This study was conducted to develop and evaluate guidelines for cancer patients' symptoms management such as nausea/vomiting, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, and oral mucositis. Based on the literature review, assessment path to identify each stage of five symptoms were also developed. Guidelines for symptom management of each stage of the symptoms were developed. Guidelines then were evaluated by a panel of experts. Finally, 95 cancer patients were recruited and asked to use the guidelines for their symptom management Levels of understanding of and satisfaction with assessment path and management guidelines were surveyed. Prevalence rate of five symptoms varied ranging from 20% (diarrhea) to 47% (nausea/vomiting). Regarding the level of understanding of each symptom most of the cancer patients indicated that they were easy and sufficient. Regarding the easiness of use of the symptom management guidelines, most of cancer patients indicated that they were easy to use. Regarding the nursing intervention on each symptom, most of cancer patients indicated that they were easy and helpful. More information was added with feedback from the patients. The result of this study has implications on development of customized patient education materials based on assessment path and symptom management guidelines.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to examine the nurses' knowledge about and attitude toward cancer pain management.
METHOD
Study subjects of this retrospective cross-sectional survey study were 343 nurses sampled conveniently in a tertiary teaching hospital in Seoul. Seven measurement tools were used to collect data on demographic data, knowledge about and attitude toward cancer pain management, barrier to cancer pain management, knowledge about and concerns for the opioid use, and professional education of cancer pain management.
RESULT
Nurses showed knowledge deficit when their knowledge on the cancer pain management and the opiod use was evaluated using two case scenarios and the 15-item questionnaire respectively. Ninety-five percent of the nurses believed that cancer pain management is a major problem. However, inadequate staff knowledge of pain management was rated as the single most important barrier to adequate pain management by 20.4% of nurses. Only 10.9% and 23.2% of the nurses replied that nursing school's education and professional education in cancer pain management respectively, were adequate.
CONCLUSION
This study confirms the existence of knowledge deficits and attitudinal barriers among Korean nurses that can impede cancer pain manage- ment. This study suggests a need for professional education for nurses on cancer pain management.

PURPOSE
this study is to explore how useful ICNP nursing phenomena and actions classification is to describe the nursing problem and nursing action statements of nursing records.
METHOD
The number of nursing phenomena statements found in this research were 323. Out of these 323, 222 statements can be fully classified, 62 statements can be partially classified, and 39 statements can not be classified at all by terms from the ICNP phenomena classification axis.
RESULT
The number of nursing practice statements were 318, 252 of which can be fully classified, 63 statements can be partially classified, 3 statements cannot be classified at all by terms from the ICNP nursing action classification axis.
CONCLUSIONS
In order to describe all the statements found in nursing records, not only new terms but also new axis need to be added to the ICNP.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing patient satisfaction and to evaluate the utility of patient satisfaction as an outcome indicator. The study was conducted by mailed questionnaire. The subjects were 900 patients discharged from adult nursing units in a tertiary teaching hospital. On the discharge date, questionnaires were distributed by two trained research assistants. The questionnaire developed by the researchers was based on Larson(1996)'s study, and consisted of 71 items with the following components: overall satisfaction, domain-specific satisfaction(administration process, hospital facility and environment, nurses, and doctors), patients' loyalty(intention to use the health care service of the hospital in the future), recommendation to others, health benefits, and demographic characteristics. Each item was rated using a five point Likert scale ranging from '1=strongly disagree' to '5= strongly agree'. The response rate was 43%(387/900). The satisfaction level with the health care service was generally high. Perceived health status was the only significant factor influencing satisfaction level. Satisfaction with doctors contributed the most to explaining overall satisfaction. Overall satisfaction was significantly correlated with patient loyalty, recommendation, to other and perceived health benefit. It was found that the score of satisfaction was positively correlated with the score of loyalty, recommendation, and health benefit. Therefore, patient satisfaction seems to be a good outcome indicator.

This study examines that North American Nursing Diagnosis Association(NANDA) and Home Health Care Classification(HHCC) is appropriate to classify home health care client's nursing problems and suggests a modified nursing diagnosis classification system. Two hundred and forty-nine clients' records at a general hospital were reviewed and nursing problems were diagnosed according to each classification system. Results of this study are as follows. The major client's medical diagnosis are pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium, malignant neoplasm, and benign neoplasm. Of four hundred and sixty-three nursing problems, all nursing problems made a diagnos according to HHCC, while three hundred and eighty-five made a diagnosis according to NANDA. The HHCC diagnosis included 78 more nursing problems than NANDA. The discrepancy in the results may indicate a significant advantage to HHCC diagnosis because HHCC nomenclature was created empirically from hard data. However, this may be due to limitations in the data collection method so determination of which classification system is more useful is difficult to judge. However, nursing components of the HHCC are more concrete and clearer than human response patterns of the NANDA. Also the HHCC facilitates the documentation of patient care by computer, while using a conceptual framework consisting of 20 Care Components based on the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation and evaluation. Accordingly, the practical application of HHCC is more useful than NANDA. Limitations of this study include a retrospective data collecting method and universality of samples. Further research for various samples that use prospective data collection method is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of the standardized Korean nomenclature of Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), developed by Johnson &Maas at the University of Iowa. The four phases of the study were: (1) translation of the NOC into Korean by the research team, (2) four nursing professors and eight nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed each nomenclature taking into consideration definitions and nursing activities. The modified Delphi method was used to determine the most appropriate nomenclature for each term; (3) Twenty four academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate; (4) the team determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each class of the NOC. The mean validity score of 190 items was 4.54, but several nursing outcome had a score lower than 4.0. They included 'adherence behavior(3.3)', 'ambulation : walking(3.57)', 'transfer performance (3.57)', 'caregiving endurance potential(3.57)'.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of standardized Korean nomenclature of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP), developed by the International Council of Nursing (ICN). The four phases of the study were: (1) Two professors and 15 graduate students translated who were taking a nursing intervention course, translated nursing phenomena and nursing action of the ICNP into Korean; (2) 12 nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed the nomenclature taking into consideration of the definition, and contents for each Korean nursing terminology, and the Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each terminology; (3) 20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate; (4) five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each nursing phenomena and activity of the ICNP. Most nomenclature of the ICNP had a score of more than 4.0, but four nursing phenomena had a score between 3.5 and 4.0: Unilateral neglect(3.86), Care Giver strain (3.86), Health denial(3.86), Health Adjustment (3.86) and draining(2.63) . In nursing activity 726 items, except for twelve items, had a score of over 4.0: Drainage(2.63) Weaning(3.13), Caring(3.75), Cold Wrapping(3.63), distraction Technique(3.57), drawing(3.88), Establishing Report with(3.5), Heating Wrapping(3.5), Manipulating(3.75), Performing(3.88), Reading material(3.75) and Restricting(3.75).

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of standardized Korean nomenclature of the Home Health Care Classification(HHCC), developed by Saba at the University of Georgetown. The four phases of the study were : (1) Two professors and 15 graduate students, who were taking a nursing intervention course, translated the HHCC into Korean. (2)12 nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed each nomenclature taking into consideration of the definition and activities, and the Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each term; (3)20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate; (4) Five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each term of the HHCC. Most of the nomenclatures had a score of more than 4.0, but several terms had a score lower than 4.0. They are Ambulation therapy(3.1.1), Anticipatory grieving(3.11), Sexual patterns alteration(3.17), Nursing care coordination(3. 22), Physical therapist service(3.22), Regular diet(3.33), and Instrumental activities of daily living(3.44). These research results will be included in the nursing vocabulary dictionary to be published by the Korean Nurses Association.

The purpose of this study was to dcvclop nd test the validity of standardized Korean nome clature based on Nursing Intervention Classi ications (MC), developed by McCloskey and Bul chek at the University of Iowa, The four phases of the study were 1. Two professors and 15 graduate stude ts, who were taking a nursing intervention cours, translated the 433 nursing interventions of IC into Korean 2. 12 nurses with various clinical bac rounds reviewed the nomenclature, taking into nsider ation the definition and activities for each Korean nursing intervention. The Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each intervention ~. 20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate 4. five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each nursing intei veiition of NIC system. Most nomenclature had a score of more than 4.0, but seven nursing interventions had a score lower than 4.0: Critical Path Development (2.71), Calming Technique ~3.4l), Grief Work Facilitation (3.44), Order Transcription (3.44), Self Modification Assistance (3.44), and Teaching Psycho-motor Skills (3.47). These research results will be included in the nursing vocabulary dictionary to be published by Korean Nurses Association.

Nursing Diagnosis has evolved in the guest to define nursing and its functions. But for the application to clinical practice an unified system of terminology that help nurses to assess selected data and identify potential or actual client problems is required. Consistent terminology that captures the real meanings of the nursing diagnosis makes oral and written communication more accurate and efficient. Already we had performed to deliver a Korean -translated version of the 98 nursing diagnoses through the process of content validity tests and translations, and additionally performed to deliver a Korean-translated version of another 17 nursing diagnoses. The list of 17 nursing diagnoses were reviewed by our research team and two linguists, one specialized in Korean and the other in English. 17 diagnoses were mailed to 719 subjects to test content validity from December 10, 1997 to January 24, 1998, Among 719 questionnaires, 185 were used for analysis. Total mean score of the diagnoses was 3.72 on the 5 point likert scale. The diagnoses that acquired less than 3.50 were 'Risk for altered parent/infant/child attachment'(3.28), 'Potential for enhanced organized infant behavior'(3.40), 'Potential for enhanced community coping' & 'Risk for disorganized infant behavior'(3.49). We suggest to conduct tests for validation of related factors and characteristics of these 17 Nursing Diagnosis.

Adverse reactions to latex are various from localized skin problem to systemic anaphylaxis, even causing death. There are few reports on latex glove hypersensitivity in Korea, even though clinically the adverse reactions to latex sporadically have been reported. The purpose of this study was to survey the prevalence rate of adverse reactions to latex glove and compare the rate of allergy to ordinary latex glove with those 4 types of hypoallergenic gloves. Data on adverse reaction to latex gloves and symptoms as well as risk factors were collected from 63 operating room nurses using a questionnaire and direct observation of skim prick test. Questionnaire was used to survey the adverse reactions including the type I and IV, skin prick test was used to survey latex allergy defined type I. Among respondents, 25 nurses with adverse reaction to latex gloves were selected for the skin prick and exposure test with 5 latex gloves ( 1 ordinary glove, 4 hypoallergenic gloves) using the repeated measures design of the counterbalancing method. The results were followed : 1) The response rate of questionnaire was 96.8%, and the prick test was performed in 61 out of 63 nurses. 2) Common symptoms of adverse reactions to latex gloves were rash (49.2%), skin itching (44.3%), dizziness (31.3%), and eye itching (26.2%). 3) The prevalence rate of adverse reactions to latex glove was 80.3%. 4) The prevalence rate of latex allergy was 9.8%. The relationship between the latex allergy and atopy was significant, i.e. the atopic persons had more latex allergy than the non-atopics. 5) In 5 latex gloves, the prevalence rate of latex allergy by skin prick test and skin exposure test was follows : 16%, 24% for skin angel gloves, 8%, 24% for hypoallergenic HAG glove, 12%, 4% for hypoallergenic SmooTer-R glove, 8%, 0% for hypoallergenic Candle glove, 8%, 24% for hypoallergenic Neutralon glove respectively. There was no difference in prevalence rate of latex allergy among gloves by skin prick test. As the results of skin exposure test, the usual latex gloves had higher prevalence rate of latex allergy than the hypoallergenic gloves (p<0.0001).

No abstract available.