This study was done through Quasi-experimental research in order to determine the effect of social support on compliance with sick role behaviors and blood pressure in hypertensive clients. This study was done through Quasi-experimental research in order to determine the effect of social support on compliance with sick role behaviors and blood pressure in hypertensive clients. The subjects consisted of 88 hypertensive clients who were registered at Cardio-Vascular OPD in Chonnam University Hospital. They were devided to 43 people of experimental group and 45 of control group by the random sampling. The results of the study may be summarized as follows. 1. Compliance with sick role behaviors of the hypertensive clients was significantly increased in experimental group who received the social support from the nurse than control group who did not receive it(t=16.307, p<.0001). 2. The difference mean of blood pressure before and after intervention of the social support did not show the significant differences between experimental and control group(p<.05). 3. Four of the six people stopped smoking in experimental group after intervention of the social support, but there was not any of the five in control group. Fisher's Exact test told the significant differences between experimental and control group(x2=4.385, p<.05). Finally, the social support was effective on compliance with sick role behaviors and a stop smoking in the hypertensive clients.

This study was designed to test the correlation between spiritual well-being and quality of life and to identify this variable on quality of life. The subjects were 70 cancer patients of select hospitals in Seoul. Ellison(1983)'s spiritual well-being scale, Padilla's quality of life scale were used after some modification. The results & conclusions are as follows : 1. The score on the spiritual well-being scale ranged from 47 to 120 with a mean of 81.40(SD : 13.98). 2. The score on the quality of life scale ranged from 72 to 166 with a mean of 119.67(SD : 21.71). 3. In the relationship between social-demographic & spiritual well-being were significant difference in religion, the degree of faith & education. 4. There were significant correlations between spiritual well-being and quality of life. (gamma=.584, P<.001) 5. Existential spiritual well-being had significant effect on quality of life.(37%) In conclusion, the results propose the processes from spiritual well-being to quality of Life through religion. Spiritual well-being intervention programs are needed to improve the quality of life in cancer patients.

The reports of adverse reactions related to latex glove use increase worldwidely. There is no clear cause. The adverse reactions related to latex glove are reported variously from localized minimal to systemic anaphylaxis, even death. There is no report on latex glove hypersensitivity in Korea, but clinically we have heard the adverse reactions sporadically. Therefore this investigators survey operating room nurses and surgeons who are high risk groups. The study will be the basis on latex allergy. We can explore alternatives against latex glove allergy through the study. Data are collected 210 respondents(doctors, 147 ; nurses, 63) by the questionnaire from July 8 to September 22 in 1995 and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Conclusions are follows : (1) Incidence of adverse reaction related to latex glove use is total 41.0%(87 person), which include 35 nurses(55.6%) and 52 doctors(35.4%). (2) The relation between the incidence and exposure time is significant, those who are working in operating room more than 5 years have higher incidence(p=0.005). (3) The relation between the incidence and gender is significant, and the incidence in female is higher. (4) The atopic persons have more adverse reactions than the non-atopics(p=0.00005). (5) There is no relation between the incidence and disease history(p=0.37). (6) Common adverse reactions include itching(90.8%), rash(71.3%), dermatitis(52.9%), urticaria(35.6%), relatively rate adverse reactions include facial edema, dyspnea, wheezing, fainting and so on. (7) In surgical general gloves the adverse reaction incidence is 41.0%(87/210), in hypoallergenic glove, 47.8(11/23). In conclusion, the adverse reaction incidence related to surgical latex glove are 41.0%, gloves used in this study are 2 types, to which persons having adverse reactions are 11.

This study was carried out in clinical nurses to identify the factors related to implementation of pain intervention. Samples were selected from 215 nurses working at four different hospitals in Seoul, Taegue, Andong and Mungung between March 3 and April 4, 1997. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test and chi-square using SAS statistical package. The results were as follows. 1. The answer of questions. Ninety six percent of the nurses agreed that pain perceived in each patients was influenced by several factors besides tissue demage. Fifty two percent of nurses demonstrated that they were more responsible for relieving patients's pain now than just after graduation. Ninety two percent of the nurses answered that they were not as sympathetic as for patients's pain now than just after graduation. Eighty five percent of the nurses thought that patients' pain score would be higher than nurses. At the moment of pain assessment, 34.4% of the nurses thought the most important factor was physiological change. The most applicated pain intervention method was analgesic medication. They thought that interesting pain intervention method were change of interest, psycotherapy, hypnotherapy, music therapy, relaxation technique, gi therapy, exercise therapy, supporting therapy, hot application and cold application. They thought that new pain intervention methods were gi therapy, hypnotherapy, imagenation therapy, music therapy and relaxation technique. Only seventeen percent of the nurses had practiced new pain intervention method to the patient. 2. The relation among characteristics, the level of assertiveness behavior, self-esteem and implementation of pain intervention. Source, graguation, responsibility for pain relief and the level of assertiveness behavior were related to implementation of pain intervention method and showed a statistically significant difference.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mouth care on the relief of oral discomfort undergoing radiation therapy patients. The nonequivalent control group time series design was used for this experimental study. The subjects were 32 patients who were receiving radiation therapy at P, D, G, hospital in Pusan from July 1, 1996 to August 31 1996. Among 32 subjects, 16 were placed in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. The subjects were contacted at the hospital, given an explanation of the study, and asked them to participate. The experimental group was educated according to oral care protocol. The data were collected through interviews, observations, and the health care records of the patients. The instruments were the "Perceived Oral Symptoms Assessment" by Chung, C. W. and "Oral Assessment Guide(OAG)" by Elers, Berger, & Petersen. SPSS PC+ was used to analyze the collected data. The general characteristics were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviations. The homogeneties between the experimental groups and control groups were tested by t-test and chi-square test. Perceived oral symptoms & OAG were tested by mean and standard deviations. The results of this research can summarized as follows : 1. Between two groups, the differences of perceived oral symptoms were not statistically significant (t=.0035, p=.9634). 2. In time series analysis the differences of perceived oral symptoms between two groups in the 7th week were only significant(t=5.0123, p=.0491). 3. The comparisons of each item in perceived oral symptoms, the differences between two groups were observed but they were not statistically significant. 4. Between two groups, the differences of OAG were not significant statistically(t=.0221, p=.8827). 5. In time series analysis, the differences of OAG between two groups were no statistically significant. 6. The comparisons of each item in OAG, the differences between two groups were observed but they were not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study could be utilized in patients care with radiation therapy although the results of the experiment were not accepted statistically.

Nowadays administration of bone marrow transplantation is increasing state by developing society and high leukemia incidence. Decrease of relapse and infection rate result from chemo therapy drug development of treatment and strength. So we look for continuos development of treatment. But through before and after BMT, it takes several months by planing and HLA typing matching possibility of BMT. Also, it takes one or two month by duration of BMT and discharge. During BMT, patients experience emotional change-suggering, anxiety, depression and so on-due to changed body image and strictly isolation in special facility. After BMT, the patients also experience stress such as conditions self-care, support from family, concern of relapse risk and so far enlarge mental, economic and physical change surrounding them due to high cost. Accordingly nurses are required high quality of nursing attentive assesment, understanding of patient's environment and consideration, and teaching in administrative work. The study is attempted to establish nursing theory patients' experience in BMT treatment. Research method followed grounded theory methodology by strauss & Corbin. Subjects were 1 adolescent including highschool patient and 6 adults. This study continued from February 1996 through August 1996. All of these subjects were interviewed by this author. Interview were done by long interview technique and observation. Each interview took 1 hour to 2 hours Content of interview was recorded and transcribed later. The data thus collected were analyzed immediately after interviews and fed into the next round of interviews until the data collection reaches the saturation point. In the process of data analysis, "Terribleness" or "Miserableness" was found to be the core phenomenon. Results were composed to 103 concepts. These concepts were grouped into twenty four categories, and then to eleven categories. Categories include "physical burden", "economic burden", "mental distressing", "heartbreaking", "being gloomy", "horror", "being crushed", "feel oppressed", "being exhausted", "family dependent", "support", "previous data for procedure", "inclination", "exploding", "sharing", "mitigation", "bracing oneself", "becoming attached", "dependence", "thanks", "anxiety", and "abandonment". Patients with bone marrow transplantation were revealed to face "terribleness". Terribleness is found to be progressed through the cycle production-coping-solution. Fourteen hypotheses were derived from the integration of categories as follows ; (1) The stronger the term of suffering as perceived by the subjects, the stronger the "terribleness" will be. (2) The more excessive the degree of suffering as perceived by the subjects, the more excessive the "terribleness" will be. (3) If subjects have family dependent "terribleness" is expressed with abusement. (4) If subjects have no family dependent, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (5) The more abundant the sufficient support, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (6) The less abundant the sufficient support, "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (7) The more abundant the previous data, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (8) The less abundant the pervious data, "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (9) The more introvert the subject's inclination, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (10) The more extrovert the subject's inclination, "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (11) The more excessive the degree of "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (12) The less excessive the degree of "terribleness" it will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (13) The more expressive the abusment, "terribleness" will be solved despair. (14) The more expressive the exposure and suppressing, "terribleness" will be solved with expectation. On the basis of the patterns that have the four these below were confirmed. 1. If patients felt large amount of terribleness because of severe suffering, they had family dependent. insufficient support, no previous data and their inclination was extrovert, "terribleness" is solved despair with abusement. 2. If patients felt large amount of terrible because of severe suffering family dependent, sufficient support, pervious data, and their inclination was introvert, "terribleness" is solved expectation with suppressing and exposure. 3. If patients felt small amount of terribleness because of little suffering, no family dependent, insufficient support, no previous data, and their inclination was extrovert, "terribleness" is solved despair with abusement. 4. If patients felt small amount of terribleness because of little suffering, no family dependent, sufficient support, previous data, and their inclination was introvert, "terribleness" is solved expectation with exposure and suppressing. On the basis of the above result, in orer to help nurses take good care of their patient, and understands patient's inclination and background, nursing assessment and intervention on life readjustment, and getting support should be required. It is expected that theoretical framework provided by this study, which shows how "terribleness" products, changes, increases and decrease. Therefore public relations, education, counseling emotional support, understanding inclination and exchange of information will have to be accomplished.

The purpose of this study is to build up the foundation to prepare the effective nursing intervention devices for the seriously ill patient's families nursing through the nurse understanding of the experiences of the seriously ill patient's families in the field by setting up grounded theory. In this study, the subjects is the 6 families members of ICU patients, who were being cared in university hospital and the data were collected from 4.15 to 5, 1996 by the recordings and transcring the interview. The intervention lasted from 2 hours to 2 and a half hours. The data were analyzed in the framework of grounded theory as mapped out by Strauss & Corbin. The core category in the analysis of the experiences of the families of the seriously ill patients was the process of setting the "distress". In the process of datas analysis, the categories were 19 conceptions-'serious', 'bad', 'fear', 'press', 'hearburn', 'impatient', 'insufficient', 'change of patients' status', 'economic ability', 'family relationship', 'whilled power', 'request', 'direct caring', 'passive effort', 'control', 'receive', 'tired', 'blame'. These categories were again grouped into 12 categories, including 'exigency', 'overwhelming', 'worry', 'change of status', 'economic ability', 'relationship', 'caring will' 'active caring', 'passive response', 'accept', 'exhaustion', 'blame'. In the above mentioned categories, 'overwhelming' and 'worry' were categorized into the "distress!". On the basis of the patterns that have emerged on process of data analysis, the five below were confirmed. (1) When the patient's status is worse and economic ability is bad and the family relation to the patient is close and the distress is expressed with active caring willness is strong, the distress is expressed with active caring and brings about accept and blame. (2) When the family relation to the patient is distant and the distress decrease and the subject's caring willness is weak, the distress is expressed with passive response and brings about accept and exhaustion in spite of the patient's status is worse and bad economic ability. (3) When the patient's status is worse and economic ability is bad and the family relation to the patient is close and the distress increase, the subject's caring willness is strong, the distress is subject's caring willness is strong, the distress is expressed with passive response and brings about accept and exhaustion. (4) When the patient's status is improve and economic ability is good and the distress decrease and the subject's caring willing is strong, the distress is expressed with active caring and brings about accept and blame in spite of the family relation to the patient is close. (5) When the patient's status is improve and economic ability is bad and the family relation to the patient is close and the distress increase, the subject's caring willness is strong, the distress is expressed with active caring and brings about accept and blame.

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of Health Promoting Lifestyle Practices among university students. The survey data used in this study were collected from 282 students of one university in Chungju City. The instruments of this study was a structured questionnaire included health promoting lifestyle scale developed Walker, et al., and sociodemographic characteristics. Analysis of data was done by use of mean, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, DUNCAN's multiple-range test and Pearson's correlation coefficients with SAS/pc program. Major findings are as follows : 1. The average score for the health promoting lifestyle practices was low at 103.5. In the subcategories, the highest degree of performance was interpersonal support(2.77), and the lowest degree was health responsibility(1.49). 2. There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of health promoting lifestyle practices according to sex(t=1.6997, p=.000), grade(F=8.82, p=.000). 3. There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of self-actualization according to grade(F=6.48, p=.002), college(F=2.58, p=.038). There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of health responsibility, exercise, stress management according to sex(t=4.3155, p=.000 ; t=6.2652, p=.000 ; t=1.7244, p=.0012), grade(F=4.28, p=.0018 ; F=4.46, p=.011 ;F=5.76, p=.004). There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of nutrition according to grade(F=5.80, p=.003). 4. Significant correlations were found between most of the subcategories and total health promoting lifestyle. Therefore, the findings of research can serve as the basis for developing health-promoting programs in General Education Courses among university students.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the applicability of pressure ulcer risk assessment tool ; the tool used was that developed by Cubbin and Jackson(1991). The subjects of this study were 253 patients in intensive care units. Data were prospectively collected from Feb 21 to June 10, 1997. Data were analyzed by mean, percentage, chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and stepwise multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows : 1. The factors that will predict pressure ulcer development are general skin condition, incontinence, age and hygiene, and there is a positive relationship between low scoring and pressure ulcer development. 2. The prevalence of the pressure ulcer is 38.3%, and the incidence of the pressure ulcer is 21.7%. 3. The most common pressure ulcer site is the sacrum(64.1%) and the next is the heel(7.69%). 4. Additional pressure ulcer risk factors are hemoglobin level and admission period.

The aim of this study is to help understanding of the health behaviour of elderly and to promote the development of nursing intervention enhancing health behaviour. This study trys to accomplish this goal by narrating and comparing health behaviours of several age groups and investigating related factors of health behaviour. Concrete Objects are as follows : first, to investigate whether elderly do active health behaviour, and what is the content of health behaviour. Second, to compare factors influencing health behaviour of each group. Subjects are 409 adult community residents. A group(20~39) are 123. B group(40~59) are 117. C group(60~) are 169. The results of this study are as belows. 1. The health state of elderly(C) is worse than other age groups. Health fear and health concern of C is less than A and B. But the rate of practicing health behaviour of C is higher than A and B. 2. The question of what is the most important health factor ; (1) [Regular life and diet] is considered the most important by all age groups(A-30.1%, B-27.4%, C-40.7%). Next is [exercise and rest]. And all age groups thnk that [happy mind] is among health factors. (2) [Frequent outgoing](5.7%), [hard working], [economic stability], [disease control] is also mentioned by elderly. 3. Ill-health behaviour : [smoking], [drinking], [stress], [irregular life and diet] are mentioned by all age groups. Elderly considers [confining at home](7.0%), [having nothing to do](5.6%), [motionless lying] as Ill-health behaviour. 4. The rate of practicing health behaviour : A is 73.2%, B is 74.4%, and C is 78.1%. Health behaviour is mainly made up of the items reflecting physical health concept. 5. The rate of peopl eating food or medicine in last 6 months to promote health : A is 30.3%, B is 45.4%, and C is 54.2%. 6. (1) The rate of health fear is highest at B(80.3%). (2) [Disease contract and worsening] is first item of health fear. A and B mention [can't live healthy], [declining of physical strength], [being fatty], [smoking], [stress], [loss of mobility]. C mention [loss of mobility], [deterioration of vision and hearing], [declining of cognitive function]. (3) The reasons of health fear are [maintenance of living], [cases of other people], [hardship of children] (A and B group), [confining of activity], [hardship of children] (C). 7. [Sex(p=.05)], [health concern(p=.04)] are significant variables in health behavior in all respondents. But they are different among each age groups. [Economic activity(p=.02)], [health concern(p=.05)] (B group), [education level(p=.05)], [having disease or not(p=.05)] (C group) are significant variables. In B group, [the more educated(p=.8)], [the healthier(p=.03)] and [having person to discuss with(p=.05)] were more concerned about health. This study shows the necessity of another detail study to compare health concept and behavior of different age groups, and the variables affecting health behavior. And it is suggested that the results of the study may be applied in planning health program, and in promoting participation of community residents in the program.

The purpose of this study was to understand and describe experience of the persons with colostomy using ethnographic method. Nine patients were interviewed by authors to explore the experience of the persons with colostomy. The data were collected using informal and in-depth interview, field notes, and medical records. The results were as follows : 1. The ostomates had experienced various physical and psychososcial difficulties in daily life. 1) The physical difficulties include the problems in the management of pouch, a formation of gas, skin irritation, diet control, sexual life, the loss of the sense of defecation, and fatigue. 2) The psychosocial difficulties were anxiety, a sense of disability, a feeling of shame being unable to accept the colostomy, a change in dressing, an economic burden, a withdrawal from social life, a burden of colostomy care, and a burden of sexual life. 2. The process of coping with these difficulties includes positive attitude to colostomy, the acceptance of colostomy care, and the mastery of colostomy care. 1) The positive attitude to colostomy was accomplished through personifying colostomy and positive thinking. 2) The acceptance of colostomy care was accomplished through physical recovery, passive acceptance, and a sense of independence. 3) The mastery of colostomy care was accomplished through diet control, acquirement of self care skills of colostomy. The results of the study might help nurses and other health care workers develop effective nursing interventions for ostomates by understanding ostomates' problems and their coping strategies.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of oral cryotherapy on oral mucositis in the patients who receiving high-dose ARA-C plus Mitoxantrone chemotherapy regimen. There were total of ten patients who received the chemotherapy regimen for 13 months ; 5 patients for the experimental group, while the others for the control group. The tool used for assess degree of oral mucositis was the Oral Assessment Guide(OAG) which was developed by Elier, Burger, Peterson in 1988. []The experimental group received oral cryotherapy range from 30minutes before the Mitroxantrone IV infusing to 30minutes after the high-dose ARA-C IV infusing. The control group was not treated by oral cryotherapy. The effect of this treatment was analyzed with the OAG score. The collected data were analysed with, mean, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test according to characteristics of variables. The results were as follows : 1. There were no statistical difference in general characteristics(age, sex, cycle of the chemotherapy, smoking, alcohol) between the two groups, so the homogeneity of two groups was established. There were no differences in the OAG Scores between the two groups statistically. 2. The subjects of this study suffered the neutropenia from 5.6 days to 24.6 days after starting chemotherapy. During the neutropenia period the average OAG scores in the experimental group were lower than that of the control group(experimental group was 9.17+/-1.91, control group was 9.33+/-1.10). 3. The mean OAG of experimental group for 21 days was 204.72+/-20.61, while the mean of control group for 21 days was 206.23+/-15.97. There were, however, no differences between the experimental and the control groups statistically. The subjects of the experimental group expressed more comfortable oral condition than those of the past cycle and they would like to try oral cryotherapy again for the next chemotherapy. The subjects of this study suffered the neutropenia from 5.6 days to 24.6 days after starting chemotherapy. During the neutropenia period the average OAG scores in the experimental group were lower than that of the control group(experimental group was 9.17, control group was 9.33). 5 subjects of the study group complained of numbness, 3 subjects complained of slight headache, and 2 subjects expressed teeth and abdominal discomfort. However, these signs occurred temporarily and were resolved rapidly after cessation of the cryotherapy. It was I recommended that replication with larger sample.

This study was designed to identify the relationship between the perceived burden that is felt by family caregivers of hemodialysis patients and the quality of life of these caregivers. The subjects for this study were 102 family caregivers of patients who received hemodialysis regularly in the hemodialysis units of 4 hospitals located in Chonbuk. The data was collected during the period from February 17 to March 28, 1997 through interviews and by distributing a structured questionnaire to family caregivers through hemodialysis patients, and by mail service. The instruments used for this study are as follows : The burden instrument was the Burden Questionnaire developed by Lee Sook-Ja by referring to the Burden Scale developed by Novak & Guest(1989) and Zarit et al.(1980). The quality of life instrument was the Andrews' Scale that was treanslated and proof-read by Jeong Chu-Ja and partially amended by the author of this study. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, the Scheff test, Pearson's correlation and Stepwise Multiple Regression using the SAS PC+ program. The results of this study are as follow : 1. Hypothesis 1 : "The higher the perceived burden, the lower the quality of life of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients" was supported(r=-0.463, p=.000). 2. Hypothesis 2 : "The burden of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients will differ depending on the demographic characteristics of hemodialysis patients and family caregivers" was partially supported-age of family caregiver(F=3.04, p=.020), educational level of family caregiver(F=3.81, p=.012), marital status of family caregiver(F=5.82, p=.004), relationship with hemodialysis patient(F=2.74, p=.016), sex of hemodialysis patient(F=6.79, p=.010). 3. Hypothesis 3 : "The quality of life family caregivers of hemodialysis patients will differ depending on the demographic characteristics of hemodialysis patients and family caregivers" was partially supported-age of family caregiver(F=2.82, p=.029), educational level of family caregiver(F=4.64, p=.004), marital status of family caregiver(F=6.62, p=.002), monthly total income of family(F=5.61, p=.001), age of hemodialysis patient (F=3.42, p=.011), occupation change of hemodialysis patient(F=3.54, p=.032). 4. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that the six variables-the perceived burden of family caregiver, monthly total income of family, religion of family caregiver, occupation of family caregiver, marital status of hemodialysis patient, education level of family caregiver-were significantly predictive of the quality of life of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. The six variables explained 41.7% of the variance in quality of life. In conclusion, this study revealed that the perceived burden is an important factor related to the quality of life of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, nurses must recognize family caregivers as well as hemodialysis patients as important care receivers and incorporate an intervening plan that reduces the burden and promotes the quality of life, taking into account the demographic characteristics of hemodialysis patients and their family caregivers.