PURPOSE
This prospective study was designed to investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), voided volume, post void residual volume (PVRV), daytime frequency and nocturia in women over 40 years.
METHODS
The sample comprised of 302 women over 40 years.The study lasted from February 2008 to November 2009. Data about daytime frequency and nocturia were gathered from 48 hour bladder diary. Further, a PVRV was assessed through a bladder ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using the t-test, Mann Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test and multiple regression.
RESULTS
Although the prevalence of UI among the women was as high as 70.5%, the perception rate of UI was as low as 10.8%.Single voided volume of women without or with UI was 223 mL or 198 mL (p<.001), respectively; PVRV, 25.8 mL or 23.6 mL (p=.055); daytime frequency, 5.89 or 6.96 (p<.001); nocturia, 0.99 or 1.23 (p=.040). Age (beta=0.19, p=.001), single voided volume (beta=-0.16, p=.006), and nocturia (beta=0.12, p=.034) were associated with UI.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of UI was found to be 70.5% among the participants. The assessment of single urinary volume and nocturia through a bladder diary lends support to identifying UI for women over 40 years.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat.
METHODS
Data were collected from January 4 through May 15, 2008. Among the 60 patients, 30 patients were randomly assigned to the control group and the rest to the experimental group. Initial cuff pressure of both groups was set at 20 cmH2O. The experimental group was maintained at 20 cmH2O throughout the anesthesia, while the control group was not regulated further. Sore throat was assessed at postoperative 1, 24 and 72 hours. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rho coefficients.
RESULTS
Cuff pressure in the control group increased from 20 to 43 cmH2O within 3 hours after induction. However, the experimental group showed that there was apparently a reduced rate of sore throat at postoperative 24 hours (p = .048), and 72 hours (p = .002) than in the control group. However, no outstanding differences between both groups at postoperative 1 hour (p = .081) were detected. The correlation between cuff pressure and sore throat was statistically significant (r(s) = .590, p < .001).
CONCLUSION
We conclude that maintaining cuff pressure at 20 cmH2O could be an effective means to reduce sore throat in surgical patients with inhalation anesthesia.