Purpose
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) plays a crucial role in helping patients with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels. This review aimed to understand the context and scope of CGM-related studies in Korea and identified areas for future research, particularly in nursing science.
Methods
The search strategy involved examining eight electronic databases for published studies on CGM, with the search period ending in March 2022. Four independent reviewers conducted screening, selection, and narrative review of the studies.
Results
Descriptive and substantive analyses were performed for 68 studies on CGM, which covered diverse areas, including: (1) evaluating the CGM performance through comparisons with self-monitoring of blood glucose and correlations with existing indices; (2) validating the efficacy of CGM in improving patient outcomes and assessing various interventions; and (3) expanding the use of CGM, such as clinical guidelines and reviews, developing predictive models, and other clinical studies.
Conclusion
Research on CGM has expanded to include early performance evaluation, efficacy verification, and utilization in various clinical settings. However, there is a lack of nursing-focused studies of CGM. It is recommended to incorporate CGM in nursing research aimed at enhancing self-management for patients with diabetes. Future projects should focus on developing and applying patient-customized CGM user manuals, comparing the effectiveness of CGM among patients with different types of diabetes, exploring qualitative experiences of CGM use, and addressing related issues.

Citations

• Exploring the Initial Encounter with Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Two-Week Trip
  Miseon Shin, Youngran Yang, Jeong Hee Kang, Heung Yong Jin
  Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2024; Volume 17: 3521.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to examine factors influencing glycemic control among type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients using data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2015).
METHODS
The subjects were 1,181 patients aged 30 years and older who were diagnosed with T2DM. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values: good Glycemic Control Group (good GCT, HbA1c<7%), insufficient GCT (7≤HbA1c <8%), and poor GCT (8%≥HbA1c). Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association of socio-demographic, diabetes-related, health status, weight control, health behavior, and psychological factors with glycemic control among T2DM patients.
RESULTS
The patients were distributed as follows: 44.1% in the good GCT, 29.1% in the insufficient GCT, and 26.8% in the poor GCT. In the insufficient GCT, DM duration, DM treatment, weight change, and smoking were significant factors influencing glycemic control with T2DM. In the poor GCT, age, DM duration, DM treatment, and hypertension were significant factors influencing glycemic control with T2DM.
CONCLUSION
Strategies for the insufficient GCT should include intensive glucose control interventions for patients with DM for over 1 year, combined therapy of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin. In addition, it is necessary to actively perform nursing interventions for weight loss. Strategies for the poor GCT should include intensive glucose control interventions for younger age groups, more than 5 years of DM, combined therapy of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin, and those without hypertension.

Citations

• Prognostic Factors for Hyperglycemia in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
  Jiyeong Kim, Kyung Hee Lim
  Cancer Nursing.2025; 48(2): 112.     CrossRef
• Relationship between diet quality and risk factors for diabetes complications in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes: based on the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
  Ye-In Son, Soo-Kyung Lee
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2025; 58(2): 179.     CrossRef
• TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HYPERTENSION: XANTHINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY AND URIC ACID CONCENTRATION
  Baneen Sami Tarif, Zainab Hussein AL-Hellawi
  ACTA CHEMICA IASI.2023; 31(1): 79.     CrossRef
• The Association between the Low-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol to High-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults: A Secondary Data Analysis Using a Community-based Cohort Study in Korea
  Bo-Kyoung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2023; 30(1): 66.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Chronic Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study Based on the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea, 2002~2015
  Haejung Lee, Misoon Lee, Gaeun Park, Ah Reum Khang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2022; 34(1): 39.     CrossRef
• A Study Analyzing the Relationship among Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG), Obesity Index, Physical Activity, and Beverage and Alcohol Consumption Frequency in 20s and 30s:The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013-2015
  Yujin Lee, Jung-Hyun Kim
  The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(1): 19.     CrossRef
• Blood Biochemical Characteristics, Dietary Intake, and Risk Factors Related to Poor HbA1c Control in Elderly Korean Diabetes Patients: Comparison between the 4th(2007-2009) and the 7th(2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
  Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 406.     CrossRef
• Factors Related to the Occurrence and Number of Chronic Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Utilizing The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea, 2002~2015
  Haejung Lee, Misoon Lee, Gaeun Park, Ah Reum Khang
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2022; 24(1): 22.     CrossRef
• Factors affecting the health status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin treatments: A multi‐mediation path analysis
  Kang Sun Lee, Hye Young Kim, Heung Young Jin
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2022; 31(9-10): 1285.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic Control Amongst Rural Residents with Diabetes in Korea
  Junhee Ahn, Youngran Yang
  Healthcare.2021; 9(4): 391.     CrossRef
• A Case Report of Add-On Traditional Korean Medical Treatments in a Patient with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Conventional Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
  Hye-Yoon Lee, Eun-sun Jung, Youngju Yun, Sang Yeoup Lee
  The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2021; 42(4): 718.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to identify the effect of dextrose intravenous fluid (IVF) on the blood glucose levels taken from both fingertips of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and those without DM.
METHODS
From October 2012 to February 2013, 21 DM and 25 non-DM patients were recruited. Blood glucose levels taken from the both fingertips of patients at 7AM while IVF was not infusing and at 11AM, 5PM, and 9PM while IVF was infusing.
RESULTS
The differences between the mean values of blood glucose from the fingertips at four different times was not statistically significant in DM patients as well as non-DM patients. Also intra-class correlation for blood glucose levels from the fingertips with and without IVF infusion in both groups was shown over about 0.95 at each time (p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Blood glucose levels measured in the same fingertips of both arms were the same regardless of dextrose IVF infusion. The results indicated that IVF with dextrose may not have any significant effect on the fingertip results of blood glucose level. This study may suggest that patients' both arms and any fingertips can be used for blood glucose monitoring even when the patients are on dextrose IVF infusion.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among blood glucose, HbA1c, and self management comparing these with general and illness characteristics of subjects with Type II Diabetes living in the community.
METHODS
Using a comprehensive survey developed for the study, data were collected from 82 type II diabetes patients who were registered at five community health departments. The variables of self management, blood glucose and HbA1c were assessed by nurses. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics including t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient to compare self management and level of HbA1c by subject's general and illness characteristics and to examine the relationships among variables.
RESULTS
About 73.2% of the subjects' HbA1c were 7.0% or higher and 54.9% of subjects' blood glucose were 200 mg/dL or higher. The level of self management was moderate. Most frequently perceived reasons for failure of blood glucose control were dietary failure (32.9%). There was significant relationship between self management and HbA1c(r=-.223, p=.040). The mean score of self management were higher among female (t=-2.37, p=.021), who are not on diabetes medication (t=6.70, p=.011).
CONCLUSION
Comprehensive intervention is needed to improve dietary self management, especially for male and those who is on diabetes medication.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of antioxidant vitamins and magnesium supplementation on fasting blood glucose and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS
This study is a unequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Seventy-one subjects with type 2 diabetes who were recruited from home visiting clients of a public health center, completed the trial. The experimental group entered a 12-week treatment period with antioxidant vitamins and magnesium and the control group with no antioxidant vitamins and magnesium.
RESULTS
Serum level of fasting blood glucose decreased from 134.7 mg/dl to 125.0 mg/dl and total-cholesterol decreased from 215.5 mg/dl to 198.2 mg/dl in the experimental group. No changes in fasting blood glucose and total-cholesterol were demonstrated in the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
A short-term supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and magnesium can reduce fasting blood glucose and total-cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes. The continuous effect of this supplementation and the beneficial effect on the prevention of diabetes complication still needs to be demonstrated.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the effect of the Internet diabetic education on plasma glucose in people with hyperglycemic diabetes. METHOD: A randomized design with control and experimental groups being assessed pre- and post-intervention was used. Twenty-two patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group and 21 to a control group. Participants were requested to input the blood glucose level weekly in http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wire Internet for 3 months. The researcher sends optimal recommendations to each patient using short message service(SMS) of cellular phone and wire Internet weekly. RESULTS: Patients in the intervention group had a mean decrease of 1.3% in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and those in the control group had no significant difference. There was a significant mean change in 2-hour postprandial blood glucose(2HPPG) for the intervention group, with a mean change of -75.2mg/dl. The mean change in the control group was, however, not significant. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that a web-based intervention using SMS of cellular phone improved HbA1c and 2HPPG.

PUPPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine the level of pain related to a blood sugar test. Specifically, the study attempts to compare the varying degree of pains when different types of blood sugar test are used.
METHOD
A sample of 56 subjects is composed of DM patients admitted to a medical ward of C university hospital in Gwangju. Data were collected from July, 2001 to December, 2001. The blood sugar tests were administered in four different ways: (1) the use of 27G needle only, (2) the use of 27G needle followed by ice-packed treatment, (3) the use of 27G needle after EMLA cream application, and (4) the use of lancet. The degree of pain is measured with a visual analogue scale and performed twice.
RESULT
In both measures, the use of 27G needle only method is shown to cause the highest level of pain in comparison with the rest of methods (F=4.01, p=.01; F=8.14, p=.00). However, the differences in pain between time in all methods were not found to be significant (t=-.85, p=.40; t=.80, p=.42; t=.31, p=.75; t=.19, p=.85).
CONCLUSION
The study results indicate that the method using lanceter is more recommendable than the use of 27G needle only method. Further research is needed to support the current study result with the use of different measurement scales and to determine effective methods of blood sugar test to lower pain and compliance.