PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compared two methods for measuring fluid intake and to assess the most effective method.
METHODS
Data from 44 hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease was analyzed. Two methods were used. The liquid method is to measure the daily intake of water in the form of pure water or some other beverage and IV fluid, the liquid-solid method is to measure the daily intake of water which enters by the oral route and IV fluid.
RESULTS
The daily intake of fluid was 1483.10mL and 2245.99mL respectively. The fluid output was 1883.72 mL. The Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) between the liquid method and the liquid-solid method and fluid output was 0.64 and 0.69, respectively. The correlation between differences of fluid in two methods and body weight change was r=.47 (p<.001) and r=.56 (p<.001), respectively.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that there are no difference between the two measuring methods as to reflecting the most close value to fluid output. And the difference between intake and output by two methods is correlated with body weight change. Therefore, it can be suggested that the either method could be useful as patients' fluid intake measurement.

Citations

• Nurses' Perception and Practice of Fluid Intake and Output Measurement
  Nam-Yi Kang, Sukhee Ahn
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2016; 23(2): 84.     CrossRef
• Effects of Fluid Therapy Education Program for Aged Stroke Patients
  Jee Sun Lim, Hyun Sook Jo
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(3): 277.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Tai Chi exercise on muscle strength, balance, flexibility and bone mineral density among community dwelling elderly women.
METHODS
A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent comparison group was utilized, Elderly women were recruited from the community settings and assigned to either the treatment group (n=30) or the comparison group (n=34). Both groups completed the pretest and the posttest measures at six months with an 29.7% of dropouts. Tai Chi exercise was performed for 60 minutes, three times a week for 24 weeks. The study participants were referred to the sports clinic of the university hospital where an exercise therapist and a technician measured muscle strength, balance, flexibility, and bone mineral density without the knowledge of the group assignment. Data were collected from June 14, 2010 to May 27, 2011.
RESULTS
At the completion of 6 month Tai Chi exercise, the experimental group showed a significant difference in knee flexor strength (t=3.26, p=.002), flexibility (t=-2.93, p=.005), and bone mineral density in femur (t=2.20, p=.032), compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION
Tai Chi exercise could be performed safely to community dwelling elderly women and effective for preventing declining in physical function in this population. Whether or not this health benefits would lead fall prevention will require further study.

Citations

• A trend of Tai Chi in osteoporosis research: A bibliometric analysis
  Libing Liang, Mingyue Zhang, Kunpeng Li, Jianmiao Hou, Caiqin Wu
  Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2024; 86: 103083.     CrossRef
• Effects of 12-week Tai Chi program on physical function, depression, and quality of life among cognitively impaired older adults: a feasibility study
  Hyunkyoung Oh, Rhayun Song, Seon Joo Kim
  BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effects of Tai Chi Chuan Exercise Training on the Lower Extremities of Middle-Aged and Elderly
  Bo-Jen Ko, Ting-Ting Lee, Tai-Yen Hsu, Chen-Fu Huang
  Applied Sciences.2022; 12(9): 4460.     CrossRef
• The effects of tai chi chuan exercise training on countermovement jump performance in the elderly
  Bo-Jen Ko, Tai-Yen Hsu, Chen-Fu Huang
  Research in Sports Medicine.2020; 28(4): 563.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Hope, Dependency, and Perceived Health Status of Elderly Women
  Yong Ju Park, Ja Ok Kim
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2014; 21(2): 106.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the balance confidence and balance ability among community-residing stroke patients. METHODS: The sample for this study was a convenience sample obtained from patients who visited welfare centers for the disabled in three cities from October to December in 2009. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale and Berg Balance Scale were used to measure confidence in task performance and balance ability. RESULTS: The level of balance confidence and balance ability were low in these subjects. There was a significant relationship between balance confidence and balance ability (r=.424, p=.000). Subjects with less balance ability felt less balance confidence. CONCLUSION: Among community-residing stroke patients, falls are common. Falls prevention which may contribute to the incidence of fall and fall related injury should be part of stroke rehabilitation plan. Also, it is necessary that an intervention for falls prevention after stroke should take into account factors such as the balance confidence and balance ability.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of balance taping on pain and Range of Motion (ROM). ROM of the knee joint in the elderly with lower limbs arthritis.
METHODS
This study was a nonequivalent pretest-posttest design, quasi-experimental study. An experimental group of 35 elderly and a control group of 35 elderly were assigned. Subjects responses to the Visual analogue Scale (VAS) and range of motion scores as measured by a joint goniometer. Data were analyzed by, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA.
RESULTS
In the experimental treatment group, the pain score was significantly decreased from 6.46 to 2.09 after balance taping (p<.001). In addition, knee joint ROM of the experimental group was significantly increased from 114.80 to 121.92 after balance taping (p=.003, p<.001, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
This is a very important study as it is an excellent treatment that nurses can utilize and these data support the efficacy of the method.

PURPOSE
The study aimed to apply Tai Chi exercise to patients with coronary artery disease for 6 months, and to examine changes on body composition, physical strength, and cardiovascular risks. METHODS: Applying a quasi experimental design with a nonequivalent control group, 90 subjects with cardiovascular disease were recruited at C university hospital. For 6 months, 44 subjects performed Tai Chi exercise once a week and daily home exercise, while 46 subjects did not. Body composition was assessed by body mass index, % body fat, and waist-hip ratio; physical strength by balance, mobility, flexibility, grip strength, and back muscle strength; and cardiovascular risk checklist for fixed and modifiable risk factors. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN program with ANCOVA to consider group differences at the pretest. RESULTS: The subjects were 66 years old in average. In 6 months, Tai Chi group improved significantly in balance, mobility, and flexibility with decreased modifiable cardiovascular risks after adjusting for the pretest scores. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi exercise was safely applicable to individuals with coronary artery disease, and effective in some measures of physical strength and modifiable cardiovascular risks. It could be an alternative exercise for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program in this population.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to compare the process of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy according to the stages of change of exercise on the basis of the Transtheoretical Model in order to investigate factors associated with the change of exercise in adult diabetic patients.
METHOD
Data were collected from January to April 2005. The subjects were 160 patients in the G university hospital and public health center in J city.
RESULTS
The entire process of change showed the significant difference depending on the stage of change(F=20.007, p=.000). For each process of change, the Consciousness Raising(F=14.602, p=.000), Dramatic Relief(F=7.751, p=.000), Environmental Re-evaluation(F=11.843, p=.000), Self Re-evaluation(F=16.035, p=.000), Social Liberation(F=10.968, p=.000), Counter-conditioning (F=24.090, p=.000), Helping Relationships(F= 7.625, p=.000), Reinforcement Management(F= 16.693, p=.000), Self Liberation(F=11.990, p= .000) and Stimulus Control(F=4.020, p=.002) demonstrated significant differences depending on the stages of change of exercise. For the decisional balance, the Pros showed the significant difference depending on the stage of change(F=14.121, p=.000). For the self efficacy showed significant difference depending on the stage of change(F=17.137, p=.000).
CONCLUSION
In order to proceed the stage of change of exercise in patients with Diabetes Mellitus, intensive use of a specific process of change, a stage of change matching is needed.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of balance taping procedures on lower back pain. METHOD: This study is nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design of quasi-experimental study. From May in 2004 to July in 2004, the research was done for females who have lower back pain in Gyeonggi province. Experimental group was 37, and control group was 36. The degree of lower back pain and that of the pain on activity of daily living(ADL) were each measured two times. RESULT: In the experimental group, the lower back pain score before taping was 6.38, that of 1 hour after the taping applied was 3.27. The lower back pain score of experimental group was significant statistically decreased and that of control group was almost not changed. Moreover, the pain score on ADL was statistically decreased in experimental group. Therefore balance taping is effective to reduce lower back pain and to improve ability of ADL. CONCLUSION: This study supports that balance taping may benefit individuals with lower back pain and balance taping therapy can be used as an independent nursing intervention. However, a larger study is in need to provide definite evidence and to determine long-term effects.

PURPOSE
This study is to examine the effect of balance taping therapy applied on the old people who suffer from arthritis upon the pain in legs and obstacle in daily activity.
Methods
The research period was from Dec. 2003 to Feb. 2004, and among the old female people who visited one of the welfare halls in Seoul downtown and 4 assembly hall for old people who aged over 60 years. 30 of the experimental group and 33 of control group were optionally collected. RESULTS: The pain degree in legs and the uneasiness degree of the obstacle in the daily life of the experimental group who were treated by the balance taping was decreased than those of the control group(p=0.015, p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Based upon the above result, it was confirmed that the balance taping therapy has influence in decreasing the degree of the uneasiness in the leg pain and daily activity obstacle of the old people who suffer from the arthritis, and therefore it is thought that this therapy can be usefully applied for one of the nursing methods for the old patients, and besides the repeated future researches are needed.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was 1) to classify the stage of adoption 2) to compare the decisional balance and confidence by stage of adoption 3) to identify factors influenced the stage of adoption for breast self exam. METHOD: A comparative study using a survey method with convenience sample of 143 women was used. Decisional balance and confidence was measured using the CHBMS-K. Stage of adoption for BSE was measured by a single item modified by the researchers based on the Rakowski et al (1992). RESULT: 1) The number of women in each stage of adoption for BSE was as follows; maintenance phase, 7.7% (n=11), action phase, 49.0% (n=70), contemplation phase, 35.0% (n=50) and pre- contemplation phase, 8.4%(n=12). 2) The mean difference in the decisional balance (F=4.32, p=.006) and confidence (F=13.85, p=.000) according to the stage of BSE adoption was statistically significant. 3) Prevention education and confidence accounted for 32% of variance in BSE. CONCLUSION: Assessment of decisional balance and stage of adoption for BSE can guide planning for cancer prevention education. We must educate women to have confidence in BSE. Further, it is important to urge women to continually practice BSE.

PURPOSE
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Tai chi exercise for improving balance and its tendency and helps to identify directions for future research. METHOD: 19 articles from Medline search of foreign journals(1981-2003) and 5 from Korean nursing journals (1981-2003) were surveyed. The contents analyses were focused on outcome measures and relative factors regarding balance. RESULT: Variable measures for balance were used in Tai Chi studies relating to balance. They included the functional measures such as 14 single-leg stance, 7 walking in physiological measures and 7 laboratory-based balance measures were done with platform stability test. The measure of effective Tai Chi exercise depended on the health status of subjects and the methods. Health status of subjects were only on physically inactive older adults in 17 articles and arthritis patients in 7 articles in the Tai Chi study. The significant effects of Tai Chi exercise on balance was revealed after 10weeks duration. CONCLUSION: Considering the results, Tai Chi exercise is more effective than any other studies for walking balance. But the reports on the outcome are inconsistent with wide variations in the choice of balance measures. It is suggested that future studies analyze systemic change through meta analysis and have a wide variety of subjects who need postural control and balance control. The methods of measures should be distinct from the balance state of subjects for the effectiveness of Tai chi exercise.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to different stages of mammography screening based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) and health belief model (HBM). METHOD: 143 women were recruited from community centers in W city. The mean age was 44.08 (SD=7.78) and 74 (51.7%) had experienced education on preventative behavior related to breast cancer. The Decisional Balance Scale (Pros and Cons of mammography) and Stages of Adoption of Mammography Scale by Rakowski et al. (1992) and the revised Health Belief Model Scale (Perceived Seriousness, Perceived Susceptibility and Health Motivation) by Champion (1993) were used. RESULTS: According to the stage of adoption of mammography, 17.4% of the women were in pre-contemplation, 45.5% in contemplation, 24.5% in action, and 12.6% in maintenance. The mean differences for pros, and the decisional balances between the stages of mammography adoption were significant (F=8.84, p=.000; F=7.20, p=.000). Education related to prevention of breast cancer was the most important variable. Prevention education, history of breast disease and pros of mammography explained the stages of mammography adoption (R2=26%).
CONCLUSION
Findings support TTM as a useful tool for improving mammography adherence. Behavioral interventions that target decisional balance and health belief can effectively promote adherence to mammography.

PURPOSE
The study was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of smoking cessation behavior based on Transtheoretical Model in industrial workers.
METHOD
A convenience sample of 146 industrial workers except for the never smokers, were recruited at a H industry in Ulsan. Data were collected from February 1 to 28, 2002. The research instruments were Stages of Change of Smoking Cessation Measure(DiClemente et al, 1991), Process of change(Prochaska, 1988), Smoking Abstinence Self Efficacy (SASE: DiClemente et al, 1985) and Decisional balance(SDB; Kim, 1999).
RESULT
The results of this study were as follows; 1. The subjects were distributed in each stage of smoking cessation change: There were 64 subjects (43.0%) in the precontemplation stage, 35 subjects(23.5%) in the contemplation stage, 28 subjects(18.8%) in the preparation stage, 14 subjects(10.1%) in the action stage and 7 subjects(4.7%) in the maintenance stage. 2. Analysis of variance showed that experiental process(F=2.808, p=.042), behavioral process (F=4.567, p=.004) self-efficacy(F=9.809, p=.000), pros(F=11.107, p=.000), cons(F=6.686, p=.000), pros- cons(F=3.446, p=.018) were significantly associated with the stages of smoking cessation change. 3. Through discriminant analysis, it was found that 'PROS' was the most influential variable in discriminating the four stages of change.
CONCLUSION
This study can provide the basis of staged matching smoking cessation program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.

PURPOSE
Thisstudy was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of exercise behavior using Transtheoretical Model in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHOD
The study method was a survey in 100 type 2 DM patients at out-patients clinic of Y medical center from March 19, 2000 to October 30, 2000.
RESULT
The results were as follows:The subjects were divided into five stages of exercise behavior ;15.0% in pre-contemplation stage, 33.0% in contemplation stage, 17.0% in preparation stage, 16.0% in action stage and 19.0% in maintenance stage. The subjects in pre-contemplation stage used all processes of change in the least. "Dramatic relief(DR)", "Environmental reevaluation(ER)" and "Self reevaluation(SR)" were identified as main processes ofchangein contemplation stage. "Consciousness raising(CR)", "DR" were used higher than average in preparation stage. "Helpingrelationships(HR)","CR", "ER", "SR", "Social liberation(SL)", "Counter conditioning (CC)", "Reinforcement management(RM)", "Self liberation(SEL)" and "Stimulus control(SC)" were used higher than average in action stage. The subjects in maintenance stage used all process of change the highest except "DR"and "HR". "Cons" score of decisional balance was the highest in pre-contemplation stage, "Pros" score was the highest in action stage and "Self-efficacy" score was the highest in maintenance stage.
CONCLUSION
This study can provide the basis of staged matching exercise program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.

PURPOSE
This study was carried out to identify the factor of decisional balance for exercise. This was composed of a set of variables at the level of decision making when the elderly decide to do exercise. It was used to classify and identify the characteristics of the stages of change for exercise to which the elderly belong, and was used to identify the variables of decisional balance which influence the stage of change for exercise in the elderly.
METHODS
Convenient samples of 198 subjects over age 60 in Seoul( mean age=70) were selected from community living, mentally competant older adults and the data was collected from April 1, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The research instrument was the Decisional Balance Measure for Exercise(Marcus &Owen., 1992), Stage of Change Measure(Marcus et al,1992). The data was analyzed by SAS Program.
RESULTS
1. According to stage of change measure, without missing data,191 subjects were distributed in each stage of change for exercise: 50 subjects(26.1%), 7 subjects (3.6%), 52 subjects(27.2%), 4 subjects(2%), and 78(40.8%) belonged to the pre- contemplation stage, contemplation stage, preparation stage, action stage and maintenace stage. 2. Factor analysis identified 3 factors of decisional balance as appropriate factors for exercise of the elderly and named by researchers; 1)'Perceived Physical-psychological benefit', 2)'Perceived Physical-psychological burden', and 3)'Perceived time burden'. 3. The analysis of variance showed that the two components Perceived Physical - psychological benefit(F=45.95, P=.0001), and Perceived Physical-psychological burden (F=26.52, P=.0001) were significantly associated with stage of change. 4. Through the discriminant analysis, it was found that both 'Self Perceived Physical - Psychological benefit' and 'Perceived Physical-Psychological burden' were the influential variables in discriminating the three stages of change(pre-contemplation, preparation, and maintenance).
CONCLUSION
Results are consistent with the application of the Transtheoretical model, which has been used to understand how people change health behaviors. Even though this study is a cross-sectional, not a longitudinal study, the findings of this study give useful information for exercise intervention about especially the factors relating to decision making for exercise of the elderly in the different stages of change of exercise.