PURPOSE
Among the sources of anxiety and burden of family caregivers of stroke patients, this study investigated the role of self-efficacy and knowledge about care.
METHODS
Descriptive and correlational study design was used. One hundred and thirteen subjects were included. They were anticipated family caregivers of stroke patients. All patients were hospitalized at the intensive care unit (ICU) for the first time as a stroke patients. Data of family caregivers were collected during the time that patients were in the ICU with self-reported standardized questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficients and regression analysis were used to explore the role of self-efficacy and knowledge.
RESULTS
Self-efficacy was correlated with burden, but not with anxiety. Knowledge about care was correlated with anxiety and burden. Only knowledge about care was the significant predictor of anxiety and burden of anticipated family caregivers.
CONCLUSION
The knowledge about care for stroke patients is important especially to the family caregivers who have to care stroke patients for the first time to reduce their anxiety and burden.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of an environmental intervention on sleep, reported emotions and job satisfaction of rotating shift nurses in intensive care unit.
METHODS
The study was a non-equivalent design with a comparison group. The participants in the study were 34 shift workers randomly assigned to one of two groups. The intervention for one group was the use of an eye shield for two weeks with the other group not receiving the treatment. Data on quality of sleep, stress, depression and job satisfaction were collected from both groups at the beginning and the end of the two week period. See note at bottom page. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA using the SPSS/WIN 18.0.
RESULTS
Quality of sleep and job satisfaction were more positively reported along with reports of less depression and stress by those nurses receiving the eyeshild intervention.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the eyeshield intervention may be an effective intervention.

PURPOSE
This study was to explore the gap between awareness and performance toward evidence-based pain management in older adults for the purpose of establishing baseline data for evidence-based pain management protocol development and dissemination.
METHODS
The subjects were 290 staff nurses from three general hospitals. Self administered questionnaires were used to collect the data and the results of the study were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation.
RESULTS
There were statistically significant differences between awareness and performance in pain assessment (t=17.31, p<.001), patient and family education (t=17.33, p<.001), pharmacologic management (t=12.99, p<.001), non pharmacological management (t=16.28, p<.001), and evaluation of effectiveness (t=11.70, p<.001). There were also statistically significant differences in awareness and performance according to the workplace, knowledge, and usual performance.
CONCLUSION
The study showed that the hospital nurses' performance about evidence-based pain management in older adults was lower than their awareness level thus indicating significant gaps between evidence and actual practice. To ensure effective pain care, the factors contributing to these gaps need to be analyzed to identify the barriers. In addition, the evidence-based pain management guideline suitable for various clinical settings needs to be developed and disseminated.

PURPOSE
This Study was to examine to applicability of the Maslach Burnout Inventory on measuring burnout of the nurses who works in Korean university hospitals.
METHODS
The sample included 200 nurses and nurse managers. We used 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory to evaluate the reported burnout. We evaluated the convergent validity through the factor analysis, and evaluated the discriminant validity through the Pearson's correlation analysis. Also, we evaluated the reliability for three subscales of Maslach Burnout Inventory with the Cronbach's alpha, which assesses the internal consistency.
RESULTS
Factor analysis revealed three factors being extracted from the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory, and item loading for each factor is higher than 0.5. Therefore, the Maslach Burnout Inventory demonstrated high convergent validity. Also, emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization showed low correlation leading to the conclusion that there was discriminant validity. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients in the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory and three subscales were higher than 0.7.
CONCLUSION
Maslach Burnout Inventory can be used as a valid instrument to measure the burnout level of the nurses working in Korean university hospitals.

PURPOSE
In this study the literature of compassion fatigue in nurses was reviewed in order to analyze the trends of overall research for level of fatigue, symptoms, and factors.
METHODS
For this study, five databases were searched using the key words 'compassion fatigue', 'secondary traumatization', 'secondary traumatic stress', and 'vicarious traumatization'. Thirty-six papers were analyzed.
RESULTS
Most of the compassion fatigue research (86%) was conducted between 2006 and 2011 and the most frequent research approach was quantitative research with the ProQOL which was the most frequently used instrument in the studies. He research was conducted in pediatric, emergency & trauma, oncology, psychiatric, and hospice units with no consistent patterns of t compassion fatigue levels. Factors affecting compassion fatigue were personal factors such as age, education background, work-related factors such as caring for trauma patients, work hours, psychological factors such as work stress, burnout, and support/coping factors such as organizational support, and coping resources.
CONCLUSION
Nurses' compassion fatigue varied from low to high by nursing specialties. Many factors affected the compassion fatigue of nurses. In the future there is a need for study on Korean nurses, and identification of groups at risk for compassion fatigue. Furthermore there is a need to develop management programs on compassion fatigue in nurses, stress reduction and wellbeing.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to measure the quality of life (QOL) and to identify the factors influencing QOL in gynecological cancer patients.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 242 people who were receiving medical therapy or follow-up after surgery from one general hospital in Daegu. Data were collected from August 1, 2010 to January 31, 2011. A questionnaire including questions on QOL, distress score, distress problem, depression, anxiety, insomnia, perceived health status and body image were completed by the subjects.
RESULTS
The mean score of QOL was 70.68+/-13.40. Religion, job, presence of spouse, level of education, household income, financial compensation, disease stage and recurrence were the significant factors related to QOL. Distress score, distress problem, depression, anxiety, insomnia, perceived health status and body image were also significant factors influencing QOL. Sixty eight percent of the variance in subjective overall QOL can be explained by body image, distress problem, distress score, anxiety, level of education and perceived health status (Cum R2=0.689, F=76.316, p<.001). Body image was the most important factor related to QOL.
CONCLUSION
An integrative care program which includes general, disease-related and psychosocial characteristics of patients is essential to improve QOL in gynecological cancer patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate emergency nurses' reported traumatic events, professional quality of life and physical symptoms.
METHODS
The design of the study was descriptive. The respondents were 157 Emergency nurses with the majority were women (94.3% female and 5.7% were men). Data were collected from September 28 to December 1, 2011. The professional quality of life (ProQOL) instrument is conceptualized with three sub-dimensions (compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress), in addition information about traumatic events, physical symptoms and demographic variables were collected. Burnout and secondary traumatic stress (STS) are two parts of compassion fatigue. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program and included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlations.
RESULTS
Thirteen percent of the participants reported a high ProQOL. Compassion satisfaction was negatively correlated with burnout and physical symptoms, whereas, traumatic events had positive correlations with STS. Also, burnout and STS were positively correlated with physical symptoms respectively.
CONCLUSION
Since the level of professional quality of life among emergency nurses was relatively low it is recommended that an intervention program for emergency nurses be instituted to improve compassion satisfaction and to decrease compassion fatigue and physical symptoms.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify knowledge and performance level of infection control among oriental medical doctors and nurses and further to identify factors that may influence practice.
METHODS
Data were collected using the survey method. Two hundred and forty two healthcare workers (HCW) from five oriental medicine university hospitals in Korea (140 physicians and 102 nurses) completed a survey about infection control. The study was conducted from February 1 to 28, 2011.
RESULTS
The average knowledge level of infection control among HCW was 0.75 +/- 0.13 (score range 0~1) and the average performance level of infection control was 3.16 +/-1.05 (score range 0~5). 'Disinfection and sterilization' were ranked the highest in both the knowledge and performance level. In the knowledge level, 'hand washing/hand hygiene' were ranked the lowest. 'Bloodstream infection prevention'was the lowest among the infection control categories in performance. Total average knowledge and performance level of nurses was significantly higher than that of the physicians.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated the oriental medical doctors and nurses'knowledge and performance level of infection control differed. The education on infection control is required to oriental medical doctors and nurses and it would contribute to preventing healthcare associated infections in oriental medicine hospitals.

PURPOSE
The aims of this study were to examine the trend of quantitative study in Korean Journal of Adult Nursing published between 1989-2011 and to provide future directions for nursing research in adult health nursing.
METHODS
A total of 883 published articles were reviewed, and main subject and the methodology were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
RESULTS
The most frequently cited keywords were elderly, quality of life, depression, knowledge, stress and anxiety. The survey study was the most popular research design (67.6%) followed by experimental (26.5%), and methodological study (5.5%) design. Over 80% of studies with translated or developed instruments reported reliability for psychometric analysis, while only 18% of the studies reported validity of the instruments they used. In the periods of 2006~2011, significantly more studies utilized experimental design, obtained IRB approval and written consent, and included power analysis for sample size calculation. In recent experimental study, educational program and complimentary therapy were the two most frequently used interventions.
CONCLUSION
Through the analysis of nursing studies published in Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, we found the number of experimental studies has increased and methodological rigor has improved in recent years.