1Department of Nursing, Tongmyoung University, Busan
2Division of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
© 2013 Korean Society of Adult Nursing
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| Characteristics | Categories | Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | x2 or U | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | ||||
| Gender | Male | 8 (30.8) | 4 (16.7) | 1.36 | .243 |
| Female | 18 (69.2) | 20 (83.3) | |||
| Age (year) | 37.2±9.8 | 38.1±8.4 | 273.50 | .454 | |
| ＜40 | 19 (73.1) | 16 (66.7) | 0.24 | .621 | |
| ≥40 | 7 (26.9) | 8 (33.3) | |||
| Education level† | Middle and high school | 1 (3.8) | 3 (12.5) | .340 | |
| College | 25 (96.2) | 21 (87.5) | |||
| Transportation time (min) | 76.40±53.06 | 79.38±74.31 | 271.50 | .564 | |
| Type of transportation† | Public or walking | 23 (88.5) | 21 (87.5) | 1.000 | |
| Owner-driven car | 3 (11.5) | 3 (12.5) | |||
| Alcohol drinker | Yes | 19 (73.1) | 14 (58.3) | 1.21 | .272 |
| No | 7 (26.9) | 10 (41.7) | |||
| Smoker† | Yes | 4 (15.4) | 1 (4.2) | .351 | |
| No | 22 (84.6) | 23 (95.8) | |||
| Eating pattern | Yes | 16 (61.5) | 12 (50.0) | 0.67 | .412 |
| with high calorie | No | 10 (38.5) | 12 (50.0) | ||
| Morbidity†‡ | Yes | 5 (19.2) | 4 (16.7) | 1.000 | |
| No | 21 (80.8) | 20 (83.3) | |||
| Social cognitive | Self-efficacy (score) | 40.04±18.29 | 40.91±13.10 | 287.50 | .634 |
| variables | Outcome expectations (score) | 3.89±0.59 | 4.18±0.47 | 217.50 | .066 |
| Working activity | Walking activity score (MET-min) | 294.46±210.88 | 277.75±218.34 | 288.50 | .647 |
| Moderate-intensity steps§(steps) | 4,527.96±2,046.74 | 4,880.05±1,972.23 | 240.50 | .462 | |
| Physiological indexes | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2±3.5 | 23.6±3.6 | 287.00 | .627 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.40±15.71 | 116.67±10.72 | 306.50 | .915 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.98±11.33 | 80.98±10.72 | 305.00 | .892 |
Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group.
†Fisher's exact test;
‡Those who have been diagnosed at least one disease among hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, gastrointestinal diseases;
§The measurement outcomes about moderate-intensity steps during first week after starting intervention (Exp. n=25, Cont. n=22).
Construction of Walking Program based on Social Cognitive Theory for Office Workers
| Time | Sessions | Delivery | Intervening variable | Evaluation methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st week | ·Moving forward with walking activity | ·Support group meetings | ·Outcome expectations | . Process evaluation |
| - The effect of walking | - Weekly task report | |||
| 2nd week | ·General guidance for walking activity | ·Learning via e-mail | ·Self-regulation | . Process evaluation |
| - Walking time, frequency intensity, and posture | - Goal setting | - Weekly task report | ||
| - Self monitoring | ||||
| 3rd week | ·Improving daily walking activity | ·Learning via e-mail | ·Self-regulation | . Process evaluation |
| - Strategy for daily walking activity | ·Delivery via e-mail | - Planning | - Weekly task report | |
| ·Customized walking guidance | ·Individual telecoaching | |||
| 4th week | ·Dealing with high-risk situations | ·Learning via e-mail | ·Self-efficacy | . Process evaluation |
| - Exercise barriers and coping strategy | - Improving physical and emotional status | - Weekly task report | ||
| 5th week | ·Getting social support | ·Learning via e-mail | ·Self-regulation | . Process evaluation |
| - Communication strategy depending on the situation | - Enlistment of social support | - Weekly task report | ||
| 6th week | ·Posttest (Primary) | ·Questionnaire & body measurement | ·Self-efficacy | . Process evaluation |
| ·Sharing personal experience | ·Support group meetings | - Vicarious experience | - Participation in posttest (primary) | |
| - Mastery experience | ||||
| 7th week | ·Managing positive inner dialogue | ·Learning via e-mail | ·Self-regulation | . Process evaluation |
| - Strategy for positive self-talk | - Self-instruction | - Weekly task report | ||
| 8th week | ·Individual interim performance analysis | ·Delivery via e-mail | ·Self-regulation | . Process evaluation |
| - Coaching based on interim performance | ·Individual telecoaching | - Self-reward | - Moderate intensity steps count | |
| - Walking activity score | ||||
| - Physiological index | ||||
| 9th week | ·Rebuilding personal practice for lasting walking activity | ·Learning via e-mail | ·Self-regulation | . Process evaluation |
| - Replanning based on performance checklist | - Feedback | - Weekly task report | ||
| - Goal setting | ||||
| 10th week | ·Post-test (Secondary) | ·Questionnaire & body measurement | ·Self-efficacy | . Process evaluation |
| ·Sharing personal experience | ·Support group meeting | - Vicarious experience | - Participation in post-test (Secondary) | |
| ·Individual final performance analysis | ·Delivery via e-mail | - Mastery experience | . Outcome evaluation | |
| - Moderate intensity steps count | ||||
| - Walking activity score | ||||
| - Physiological index |
Homogeneity Test of Sociodemographic Characteristics and Study Variables between Experimental and Control Group (N=50)
| Characteristics | Categories | Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | x2 or U | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | ||||
| Gender | Male | 8 (30.8) | 4 (16.7) | 1.36 | .243 |
| Female | 18 (69.2) | 20 (83.3) | |||
| Age (year) | 37.2±9.8 | 38.1±8.4 | 273.50 | .454 | |
| ＜40 | 19 (73.1) | 16 (66.7) | 0.24 | .621 | |
| ≥40 | 7 (26.9) | 8 (33.3) | |||
| Education level |
Middle and high school | 1 (3.8) | 3 (12.5) | .340 | |
| College | 25 (96.2) | 21 (87.5) | |||
| Transportation time (min) | 76.40±53.06 | 79.38±74.31 | 271.50 | .564 | |
| Type of transportation |
Public or walking | 23 (88.5) | 21 (87.5) | 1.000 | |
| Owner-driven car | 3 (11.5) | 3 (12.5) | |||
| Alcohol drinker | Yes | 19 (73.1) | 14 (58.3) | 1.21 | .272 |
| No | 7 (26.9) | 10 (41.7) | |||
| Smoker |
Yes | 4 (15.4) | 1 (4.2) | .351 | |
| No | 22 (84.6) | 23 (95.8) | |||
| Eating pattern | Yes | 16 (61.5) | 12 (50.0) | 0.67 | .412 |
| with high calorie | No | 10 (38.5) | 12 (50.0) | ||
| Morbidity†‡ | Yes | 5 (19.2) | 4 (16.7) | 1.000 | |
| No | 21 (80.8) | 20 (83.3) | |||
| Social cognitive | Self-efficacy (score) | 40.04±18.29 | 40.91±13.10 | 287.50 | .634 |
| variables | Outcome expectations (score) | 3.89±0.59 | 4.18±0.47 | 217.50 | .066 |
| Working activity | Walking activity score (MET-min) | 294.46±210.88 | 277.75±218.34 | 288.50 | .647 |
| Moderate-intensity steps |
4,527.96±2,046.74 | 4,880.05±1,972.23 | 240.50 | .462 | |
| Physiological indexes | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2±3.5 | 23.6±3.6 | 287.00 | .627 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.40±15.71 | 116.67±10.72 | 306.50 | .915 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.98±11.33 | 80.98±10.72 | 305.00 | .892 |
Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group.
†Fisher's exact test;
‡Those who have been diagnosed at least one disease among hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, gastrointestinal diseases;
§The measurement outcomes about moderate-intensity steps during first week after starting intervention (Exp. n=25, Cont. n=22).
Differences in Social Cognitive Variables, Walking Activity and Physiological Indexes within Groups and between Groups (N=50)
| Study variables | Pretest | at 6th week | at 10th week | Within groups | Between groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest vs. 6th week | Pretest vs. 10th week | at 6th week | at 10th week | |||||||||
| Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | Exp. (n=26) | Cont. (n=24) | |
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | Z (p) | Z (p) | x2 or U (p) | x2 or U (p) | ||||||
| Self-efficacy (score) | 40.04 | 40.90 | 45.41 | 46.69 | 50.37 | 46.18 | -1.55 | -1.59 | -2.26 | -1.02 | 305.00 | 255.50 |
| (18.29) | (13.10) | (18.29) | (15.64) | (20.34) | (17.04) | (.121) | (.113) | (.024) | (.310) | (.892) | (.272) | |
| Outcome expectations (score) | 3.89 | 4.18 | 3.89 | 4.08 | 4.06 | 4.17 | -0.45 | -0.73 | -1.65 | -0.02 | 237.50 | 272.50 |
| (0.59) | (0.47) | (0.45) | (0.51) | (0.49) | (0.55) | (.650) | (.467) | (.099) | (.983) | (.146) | (.441) | |
| Walking activity scores (MET-min) | 294.46 | 277.75 | 872.60 | 503.25 | 707.60 | 489.50 | -3.63 | -2.86 | -3.11 | -2.54 | 206.50 | 251.50 |
| (210.88) | (218.34) | (803.01) | (401.14) | (571.39) | (347.84) | (＜.001) | ) (.004) | (.002) | (.011) | (.040) | (.239) | |
| The number of participants following walking protocol (persons) | 0 | 0 | 17 | 7 | 16 | 8 | –† | –† | –† | –† | 6.56 | 3.98 |
| (0.0) | (0.0) | (65.4) | (29.2) | (61.5) | (33.3) | ―† | ―† | ―† | ―† | (.010) | (.046) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 | 23.6 | 23.1 | 23.6 | 23.1 | 23.8 | -1.63 | -0.26 | -1.50 | -1.88 | 287.50 | 274.00 |
| (3.5) | (3.6) | (3.6) | (3.6) | (3.6) | (3.50) | (.104) | (.793) | (.134) | (.060) | (.634) | (.460) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.40 | 116.67 | 115.52 | 115.56 | 116.58 | 116.02 | -1.14 | -0.77 | -0.47 | -0.31 | 307.50 | 301.50 |
| (15.71) | (10.82) | (13.03) | (11.11) | (15.72) | (12.94) | (.252) | (.442) | (.637) | (.708) | (.930) | (.838) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.98 | 80.98 | 78.35 | 82.00 | 82.50 | 79.35 | -2.52 | -0.55 | -0.19 | -0.62 | 269.50 | 266.50 |
| (11.33) | (10.72) | (9.21) | (10.46) | (12.86) | (10.13) | (.012) | (.580) | (.852) | (.537) | (.408) | (.375) | |
| at 1st week | at 6th week | at 10th week | 1st week vs. 6th week | 1st week vs. 10th week | at 6th week | at 10th week | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp. | Cont. | Exp. | Cont. | Exp. | Cont. | Exp. | Cont. | Exp. | Cont. | Exp. | Cont. | |
| (n=24) | (n=17) | (n=24) | (n=17) | (n=24) | (n=17) | (n=24) | (n=17) | (n=24) | (n=17) | (n=24) | (n=17) | |
| Moderate-intensity steps‡ (steps) | 4,484.79 | 5,365.82 | 4,729.25 | 4,613.59 | 5,040.49 | 3,583.24 | -0.40 | -2.30 | -0.03 | -3.48 | 199.00 | 136.00 |
| (2,079.11) | (1,684.46) | (2,211.88) | (1,815.84) | (2,861.09) | (1,644.44) | (.689) | (.022) | (.977) | (.001) | (.895) | (.072) | |
†The statistical analysis within groups could not be performed because the number of participants following walking protocol was'0' in pretest; ‡Included only those who had completed all three measurements of moderate-intensity steps at 1st week, 6th week and 10th week.
Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group. Fisher's exact test; Those who have been diagnosed at least one disease among hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, gastrointestinal diseases; The measurement outcomes about moderate-intensity steps during first week after starting intervention (Exp. n=25, Cont. n=22).
†The statistical analysis within groups could not be performed because the number of participants following walking protocol was'0' in pretest; ‡Included only those who had completed all three measurements of moderate-intensity steps at 1st week, 6th week and 10th week.
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