52, coping humor was 21.11+/-3.82, perceived stress was 22.21+/-3.03 and self-esteem was 27.50+/-2.88. Subcategories of sense of humor were that emotional expressiveness was average 20.75+/-2.70, meta-message sensitivity was average 20.12+/-2.74 and liking of humor was average 15.13+/-3.44. Sense of humor was difference according to the economic status(t=2.000, p=.047), coping humor was difference according to the on medication use(t=2.227, p=.027). There was a significant correlation between the coping humor, perceived stress and the self-esteem. When the coping humor was higher, perceived stress was lower and the self-esteem was higher. CONCLUSION: This study showed that medication and economic status influences the humor scores and the sense of humor and coping humor were related to perceived stress and self-esteem in middle-aged women Therefore, these findings can provide the basis for the development of nursing intervention to increase the ability to coping with stress.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to explore and compare the self efficacy, social support, and quality of life between middle-aged Korean and Chinese women. METHODS: The sample included 430 (Korean: 220, Chinese: 210) middle-aged women. Study instruments were the Self Efficacy Scale developed by Shere et al (1982), the Social Support Scale modified and based on Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) developed by Cohen and Hoberman (1983), and The Quality of Life Scale (SF-36) developed by Ware and Book (1981). Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 16 version. RESULTS: Korean women reported more self efficacy and better quality of life than the Chinese women. The quality of life scores between middle-aged Korean and Chinese women showed a statistical significant difference. Self efficacy and quality of life scores reported by middle-aged Korean and Chinese women were below the reported standards of the instruments. In contrast to the other scores, Chinese women reported more social support than Korean women. CONCLUSION: The findings add to the body of literature about Chinese and Korean middle aged women. Additional research is needed to explain the differences among the two groups but the findings can inform the practicing nurse who works with these populations.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to describe the experience of family breakdown of Hwabyung patients in a socio-cultural context.
METHODS
Data for this study came from 5 participants, 2 family members and 1 friend of participant by interviews and participant observations from January 2006 to April 2007. Sociology of everyday lives analyzing method were adopted.
RESULTS
There were two processes of family breakdown ; sudden on set and progressive processes. The sudden breakdown was unpredictable death of a husband, the significant family member. On the other hand, their family structure and function were broken down through the husband, who repeatedly destructive and malicious behaviors. The experience of family breakdown of middle-aged women with Hwabyung in a socio-cultural context was weakened or severed family-relationships, exhaustion of economic sources, and the breakdown of participant's body. Participant's experience of family breakdown were influenced by Korean culture, the patriarchal social system and the clan-centered family system.
CONCLUSION
Hwabyung is the result of a clan-centered family system and patriarchal system. The approach to Hwabyung should involve not only the person with the illness but also their family.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the level of knowledge about dementia and to find the related factors in middle-aged adults.
METHOD
The research design was a descriptive study by using a constructive self-report questionnaire with 34 items. Data were collected from 397 middle-aged adults using structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by SPSS/WIN Programs using frequency, range from minimum to maximum, percentage, mean, SD, chi-square-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's Multiple Range test.
RESULTS
The rate of correct answer of middle-aged adults was 68.7%, showing the mid-level of knowledge about dementia. There were significant differences according to age, education, marital status, job, income, information and information sources for dementia in middle-aged adults.
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that Korean middle-aged adults need more education and counseling on dementia. Further studies are needed to overcome regionalism in sampling of this study and to develop standard measuring tools for the level of knowledge about dementia.

PURPOSE
This research was conducted to explore the experience of middle-aged women parting with their children and to develop a grounded theory. METHOD: The participants were 11 women in their 50's who had experienced parting with their children due to schooling, military service and marriage. The grounded theory methodology based on symbolic interactionism was used. RESULTS: 106 concepts, 30 subcategories and 14 categories were derived from the analysis through processes of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The central phenomenon was 'happy but sad' and the core category was a process of 'independence that is sorrowful yet delightful'. Four types were identified; the independent-type; submissive -type; family-reliant-type ; and fragile-type; based on the attachment to the child, state of mind, satisfaction of the situation, family support system and self-achievement. CONCLUSION: This research identified that the modern Korean middle-aged women who are considered to be the 'sandwich generation' since they have experienced a turbulent history and the change from a confucian parent-child lifestyle to a couple-oriented one, moved away from an attitude dependent on children in parting with them and started preparing for an independent late life. Based on the results, the verification research is advised on the variables that affect the experience of parting with children.

PURPOSE
This study was explored the experiences of the middle-aged women and tried to understand their lived experiences. METHOD: The data was collected from 9 participants living in Seoul from Sep. to Dec. 2003. Collection of data was by means of in-depth interviews. The analysis of the data was made the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Colaizzi(1978). RESULT: The 10 themes were extracted in this study ; sense of emptiness, repentance of one's past, decline of physical functions, lost one's youth, worry of children, thinking about future, importance of husband, importance of job, composure of mind, content with present life. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the helpful program should be developed and applied to extend positive lived experiences, and relieve or exclude negative lived experiences for the middle aged women.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to investigate change of life in middle-aged men. METHOD: The research method employed Q-methodology. twenty-five participants rated 39 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1~9. The collected data were analyzed using pc- QUNAL software. RESULT: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of change of life in middle-aged men. The categories were labeled 'Mature-oriented', 'Effeminate-oriented', 'Juvenescence-oriented'. CONCLUSION: We have found change of life in middle-aged men through this research. To setup and apply differences based on this result is needed.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of family function, self-esteem, and loneliness on subjective health status in middle-aged women. METHODS: A five-item family APGAR was used to measure family function. Self-esteem was measured by the Rosenberg's Self-esteem scale, and the level of loneliness was measured using RULS. One-item was used to investigate subjective health status. RESULT: In this study, the level of family function was moderate. The mean score of self-esteem was 29.06, and subjects revealed moderate loneliness. Subjects rated their health status as 'fair'. There were differences in subjective health status according to education and economic status. Through multiple regression, it was found that self-esteem was a variable predicting subjective health status in middle-aged women. CONCLUSION: Facilitating self-esteem of the middle-aged women can be one of the important nursing interventions in maintaining subjective health status as good.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to investigate the meaning of the life of middle-aged women. METHOD: The research method employed Q-methodology. Thirty-one participants rated 30 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1~7. The collected data were analyzed using PC-QUNAL software. RESULT: Principal component analysis identified 4 types of the meaning of the life of middle-aged women. The categories were labeled 'May I help you?', 'Alone', 'Who am I ?', 'No regret'. CONCLUSION: We have found meaning of life of middle-aged women through this research. The study result could be data to perform effective nursing intervention for positive life of middle-aged women.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identity the relationships among self reported health behaviors, menopausal symptoms, and sexual satisfaction in middle-aged women. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 155 women from 40 to 60 years. The data was analyzed using SPSS program for frequency, percentage, mean, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: 1. The mean score of health behaviors was 3.10 out of maximum 4. 2. The mean score of self-reported menopausal symptoms was 1.73 out of maximum 2. 3. The mean score of sexual satisfaction was 2.73 out of maximum 4. 4. Women's degree of menopausal symptoms had negative correlations with the degree of health behaviors(r=-0.437, p<.001) and the degree of sexual satisfaction(r=-0.439, p<.001). The degree of health behaviors had a positive correlation with the degree of sexual satisfaction (r=0.470, p<.001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, menopausal symptoms-based complaints by middle-aged women were negatively correlated to health behavior and sexual satisfaction. Therefore, health behavior should be considered when developing nursing strategies for middle- aged women, especially when dealing with menopausal symptoms and sexual satisfaction.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and life satisfaction of the middle aged man.
METHOD
The study was designed as a descriptive correlation study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire which included general characteristics, depression, and life satisfaction. Data collection was done between Oct. 28 and Nov. 28 on the 145 middle aged man.
RESULT
The degree of depression of the subjects was 8.98 and life satisfaction was 10.52 on the average. About 8% of the subjects was included in the depression group. There was a negative correlation between depression and life satisfaction of the subjects and it was statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, it should be developed the nursing program for qualitative life of middle aged man.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factor to self actualization in middle-aged women.
METHOD
The subjects for this study were 191 middle-aged women selected by convenience sampling in three cities. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression.
RESULT
The results of this study were as follows: 1. The relationship between self-efficacy, social support, self esteem, motivation for achievement, parental satisfaction with children and self-actualization were found to have statistically significant positive correlations. But the relationship between depression and self-actualization were found to have statistically significant negative correlation. 2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was social support. Social support, motivation for achievement and self esteem accounted for 38.1% of the variance in self-actualization in middle aged women.
CONCLUSION
According to these results, it is recommended that in order to enhance self-actualization in middle-aged women, empowerment of social support, motivation for achievement and self esteem should be pursued.

PURPOSE
This study is aimed at testing the effect of health promotion program on health promoting behavior and cardiovascular risk factors of middle-aged women.
METHOD
The research design was the nonequivalent control group pre-post test. Twelve middle-aged women were the experimental group and ten were the control group. The 8-week health promotion program was given to the experimental group. There were health promotion theories, flexibility and muscle strength exercise, cardiopulmonary endurance exercise, nutrition, stress management, cancer prevention and early detection, management of menopause and wrap-up in health promotion program for middle-aged women. The measurement tool was Health Promoting Behavior developed by researcher using serum cholesterol, obesity rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure as cardiovascular risk factors.
RESULT
The experimental group showed a higher score of health promoting behavior than the control group. There were no differences on cardiovascular risk factors(cholesterol, obesity rate, diastolic blood pressure) between the experimental and control groups except systolic blood pressure.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, this health promotion program for middle-aged women was effective in increasing health promotion behaviors, but wasn't effective in decreasing cardiovascular risk factors except the systolic blood pressure. It seems it's necessary to re-study this using more samples and a longer duration of the program, and smaller mortality rate.

PURPOSE
This study is aimed at showing the effect of work-site health promotion programs for health promoting behavior, cholesterol, and quality of life of middle-aged workers.
METHOD
Thirty-one middle-aged workers were the experimental group and thirty-one were the control group. The 8-week work-site health promotion program was given to the experimental group. After this, health promoting behavior, cholesterol and quality of life were measured by questionnaires for the experimental and control groups. Health promotion theory, flexibility and muscle strength, aerobic exercise, nutrition, stress management, cancer prevention and early detection, smoking and alcohol problems, and summary lecture were all included in the 8-week work-site health promotion program. Health promoting behavior was measured by Park's HPBS, cholesterol was measured by enzyme method, and quality of life was measured by Ro's QOL.
RESULT
The experimental group showed a higher score of health promoting behavior than the control group. There were no differences on cholesterol and quality of life between the experimental and control groups.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary that nurses provide middle-aged workers with work-site health promotion programs to improve health promoting behavior. It's necessary also to re-study this with the pre-post research design.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the model based on the TPB, behavior-related theories, and exercise-related empirical studies in predicting exercise intention and behavior.
METHODS
The subjects who participated in this study were 152 middle-aged women. The data were analyzed by use of SAS PC program and LISREL 8.12a program.
RESULTS
1) The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was acceptable(x2 24.01(p=0.0043), x2/df 2.67, RMSEA 0.11, standardized RMR 0.04, GFI 0.97, AGFI 0.84, NFI 0.95, NNFI 0.85). 2) Affect, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and habit were significant determinants of the exercise intention. Attitude and facilitating conditions were not significant determinants. These six variables explained 43% of the total variance of the exercise intention. 3) Perceived behavioral control and habit were significant determinants of the exercise behavior. Intention and facilitating conditions were not significant determinants. These four variables explained 95% of the total variance of the exercise behavior.
CONCLUSION
This study shows the model's applicabiltiy in explaining exercise behavior of middle-aged women, and suggests that we should focus on perceived behavioral control and habit rather than intention to improve exercise behavior of middle-aged women.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cancer prevention and early detection education on cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and preventive health behavior of middle-aged women in Korea. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 38 middle-aged women from a church in Taegu. An Experimental group of 19 and a control group of 19 women were studied. The study was conducted from September 21, 2000 to October 27, 2000. The cancer prevention and early detection education had been provided to the experimental group for 2 weeks. The contents of the education program for the third most prevalent cancer of Korean women were: 'the risk factors of cancer', 'the early symptoms of cancer', 'the diagnostic test for cancer detection', and 'the cancer prevention methods'. The instruments used for this study were modified, cancer-related knowledge, and attitude, preventive health behavior tools of Suh et al.(1998). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, X2-test, t-test, ANCOVA with SPSS WIN 9.0/PC. The results were as follows: 1) Hypothesis 1 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of the cancer-related knowledge than the women do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was accepted(F=4.732, p=.037). 2) Hypothesis 2 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of cancer-related attitudes than the women do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was rejected(F=.118, p=.733). 3) Hypothesis 3 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of cancer-related preventive health behavior than the women who do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was rejected(F=2.250, p=.143). On the basis of the above findings, the following recommendations are suggested: 1)It is necessary to identify the variables affected on cancer-related knowledge, attitudes and preventive health behavior. 2) It is necessary to develop a well organized cancer prevention and early detection education program to change cancer-related attitude and preventive health behavior.

This descriptive correlational study was undertaken to examine the degree of health promoting behavior, and to analyze the factors affecting those health promoting behaviors of middle-aged men. The subjects for this study were 215 men aged by 35-55 from three business enterprises located in Seoul and Inchon. Data collection was conducted through the use of 5 questionnaires and analysis of the data was done by used of descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The average score of health promoting behavior was 2.58. And the average scores of the dimensions of health promoting behavior, i.e., self-actualization, interpersonal support, stress management, health responsibility, and exercise and nutrition were 2.92, 2.82, 2.48, 2.38 and 2.31 respectively. 2. There were significant differences in the health promoting behavior according to religion(F=3.58, p=0.0040), educational level (F=3.85, p=0.0104), household income (F=3.81, p=0.0051), smoking(F=3.90, p= 0.0097), alcohol(F=3.57, p=0.0149), check body weight(t=3.32, p=0.0069), and exercise(F= 14.56, p=0.0001). 3. A positive correlation was found between health promoting behavior and all the independent variables of perceived health status(r=0.319, p=0.0001), self-efficacy(r= 0.380, p=0.0001), self-esteem(r=0.487, p= 0.0001) and social support(r=0.474, p= 0.0001). 4. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was self-esteem. Self-esteem, exercise, social support, smoking and alcohol accounted for 44% of the variance in health promoting behavior in middle-aged men. Therefore health professionals firtst need to develop nursing interventions will enhance self-esteem. Above these findings partially support the relationships posited in Pender's health promotion model that individual perceptions influence health promoting behavior.