Purpose
This narrative review aims to provide an introduction and overview of dyadic research within the context of chronic illness. In addition, some methodological considerations and future directions for conducting dyadic research are presented.
Methods
The focus of this review is on adult participants in dyads and with chronic illness based on the previous studies and literatures on dyadic science.
Results
Theory of Dyadic Illness Management and Dyadic Regulation-Connectivity Model (DR-CM) may be appropriate for performing dyadic research. At present, there is a lack of qualitative and quantitative knowledge on the dyadic approach for research on chronic diseases. Dyadic health interventions for building collaborative relationships within a dyad may be beneficial to improve dyadic health outcomes. This article addressed some of the challenges regarding recruitment, data collection, and analysis when it comes to planning dyadic research pertaining to chronic illnesses.
Conclusion
Healthcare professionals should prioritize needs and preferences at the dyadic level when designing effective chronic disease management. Particularly, it is critical to regularly monitor the dyadic relationships or type of dyadic care during illness trajectories. More research should be undertaken on patient-family caregiver dyads in chronic care, considering the various types of chronic diseases and cultural diversities.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to explore positive and negative aspects of the caregiver reaction and identify factors influencing psychological well-being among family caregivers of home-based cancer patients.
METHODS
The participants were 139 family caregivers from two cities. These caregivers took care of he family member in the home. Data were collected utilizing the Caregiver Reaction Assessment Scale and the Psychological Well-being Scale.
RESULTS
Self-esteem was the highest reaction reported among the family caregivers. There were significant correlations between caregiver reaction and their psychological well-being. In multiple regression analysis, self-esteem and family support were predictors of psychological well-being among family caregivers (F=13.71, p < .001, Adj. R²=.393).
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrated that self-esteem and family support impacts the psychological well-being among cancer family caregivers. Thus, nursing intervention are needed to enhance self-esteem to improve psychological well-being among family caregivers.

Citations

• Family Caregivers’ Experiences Related to Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Caring for Cancer Survivors
  Ka Ryeong Bae, Jisoo Yu
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2023; 23(2): 64.     CrossRef
• The effect of caregiver educational program on caregiver reactions and lifestyle behaviors for caregivers of colorectal cancer patients: a quasi-experimental study
  Nilay Bektas Akpinar, Tulin Beduk, Filiz Cay Senler
  Supportive Care in Cancer.2022; 30(5): 4389.     CrossRef
• Influences of Depression and Social Support on Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at an Outpatient Department
  Hye Young Kim, Eun Ko
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(4): 430.     CrossRef
• Palyatif bakım kliniğinde yatan hastalara bakım veren bireylerin mental iyi oluş durumları ve sosyal destek düzeylerinin incelenmesi
  Fatma ERSİN, Dursun ÇADIRCI, Gül KILIÇ DEDEOĞLU
  Ege Tıp Dergisi.2022; 61(3): 379.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with Burden of Family Caregivers of Home-dwelling Elderly People with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Eun Kyung Kim, Heeok Park
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(4): 351.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors which contribute to the burnout of a family member providing care to a family member in the intensive care unit (ICU).
METHODS
Data about participants' characteristics, stress, burden, social support and burnout were collected from March 1 to September 15, 2016. Data were collected through interviews and a self-report questionnaire. One hundred and twenty-three participants who were the primary caregiver participated in the study.
RESULTS
The reported mean stress score was 2.13±0.78 and of reported burden was 3.24±0.27. The mean score of social support was 3.17±0.59 and of burnout was 2.61±0.58. There were significant differences in education level, financial burden, assistant, and health status in burnout of the family caregivers. Burnout had significant correlations with stress (r=.76, p < .001), burden (r=.43, p < .001), and social support (r=-.62, p < .001). The influencing factors on burnout were stress (β=0.63, p < .001), burden (β=0.14, p=.010), and social support (β=-0.32, p < .001). These variables explained 71.8% of the total variance in burnout.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that stress, burden, and social support should be considered in developing the nursing interventions to improve the burnout among family caregivers of the ICU patients.

Citations

• Challenges Experienced by Family Caregivers of the Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients in Korea: An Integrative Review
  JiYeon Choi, Judith A. Tate, Youn-Jung Son
  Clinical Nursing Research.2021; 30(4): 423.     CrossRef
• Influence of Self-care on Burnout in Primary Family Caregiver of Person with Dementia
  Jeong Hwa Kwon, Gwi-Ryung Son Hong
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 217.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
There is limited available research about the experiences of family caregivers and their care of family members with cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of distress among family caregivers. Further, this study explored what aspects of caring for family member contributed to the distress.
METHODS
Data were collected through in-depth interviews with thirteen family members primarily responsible for the care of the member with cancer. All interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed with qualitative content analysis.
RESULTS
The findings showed that the patients' physical, psychological, socio-relational, and spiritual symptoms influenced their caregivers' distress. The four categories that emerged from the data included “focusing attention only on the patient battling with cancer,”“being trapped in turmoil of complex emotions and feelings,”“having had to endure alone,” and “hanging in there at the crossroads of life and death.” With respect to these categories, fourteen sub-categories were ultimately identified.
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, researchers need to focus more attention on, and explore such co-existing distress to develop an adequate support program for the family caregivers of cancer patients.

Citations

• Caregivers of patients with cancer: perceived stress, quality of life and immune function
  Yoonjoo Kim, Misook L Chung, Hyangkyu Lee
  BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care.2025; 15(2): 195.     CrossRef
• Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire–Carer
  JuHee Lee, Young H. Sohn, Seok Jong Chung, Sung Hae Kim, Yujin Suh, Jungah Park, Yielin Kim
  Journal of Clinical Neurology.2023; 19(6): 547.     CrossRef
• Influences of Depression and Social Support on Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at an Outpatient Department
  Hye Young Kim, Eun Ko
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(4): 430.     CrossRef
• Factors Related to the Caregiving Burden on Families of Korean Patients With Lung Cancer
  Hyun Jung Lee, Soo Kyung Park
  Clinical Nursing Research.2022; 31(6): 1124.     CrossRef
• Caregiving experiences of Korean family caregivers of cancer patients: An integrative literature review
  Eunice E. Lee, Shin‐Young Lee
  Psycho-Oncology.2020; 29(10): 1486.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing caregiver burden in families of hospitalised patients with lung cancer
  Ye Ji Seo, Heeok Park
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2019; 28(9-10): 1979.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was to test a structural model of spirituality and the quality of life of stroke survivors' caregivers in order to provide guidelines for the development of intervention and strategies to improve their quality of life.
METHODS
Data were collected from 133 family caregivers of stroke patients who were hospitalized in C university hospital located in Seoul. Data collection using survey questionnaires was done from May, 2013 to February, 2014.
RESULTS
Fitness of the hypothetical model was appropriate. Physical component of quality of life of family caregivers is directly affected by two variables (51.5%), burden and depression. Mental component of quality of life of family caregivers is directly affected by three variables (77.6%), depression, burden, and functional dependence of patients. Depression as well as burden were directly affected by spirituality and functional dependence of patients respectively. Thus, spirituality directly affected depression and burden and indirectly affected the quality of life of family caregivers.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, spiritual intervention to improve the stroke caregivers' quality of life might be necessary to support and strengthen their spirituality as a mediating variable that can contribute to decreasing their depression and burden.

Citations

• Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Family Caregivers of Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey
  Ji-Hye Lee, Mi Sook Jung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2023; 30(4): 479.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Family Caregivers' Self-management of Acute Stroke Survivors
  Ji Yeon Lee, Hee Kyung Chang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2018; 30(6): 669.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore and identify the role adaptation processes of family caregivers with patients transferred from intensive care unit to general ward.
METHODS
Using a grounded theory methodology, in-depth individual interviews were conducted. Data were collected from 11 participants. The participants were asked about their experiences of role adaptation considering situational contexts and interactional strategies. Transcribed data and field notes were analyzed using constant comparative analysis.
RESULTS
The core category was 'becoming almost a nurse with hope and fear.' The identified phenomena by the participants were the joy of being alive, having hope for a full recovery, anxiety and fear of uncertain future, feeling burdensome on a given role. The results included both role adaptation and mal-adaptation of caregivers.
CONCLUSION
The role adaptation processes of family caregiver with patients transferred from intensive care unit to general ward can be explained as becoming almost a nurse with hope and fear. The findings of the study provided fundamental information for developing programs to support the given family caregivers for successful role adaptation.

Citations

• Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire–Carer
  JuHee Lee, Young H. Sohn, Seok Jong Chung, Sung Hae Kim, Yujin Suh, Jungah Park, Yielin Kim
  Journal of Clinical Neurology.2023; 19(6): 547.     CrossRef
• Transfer anxiety in parents of children transferred from pediatric intensive care units to general wards in South Korea: a hybrid concept analysis
  Jisu Park, Eun Kyoung Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(2): 154.     CrossRef
• Challenges Experienced by Family Caregivers of the Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients in Korea: An Integrative Review
  JiYeon Choi, Judith A. Tate, Youn-Jung Son
  Clinical Nursing Research.2021; 30(4): 423.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was designed to systematically explore and elicit information about terminally ill cancer patients' and primary family caregivers' subjectivity of death.
METHOD
Using Q-methodology, 21 terminally ill cancer patients and 19 primary family caregivers sorted 40 statements during personal interviews.
RESULTS
The results of this study show that terminally ill cancer patients have four factors ('Attachment to life', 'Hope for heaven', 'Resignation to reality', 'Avoidance of pain') of response and primary caregivers have four factors('Dependence on religion', 'Faithfulness to reality', 'Obedience to fate', 'Agony of reality'). Comparing the subjectivities of death of terminally ill cancer patients and primary family caregivers, 'Hope for heaven' and 'Dependence on religion' reveal the similarities of their outlook. On the other hand, 'Attachment to life', 'Resignation to reality', 'Avoidance of pain', 'Faithfulness to reality', 'Obedience to fate', 'Agony of reality' reveals different aspects of their outlook. The group of terminally ill cancer patients and their families divided into four types. Type A was 'Attachment to life and Agony of reality', type B was 'Attachment to life and Obedience to fate', type C was 'Hope for heaven and Dependence on religion' and type D was 'Resignation to reality and Faithfulness to reality'. The positive group was C or 'Hope for heaven and Dependence on religion'.
CONCLUSION
There are significant differences found in the subjective structure of death among terminally ill cancer patients and primary family caregivers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an individualized nursing intervention for terminally ill cancer patients and family caregivers.

PURPOSE
This study investigated the effect of a structured group intervention on knowledge about lung cancer, self efficacy and quality of life for family caregivers of patients with lung cancer using a nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design.
METHODS
Subjects were 11 family caregivers for both the control and the experimental group. The experimental group participated in once a week for 2-hour session for 4 weeks. Four topics of educational program were lung cancer and treatment, side effects of treatments, symptoms management, and health management. Every session consisted of lecture, sharing experiences, and meditating time. Quality of life was measured using Jang(1996)'s tool. The tools for knowledge and self-efficacy were developed by the authors.
RESULTS
After the intervention, the experimental group showed higher self-efficacy in caring for the patients than did the controls. However, there were no significant differences in knowledge about lung cancer and quality of life between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that the group intervention would be effective for family caregivers of lung cancer patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this Study was to identify the factors that affect the caregiving burdens felt by the female family caregivers and quality of caregiving. METHOD: The subjects were 247 female family caregivers who were living with the elderly and were residing in Seoul. Data was collected from June 30, 2000 to Agust 11 by using questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchial multiple regression with SAS/PC. RESULT: Situational factors had the greatest influence on the caregiving burdens. While the interactive factors of discrepancy between past and present image of elder and the caregiving belief were proven to be significant, the former had greater influence. The factors affecting the quality of caregiving, this is greatly influenced by situational factors and interactive factors. The discrepancy between past and present image of elder had relatively little influence while caregiving belief had the greatest influence. Among the situational factors, family stress had the greatest influence, while the caregiving burdens had little influence on the quality of caregiving. CONCLUSION: In order to improve the quality of caregiving in elderly by the female caregiver in the family, and to reduce the caregiving burdens, it is important to consider variables related to interaction as well as those directly concerned with caregiver and the elderly for nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
The objectives for this study were to identify the factors that correlate with appraisal of illness and to explore what variables are predictive of cancer patients primary caregivers' cognitive appraisal for stress.
METHOD
The subjects were selected by convenient sampling and 130 caregivers who completed a questionnaire. Measures used in this study included the Family Inventory of Resources for Management, Social Support Index, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales and Family Coping Coherence Index. Pearson correlation was used to identify the relationship among factors and multiple regression was used to determine the individual and cumulative effect of potential predictors on the caregivers' appraisal.
RESULTS
Patient's level of activity, severity of the disease, quality of relation between patient and caregiver, caregiver's subjective health status, economic status, family resources and coping were significantly correlated. Among the variables, coping, family resources, economic status and quality of relation between caregiver and patient predicted 49.2 percent of the variance in appraisal of caregivers' stress condition.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that coping mechanisms and family resources are important for positive appraisal. Nurses should provide adequate nursing care for the primary caregiver about professional care information and supportive counseling.

The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of support group intervention on the various adaptations of primary family caregivers caring for Cerebro-Vascular Accident patients. The nonequivalent control group pretest- posttest design within the framework of Lazarus & Folkman's stress-adaptation model was used for this experimental study. The subjects were 86 primary family caregivers caring for Cerebro-Vascular Accident patients at K hospital in Taegu, D herbal hospital in Kyung Ju, H hospital in Pohang from March, 1998 to July, 1998. Among 86 subjects, 43 were placed in an experimental group and 43 in a control group. The experimental group was treated by researcher who administered informational and emotional support group intervention once a week over a five weeks period. The data were collected through interviews. Collected data was analized by means of a chi-square test, t-test, ANCOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this research were as follows: 1. Physical, emotional, and social adaptation scores in the experimental group were revealed to be significantly higher than those of the control group. 2. There was significant positive correlation among physical health, subjective burden, depression and objective burden. Accordingly, it is concluded that informational and emotional support group intervention was a useful nursing intervention on the various adaptations of primary family caregivers caring for Cerebro-Vascular Accident patients.

This longitudinal study examines the burdens and related factors for stroke patient's primary family caregivers. Sixty-one patients treated for stroke at a general hospital in Chung-nam province and family member caregivers participated in this study from July 28, 1998 to August 1, 1999. Family caregivers' burdens were assessed by the burden scale originally developed by Zarit(1980) and Novak &Geust(1989) and modified by Oh's(1993) for use in Korea. The burden scale instrument consists of five subscales.: financial burden, social burden, physical burden, dependency burden, and emotional burden. Repeated ANOVA and Stepwise multiple regression were used in the data analyses. The results were as follows: The burden mean score was 3.23 in the hospital, 3.26 after hospital release, and 3.27 in the home environment. In the hospital, a patient's degree of cognition, and social support for family caregivers were significant factors affecting the sense of burden felt by family caregivers. After hospital release, the significant factors affecting the sense of burden were the degree to which stroke patients could participate in daily living activities, social support for family caregivers, and changing to a second caregiver. In the home environment, the most significant factor affecting the sense of burden was social support for family caregivers.