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Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence, Single Voided Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, and Nocturia in Women over 40 Years

Ok Boon Kim1, Haesang Yoon2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2013;25(6):679-689.
Published online: December 18, 2012

1Department of Nursing, 21 Century Hospital, Shiheung

2College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea

Corresponding author: Yoon, Haesang Department of Nursing, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, 534-2 Younsoo-dong, Younsoo-gu, Incheon 406-812, Korea. Tel: +82-32-820-4212, Fax: +82-32-820-4201, E-mail: yoonhs@gachon.ac.kr

© 2012 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This prospective study was designed to investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), voided volume, post void residual volume (PVRV), daytime frequency and nocturia in women over 40 years.
  • Methods
    The sample comprised of 302 women over 40 years. The study lasted from February 2008 to November 2009. Data about daytime frequency and nocturia were gathered from 48 hour bladder diary. Further, a PVRV was assessed through a bladder ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using the t-test, Mann Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test and multiple regression.
  • Results
    Although the prevalence of UI among the women was as high as 70.5%, the perception rate of UI was as low as 10.8%. Single voided volume of women without or with UI was 223 mL or 198 mL (p<.001), respectively; PVRV, 25.8 mL or 23.6 mL (p=.055); daytime frequency, 5.89 or 6.96 (p<.001); nocturia, 0.99 or 1.23 (p=.040). Age (ß=0.19, p=.001), single voided volume (ß=-0.16, p=.006), and nocturia (ß=0.12, p=.034) were associated with UI.
  • Conclusion
    The prevalence of UI was found to be 70.5% among the participants. The assessment of single urinary volume and nocturia through a bladder diary lends support to identifying UI for women over 40 years.
  • Key Words: Urinary incontinence; Residual volume; Urination disorders; Nocturia
Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Study Subjects (N=302)
Variables Group x2 or U† p
Normal continence (n=89) Urinary incontinence (n=213)
n (%) or M±SD (min~max) n (%) or M±SD (min~max)
Age (year) 63.7±12.3 (40~87) 62.9±12.5 (40~86) -0.66 .508
       40~49 11 (12.4) 31 (14.6) 1.04 .904
       50~59 23 (25.8) 62 (29.1)    
       60~69 24 (27.0) 48 (22.5)    
       70~79 20 (22.4) 48 (22.5)    
       ≥80 11 (12.4) 24 (11.3)    
Body mass index 23.1±2.93 (16~33) 23.0±4.4 (16~29) 0.12 .887
Education     1.99 .573
       Elementary school 53 (59.6) 112 (52.6)    
       Middle school 13 (14.6) 40 (18.8)    
       High school 17 (19.1) 50 (23.5)    
       College 6 (6.7) 11 (5.1)    
Menopause     0.44 .507
       Yes 72 (80.9) 179 (84.0)    
       No 17 (19.1) 34 (16.0)    
Alcohol     1.22 .270
       Yes 7 (7.9) 26 (12.2)    
       No 82 (92.1) 187 (87.8)    
Operation of OBGY        
       Yes 24 (13.6) 28 (4.5) 0.54 .464
       No 152 (86.4) 185 (95.5)    
Delivery     2.12 .145
       Normal delivery 89 (30.0) 208 (97.7)    
       Caserean section - 5 (2.3)    
UI score 0.0±0.0 12.1±5.81 (1~53) -13.90 ＜.001
Perception of UI UI score
0 (n=89) 1~24 (n=192) 25~48 (n=19) 49~72 (n=2)
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
       No 89 (100.0) 171 (89.1) 18 (94.7) 1 (50.0)
       Yes 0 (0.0) 21 (10.9) 1 (5.3) 1 (50.0)

UI=Urinary incontinence.

†Mann Whitney U test.

Table 2.
Single Urinary Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency and Nocturia according to Type of Urinary Incontinence (N=302)
Variables Urinary incontinence U† p
No (n=89) Yes (n=213)
n (%) or M±SD (min~max) n (%) or M±SD (min~max)
Single urinary volume (mL) 222.9±59.4 (130~500) 197.8±64.0 (50~500) -4.23 ＜.001
       ≤100 4 (4.5) 11 (5.2)    
       101~200 49 (55.1) 131 (61.5)    
       201~300 32 (35.9) 58 (27.2)    
       ≥301 4 (4,5) 13 (6.1)    
Post void residual volume (mL) 25.8±27.9 (2~180) 23.6±37.0(2~317) -1.92 .055
       ≤50 78 (87.6) 194 (91.1)    
       51~100 7 (7.9) 13 (6.1)    
       101~150 3 (3.4) 3 (1.4)    
       ≥151 1 (1.1) 3 (1.4)    
Daytime frequency (fr) 5.89±1.58 (4~10) 6.96±2.33 (4~18) -4.29 ＜.001
       ≤7 74 (83.1) 156 (73.2)    
       8~10 15 (16.9) 48 (22.5)    
       11~13 - 5 (2.4)    
       ≥14 - 4 (1.9)    
Nocturia (fr) 0.99±0.85 (0~4) 1.23±0.97 (0~4) -2.05 .040
       0 24 (27.0) 50 (23.5)    
       1~2 56 (62.9) 144 (67.6)    
       3~4 9 (10.1) 19 (8.9)    

†Mann Whitney U test.

Table 3.
Clinical Characteristics according to Type of Urinary Incontinence (N=213)
Variables Urinary incontinence type F or H† p
Stress (n=68)a Urge (n=45)b Mixed (n=100)c
M±SD (min~max) M±SD (min~max) M±SD (min~max)
Age (year) 60.5±11.8 63.0±11.7 64.4±13.1 2.97 .226
(40~86) (47~87) (42~95)    
Body mass index 23.1±3.32 22.4±3.30 22.9±3.49 1.16 .560
(17~37) (15~31) (17~37)    
Single urinary volume (mL) 216.4±70.1 182.5±51.2 188.9±50.6 8.30 .016
(100~500) (100~380) (50~400)   a＞b, c
Residual volume (mL) 20.1±22.6 21.6±47.8 25.1±35.6 4.37 .113
(2~129) (4~79) (2~306)    
Daytime urinary frequency (fr) 6.2±0.97 7.8±3.38 7.1±2.02 10.20 .006
(4~9) (4~12) (4~11)   a＜b, c
Nocturia (fr) 0.97±0.93 1.27±1.18 1.38±0.86 9.10 .011
(0~4) (0~4) (0~4)   a＜b, c
Urinary incontinence (score) 5.1±5.1 3.9±3.4 16.0±11.7 87.80 ＜.001
(1~26) (1~17) (2~53)   a, b＜c
Perception of Urinary incontinence          
       Yes 5 (7.4) 5 (11.1) 13 (13.0) 1.35 .510
       No 63 (92.6) 40 (88.9) 63 (87.0)    

†Kruskal Wallis test.

Table 4.
Correlation among Age, BMI, Single Urinary Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, Nocturia and Urinary Incontinence Score (N=302)
Variables Body mass index Single urinary volume Postvoid residual volume Daytime frequency Nocturia Urinary incontinence
rs (p) rs (p) rs (p) rs (p) rs (p) rs (p)
Age -.11 (.106) .05 (.448) -.10 (.147) -.02 (.769) .19 (.001) .17 (.011)
Body mass index   .00 (.962) -.02 (.785) .04 (.569) .05 (.478) -.03 (.704)
Single urinary volume     -.11 (.117) -.29 (＜.001) -.18 (.010) -.09 (.197)
Post void residual volume       .18 (.002) .17 (.006) .18 (.008)
Daytime frequency         .45 (＜.001) .07 (.321)
Nocturia           .16 (.022)

rs=Spearman Rho correlation coefficient.

Table 5.
Affecting Factors on Urinary Incontinence (N=302)
Variables B β t p Tolerance VIF
(Constant) 3.16   12.9      
Age (year) 0.15 0.19 3.41 .001 .97 1.03
Single urinary volume (mL) -0.02 -0.16 2.24 .006 .99 1.01
Nocturia freuency (fr) 1.26 0.12 -1.38 .034 .96 1.04

R

2=.085, Adj. R2 =.075, F=9.18, p＜.001

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      Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence, Single Voided Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, and Nocturia in Women over 40 Years
      Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(6):679-689.   Published online December 31, 2013
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.6.679
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      Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence, Single Voided Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, and Nocturia in Women over 40 Years
      Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(6):679-689.   Published online December 31, 2013
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.6.679
      Close
      Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence, Single Voided Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, and Nocturia in Women over 40 Years
      Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence, Single Voided Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, and Nocturia in Women over 40 Years

      Demographic Characteristics of Study Subjects (N=302)

      Variables Group x2 or U† p
      Normal continence (n=89) Urinary incontinence (n=213)
      n (%) or M±SD (min~max) n (%) or M±SD (min~max)
      Age (year) 63.7±12.3 (40~87) 62.9±12.5 (40~86) -0.66 .508
             40~49 11 (12.4) 31 (14.6) 1.04 .904
             50~59 23 (25.8) 62 (29.1)    
             60~69 24 (27.0) 48 (22.5)    
             70~79 20 (22.4) 48 (22.5)    
             ≥80 11 (12.4) 24 (11.3)    
      Body mass index 23.1±2.93 (16~33) 23.0±4.4 (16~29) 0.12 .887
      Education     1.99 .573
             Elementary school 53 (59.6) 112 (52.6)    
             Middle school 13 (14.6) 40 (18.8)    
             High school 17 (19.1) 50 (23.5)    
             College 6 (6.7) 11 (5.1)    
      Menopause     0.44 .507
             Yes 72 (80.9) 179 (84.0)    
             No 17 (19.1) 34 (16.0)    
      Alcohol     1.22 .270
             Yes 7 (7.9) 26 (12.2)    
             No 82 (92.1) 187 (87.8)    
      Operation of OBGY        
             Yes 24 (13.6) 28 (4.5) 0.54 .464
             No 152 (86.4) 185 (95.5)    
      Delivery     2.12 .145
             Normal delivery 89 (30.0) 208 (97.7)    
             Caserean section - 5 (2.3)    
      UI score 0.0±0.0 12.1±5.81 (1~53) -13.90 ＜.001
      Perception of UI UI score
      0 (n=89) 1~24 (n=192) 25~48 (n=19) 49~72 (n=2)
      n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
             No 89 (100.0) 171 (89.1) 18 (94.7) 1 (50.0)
             Yes 0 (0.0) 21 (10.9) 1 (5.3) 1 (50.0)

      UI=Urinary incontinence.

      †Mann Whitney U test.

      Single Urinary Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency and Nocturia according to Type of Urinary Incontinence (N=302)

      Variables Urinary incontinence U† p
      No (n=89) Yes (n=213)
      n (%) or M±SD (min~max) n (%) or M±SD (min~max)
      Single urinary volume (mL) 222.9±59.4 (130~500) 197.8±64.0 (50~500) -4.23 ＜.001
             ≤100 4 (4.5) 11 (5.2)    
             101~200 49 (55.1) 131 (61.5)    
             201~300 32 (35.9) 58 (27.2)    
             ≥301 4 (4,5) 13 (6.1)    
      Post void residual volume (mL) 25.8±27.9 (2~180) 23.6±37.0(2~317) -1.92 .055
             ≤50 78 (87.6) 194 (91.1)    
             51~100 7 (7.9) 13 (6.1)    
             101~150 3 (3.4) 3 (1.4)    
             ≥151 1 (1.1) 3 (1.4)    
      Daytime frequency (fr) 5.89±1.58 (4~10) 6.96±2.33 (4~18) -4.29 ＜.001
             ≤7 74 (83.1) 156 (73.2)    
             8~10 15 (16.9) 48 (22.5)    
             11~13 - 5 (2.4)    
             ≥14 - 4 (1.9)    
      Nocturia (fr) 0.99±0.85 (0~4) 1.23±0.97 (0~4) -2.05 .040
             0 24 (27.0) 50 (23.5)    
             1~2 56 (62.9) 144 (67.6)    
             3~4 9 (10.1) 19 (8.9)    

      †Mann Whitney U test.

      Clinical Characteristics according to Type of Urinary Incontinence (N=213)

      Variables Urinary incontinence type F or H† p
      Stress (n=68)a Urge (n=45)b Mixed (n=100)c
      M±SD (min~max) M±SD (min~max) M±SD (min~max)
      Age (year) 60.5±11.8 63.0±11.7 64.4±13.1 2.97 .226
      (40~86) (47~87) (42~95)    
      Body mass index 23.1±3.32 22.4±3.30 22.9±3.49 1.16 .560
      (17~37) (15~31) (17~37)    
      Single urinary volume (mL) 216.4±70.1 182.5±51.2 188.9±50.6 8.30 .016
      (100~500) (100~380) (50~400)   a＞b, c
      Residual volume (mL) 20.1±22.6 21.6±47.8 25.1±35.6 4.37 .113
      (2~129) (4~79) (2~306)    
      Daytime urinary frequency (fr) 6.2±0.97 7.8±3.38 7.1±2.02 10.20 .006
      (4~9) (4~12) (4~11)   a＜b, c
      Nocturia (fr) 0.97±0.93 1.27±1.18 1.38±0.86 9.10 .011
      (0~4) (0~4) (0~4)   a＜b, c
      Urinary incontinence (score) 5.1±5.1 3.9±3.4 16.0±11.7 87.80 ＜.001
      (1~26) (1~17) (2~53)   a, b＜c
      Perception of Urinary incontinence          
             Yes 5 (7.4) 5 (11.1) 13 (13.0) 1.35 .510
             No 63 (92.6) 40 (88.9) 63 (87.0)    

      †Kruskal Wallis test.

      Correlation among Age, BMI, Single Urinary Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, Nocturia and Urinary Incontinence Score (N=302)

      Variables Body mass index Single urinary volume Postvoid residual volume Daytime frequency Nocturia Urinary incontinence
      rs (p) rs (p) rs (p) rs (p) rs (p) rs (p)
      Age -.11 (.106) .05 (.448) -.10 (.147) -.02 (.769) .19 (.001) .17 (.011)
      Body mass index   .00 (.962) -.02 (.785) .04 (.569) .05 (.478) -.03 (.704)
      Single urinary volume     -.11 (.117) -.29 (＜.001) -.18 (.010) -.09 (.197)
      Post void residual volume       .18 (.002) .17 (.006) .18 (.008)
      Daytime frequency         .45 (＜.001) .07 (.321)
      Nocturia           .16 (.022)

      rs=Spearman Rho correlation coefficient.

      Affecting Factors on Urinary Incontinence (N=302)

      Variables B β t p Tolerance VIF
      (Constant) 3.16   12.9      
      Age (year) 0.15 0.19 3.41 .001 .97 1.03
      Single urinary volume (mL) -0.02 -0.16 2.24 .006 .99 1.01
      Nocturia freuency (fr) 1.26 0.12 -1.38 .034 .96 1.04

      R

      2=.085, Adj. R2 =.075, F=9.18, p＜.001
      Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Study Subjects (N=302)

      UI=Urinary incontinence.

      Mann Whitney U test.

      Table 2. Single Urinary Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency and Nocturia according to Type of Urinary Incontinence (N=302)

      Mann Whitney U test.

      Table 3. Clinical Characteristics according to Type of Urinary Incontinence (N=213)

      Kruskal Wallis test.

      Table 4. Correlation among Age, BMI, Single Urinary Volume, Post Void Residual Volume, Daytime Frequency, Nocturia and Urinary Incontinence Score (N=302)

      rs=Spearman Rho correlation coefficient.

      Table 5. Affecting Factors on Urinary Incontinence (N=302)

      R

      2=.085, Adj. R2 =.075, F=9.18, p＜.001

      Table 1.

      Table 2.

      Table 3.

      Table 4.

      Table 5.

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