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Original Article

Health-related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors according to Gender in Baby Boomers

Min-Jeong Park1, E. Eunyoung Suh2, Mi Young Chung3
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2015;27(3):314-324.
Published online: June 30, 2015

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Corresponding author: Chung, Mi Young Department of Nursing Science, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro, 221 beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan 336-708, Korea. Tel: +82-41-530-2752, Fax: +82-41-530-2725, E-mail: mi3640@naver.com
• Received: March 25, 2015   • Accepted: June 9, 2015

Copyright © 2015 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the related factors according to gender in baby boomers by using Korea Health Panel Data 2012.
  • Methods
    The Korea Health Panel Data 2012 were collected from February to August 2012 by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and National Health Insurance Corporation and the data of 1,802 respondents categorized as baby boomers were analyzed for this study. The data were analyzed by t-test, x2 and multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 20.0 program.
  • Results
    For male, the influencing factors on HRQOL were economic activity and smoking. For female, the influencing factors on HRQOL were education, psychological and physical stress, unmet basic needs, and psychiatric drugs. The types of insurance, unmet medical needs, anxiety about the future, depression, and self-rated health status showed statistically significant relationships with HRQOL both for male and female.
  • Conclusion
    Health care providers are suggested to consider the founded gender differences in this study when they develop interventions for HRQOL improvement for baby boomers in a community.
  • Key Words: Baby boom; Gender; Quality of life
Table 1.
Quality of Life of the Subjects (N =1,802)
Gender n Weighted n % M±SD t (p)
Male 844 1,008 48.8 0.97±0.07 4.86 (＜.001)
Female 958 1,059 51.2 0.95±0.07  
Total 1,802 2,067 100.0 0.96±0.07
Table 2.
The General Characteristics of the Subjects
Characteristics Categories Total (N=2,067) Male (n=1,008) Female (n=1,059) x2 (p)
n (%) n (%) n (%)
Education ≤Elementary school 274 (13.3) 92 (9.2) 182 (17.2) 118.52
Middle school 383 (18.5) 134 (13.3) 24 (23.5) (＜.001)
High school 908 (43.9) 447 (44.3) 461 (43.5)  
≥College 503 (24.3) 335 (33.2) 168 (15.8)  
Spouse Yes 1,850 (89.5) 907 (89.9) 943 (89.0) 0.39
No 218 (10.5) 102 (10.1) 116 (11.0) (.532)
Type of insurance Medical insurance 2,004 (96.9) 972 (96.3) 1,032 (97.5) 2.15
Medicaid 64 (3.1) 37 (3.7) 27 (2.5) (.142)
Unmet medical needs No 1,700 (82.2) 854 (84.7) 846 (79.9) 8.27
Yes 367 (17.8) 154 (15.3) 213 (20.1) (.004)
Economic activity Yes 1,585 (76.6) 930 (92.2) 655 (61.9) 265.34
No 483 (23.4) 79 (7.8) 404 (38.1) (＜.001)
Job type Wage workers 974 (47.1) 560 (55.6) 414 (39.1) 462.91
Business owners 473 (22.9) 359 (35.6) 114 (10.8) (＜.001)
Others 620 (30.0) 89 (8.8) 531 (50.1)  
The total annual household income 1 (lowest) 133 (6.4) 72 (7.1) 61 (5.8) 7.74
2 317 (15.3) 157 (15.6) 160 (15.1) (.102)
3 441 (21.3) 229 (22.7) 212 (20.0)  
4 474 (22.9) 235 (23.3) 239 (22.5)  
5 (highest) 704 (34.1) 316 (31.3) 388 (36.6)  
Homeownership Yes 1,543 (74.6) 736 (73.0) 807 (76.2) 2.74
No 524 (25.4) 272 (27.0) 252 (23.8) (.096)
Chances of success by the effort Yes 1,070 (51.8) 498 (49.4) 572 (54.0) 4.39
No 997 (48.2) 510 (50.6) 487 (46.0) (.036)
Deepening gap between rich and poor Yes 1,991 (96.3) 973 (96.4) 1,018 (96.1) 0.13
No 77 (3.7) 36 (3.6) 41 (3.9) (.715)
Perceived stratum Low 629 (30.4) 323 (32.0) 306 (28.9) 2.38
Medium 1,312 (63.4) 626 (62.1) 686 (64.8) (.304)
High 127 (6.2) 60 (5.9) 67 (6.3)  
Table 3.
Health-related Characteristics of the Subjects
Characteristics Categories Total (N=2,067) Male (n=1,008) Female (n=1,059) x2 (p)
n (%) n (%) n (%)
Psychological & physical stress No 782 (37.8) 357 (35.4) 425 (40.1) 4.81
Yes 1,286 (62.2) 651 (64.6) 635 (59.9) (.028)
Frustrating experience No 1,331 (64.4) 597 (59.2) 734 (69.3) 22.18
Yes 737 (35.6) 412 (40.8) 325 (30.7) (＜.001)
Unmet basic needs No 1,145 (55.4) 541 (53.7) 604 (57.0) 2.37
Yes 922 (44.6) 467 (46.3) 455 (43.0) (.124)
Anxiety about the future No 825 (39.9) 365 (36.2) 460 (43.4) 11.25
Yes 1,242 (60.1) 643 (63.8) 599 (56.6) (.001)
Stress due to task No 1,356 (65.6) 627 (62.2) 729 (68.8) 10.08
Yes 711 (34.4) 381 (37.8) 330 (31.2) (.002)
Depression No 1,910 (92.4) 944 (93.7) 966 (91.1) 4.65
Yes 158 (7.6) 64 (6.3) 94 (8.9) (.031)
Suicidal ideation No 1,950 (94.3) 952 (94.4) 998 (94.2) 0.01
Yes 118 (5.7) 57 (5.6) 61 (5.8) (.913)
Psychiatric drugs No 2,004 (97.0) 996 (98.8) 1,008 (95.2) 22.97
Yes 63 (3.0) 12 (1.2) 51 (4.8) (＜.001)
Smoking No 1,610 (77.9) 565 (56.1) 1,045 (98.7) 544.90
Yes 457 (22.1) 443 (43.9) 14 (1.3) (＜.001)
Drinking No 575 (27.8) 150 (14.9) 425 (40.1) 164.32
Yes 1,493 (72.2) 859 (85.1) 634 (59.9) (＜.001)
The number of heavy drinking No 1,399 (67.7) 447 (44.3) 952 (89.9) 507.66
≤1 time/month 423 (20.4) 329 (32.6) 94 (8.9) (＜.001)
＞1 time/month 245 (11.9) 232 (23.1) 13 (1.2)  
The number of problem drinking† No 1,843 (89.1) 807 (80.1) 1,036 (97.7) (＜.001)
≤1 time/month 219 (10.6) 197 (19.5) 22 (2.1)  
＞1 time/month 6 (0.3) 4 (0.4) 2 (0.2)  
Hard exercise Yes 581 (28.1) 394 (39.1) 187 (17.7) 117.36
No 1,486 (71.9) 614 (60.9) 872 (82.3) (＜.001)
Moderate exercise Yes 985 (47.7) 575 (57.0) 410 (38.7) 69.54
No 1,082 (52.3) 433 (43.0) 649 (61.3) (＜.001)
Walking Yes 1,610 (77.9) 784 (77.7) 826 (78.0) 0.023
No 458 (22.1) 225 (22.3) 233 (22.0) (.871)
Body mass index Underweight 38 (1.8) 17 (1.7) 21 (2.0) 11.52
Normal weight 871 (42.1) 388 (38.5) 483 (45.6) (.003)
Overweight 1,158 (56.1) 603 (59.8) 555 (52.4)  
Chronic disease No 645 (31.2) 394 (39.1) 251 (23.7) 56.95
Yes 1,422 (68.8) 614 (60.9) 808 (76.3) (＜.001)
Restriction of activity No 2,009 (97.1) 980 (97.2) 1,029 (97.1) 0.04
Yes 59 (2.9) 28 (2.8) 31 (2.9) (.841)
Self-rated health status Good 892 (43.2) 488 (48.4) 404 (38.2) 46.37
Fair 905 (43.8) 437 (43.3) 468 (44.2) (＜.001)
poor 270 (13.0) 84 (8.3) 186 (17.6)  

†Fisher's exact test.

Table 4.
Influencing Factors of Quality of life in Baby Boomers
Characteristics Male (n=1,008) Female (n=1,059)
Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2
β (p) β (p) β (p) β (p)
General characteristics
Education .04 (.175) .05 (.109) .15 (＜.001) .07 (.024)
Type of insurance -.34 (＜.001) -.27 (＜.001) -.13 (＜.001) -.05 (.122)
Unmet medical needs -.10 (.001) -.04 (.124) -.19 (＜.001) -.14 (＜.001)
Economic activity -.22 (＜.001) -.20 (＜.001) -.08 (.067) -.02 (.562)
Job type .03 (.433) .01 (.763) .02 (.743) -.02 (.722)
The total annual household income -.04 (.258) -.05 (.099) .03 (.293) -.02 (.508)
Homeownership -.02 (.469) -.02 (.526) -.03 (.383) -.00 (.965)
Chances of success by the effort .04 (.146) .08 (.003) -.05 (.074) -.00 (.889)
Health characteristics
Psychological & physical stress   -.06 (.083)   -.07 (.029)
Frustrating experience   -.04 (.311)   -.04 (.274)
Unmet basic needs   -.03 (.293)   -.11 (.001)
Anxiety about the future   -.06 (.049)   -.07 (.028)
Stress due to task   -.03 (.374)   .03 (.257)
Depression   -.06 (.048)   -.07 (.027)
Psychiatric drugs   .04 (.140)   -.13 (＜.001)
Smoking   .07 (.016)   .05 (.092)
Drinking   .03 (.280)   .01 (.826)
The number of heavy drinking   .02 (.451)   -.03 (.330)
The number of problem drinking   -.04 (.245)   .01 (.808)
Hard exercise   .04 (.221)   -.02 (.546)
Moderate exercise   -.04 (.224)   .00 (.991)
Body Mass Index   .02 (.586)   -.03 (.272)
Chronic disease   .00 (.999)   -.03 (.329)
Self-rated health status   -.25 (＜.001)   -.23 (＜.001)
R2 .21 .32 .10 .26
Adj. R2 .20 .31 .10 .24
F (p) 32.85 (＜.001) 19.49 (＜.001) 14.87 (＜.001) 14.81 (＜.001)
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    • Latent Class Analysis for Health-Related Quality of Life in the Middle-Aged Male in South Korea
      Youngsuk Cho, Dong Moon Yeum
      Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(1): 104.     CrossRef
    • A Path Analysis of Factors Influencing Health-related Quality of Life among Male Adults
      Bo-Kyoung Cha
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(4): 399.     CrossRef

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    Health-related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors according to Gender in Baby Boomers
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(3):314-324.   Published online June 30, 2015
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.3.314
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    Health-related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors according to Gender in Baby Boomers
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(3):314-324.   Published online June 30, 2015
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.3.314
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    Health-related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors according to Gender in Baby Boomers
    Health-related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors according to Gender in Baby Boomers

    Quality of Life of the Subjects (N =1,802)

    Gender n Weighted n % M±SD t (p)
    Male 844 1,008 48.8 0.97±0.07 4.86 (＜.001)
    Female 958 1,059 51.2 0.95±0.07  
    Total 1,802 2,067 100.0 0.96±0.07

    The General Characteristics of the Subjects

    Characteristics Categories Total (N=2,067) Male (n=1,008) Female (n=1,059) x2 (p)
    n (%) n (%) n (%)
    Education ≤Elementary school 274 (13.3) 92 (9.2) 182 (17.2) 118.52
    Middle school 383 (18.5) 134 (13.3) 24 (23.5) (＜.001)
    High school 908 (43.9) 447 (44.3) 461 (43.5)  
    ≥College 503 (24.3) 335 (33.2) 168 (15.8)  
    Spouse Yes 1,850 (89.5) 907 (89.9) 943 (89.0) 0.39
    No 218 (10.5) 102 (10.1) 116 (11.0) (.532)
    Type of insurance Medical insurance 2,004 (96.9) 972 (96.3) 1,032 (97.5) 2.15
    Medicaid 64 (3.1) 37 (3.7) 27 (2.5) (.142)
    Unmet medical needs No 1,700 (82.2) 854 (84.7) 846 (79.9) 8.27
    Yes 367 (17.8) 154 (15.3) 213 (20.1) (.004)
    Economic activity Yes 1,585 (76.6) 930 (92.2) 655 (61.9) 265.34
    No 483 (23.4) 79 (7.8) 404 (38.1) (＜.001)
    Job type Wage workers 974 (47.1) 560 (55.6) 414 (39.1) 462.91
    Business owners 473 (22.9) 359 (35.6) 114 (10.8) (＜.001)
    Others 620 (30.0) 89 (8.8) 531 (50.1)  
    The total annual household income 1 (lowest) 133 (6.4) 72 (7.1) 61 (5.8) 7.74
    2 317 (15.3) 157 (15.6) 160 (15.1) (.102)
    3 441 (21.3) 229 (22.7) 212 (20.0)  
    4 474 (22.9) 235 (23.3) 239 (22.5)  
    5 (highest) 704 (34.1) 316 (31.3) 388 (36.6)  
    Homeownership Yes 1,543 (74.6) 736 (73.0) 807 (76.2) 2.74
    No 524 (25.4) 272 (27.0) 252 (23.8) (.096)
    Chances of success by the effort Yes 1,070 (51.8) 498 (49.4) 572 (54.0) 4.39
    No 997 (48.2) 510 (50.6) 487 (46.0) (.036)
    Deepening gap between rich and poor Yes 1,991 (96.3) 973 (96.4) 1,018 (96.1) 0.13
    No 77 (3.7) 36 (3.6) 41 (3.9) (.715)
    Perceived stratum Low 629 (30.4) 323 (32.0) 306 (28.9) 2.38
    Medium 1,312 (63.4) 626 (62.1) 686 (64.8) (.304)
    High 127 (6.2) 60 (5.9) 67 (6.3)  

    Health-related Characteristics of the Subjects

    Characteristics Categories Total (N=2,067) Male (n=1,008) Female (n=1,059) x2 (p)
    n (%) n (%) n (%)
    Psychological & physical stress No 782 (37.8) 357 (35.4) 425 (40.1) 4.81
    Yes 1,286 (62.2) 651 (64.6) 635 (59.9) (.028)
    Frustrating experience No 1,331 (64.4) 597 (59.2) 734 (69.3) 22.18
    Yes 737 (35.6) 412 (40.8) 325 (30.7) (＜.001)
    Unmet basic needs No 1,145 (55.4) 541 (53.7) 604 (57.0) 2.37
    Yes 922 (44.6) 467 (46.3) 455 (43.0) (.124)
    Anxiety about the future No 825 (39.9) 365 (36.2) 460 (43.4) 11.25
    Yes 1,242 (60.1) 643 (63.8) 599 (56.6) (.001)
    Stress due to task No 1,356 (65.6) 627 (62.2) 729 (68.8) 10.08
    Yes 711 (34.4) 381 (37.8) 330 (31.2) (.002)
    Depression No 1,910 (92.4) 944 (93.7) 966 (91.1) 4.65
    Yes 158 (7.6) 64 (6.3) 94 (8.9) (.031)
    Suicidal ideation No 1,950 (94.3) 952 (94.4) 998 (94.2) 0.01
    Yes 118 (5.7) 57 (5.6) 61 (5.8) (.913)
    Psychiatric drugs No 2,004 (97.0) 996 (98.8) 1,008 (95.2) 22.97
    Yes 63 (3.0) 12 (1.2) 51 (4.8) (＜.001)
    Smoking No 1,610 (77.9) 565 (56.1) 1,045 (98.7) 544.90
    Yes 457 (22.1) 443 (43.9) 14 (1.3) (＜.001)
    Drinking No 575 (27.8) 150 (14.9) 425 (40.1) 164.32
    Yes 1,493 (72.2) 859 (85.1) 634 (59.9) (＜.001)
    The number of heavy drinking No 1,399 (67.7) 447 (44.3) 952 (89.9) 507.66
    ≤1 time/month 423 (20.4) 329 (32.6) 94 (8.9) (＜.001)
    ＞1 time/month 245 (11.9) 232 (23.1) 13 (1.2)  
    The number of problem drinking† No 1,843 (89.1) 807 (80.1) 1,036 (97.7) (＜.001)
    ≤1 time/month 219 (10.6) 197 (19.5) 22 (2.1)  
    ＞1 time/month 6 (0.3) 4 (0.4) 2 (0.2)  
    Hard exercise Yes 581 (28.1) 394 (39.1) 187 (17.7) 117.36
    No 1,486 (71.9) 614 (60.9) 872 (82.3) (＜.001)
    Moderate exercise Yes 985 (47.7) 575 (57.0) 410 (38.7) 69.54
    No 1,082 (52.3) 433 (43.0) 649 (61.3) (＜.001)
    Walking Yes 1,610 (77.9) 784 (77.7) 826 (78.0) 0.023
    No 458 (22.1) 225 (22.3) 233 (22.0) (.871)
    Body mass index Underweight 38 (1.8) 17 (1.7) 21 (2.0) 11.52
    Normal weight 871 (42.1) 388 (38.5) 483 (45.6) (.003)
    Overweight 1,158 (56.1) 603 (59.8) 555 (52.4)  
    Chronic disease No 645 (31.2) 394 (39.1) 251 (23.7) 56.95
    Yes 1,422 (68.8) 614 (60.9) 808 (76.3) (＜.001)
    Restriction of activity No 2,009 (97.1) 980 (97.2) 1,029 (97.1) 0.04
    Yes 59 (2.9) 28 (2.8) 31 (2.9) (.841)
    Self-rated health status Good 892 (43.2) 488 (48.4) 404 (38.2) 46.37
    Fair 905 (43.8) 437 (43.3) 468 (44.2) (＜.001)
    poor 270 (13.0) 84 (8.3) 186 (17.6)  

    †Fisher's exact test.

    Influencing Factors of Quality of life in Baby Boomers

    Characteristics Male (n=1,008) Female (n=1,059)
    Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2
    β (p) β (p) β (p) β (p)
    General characteristics
    Education .04 (.175) .05 (.109) .15 (＜.001) .07 (.024)
    Type of insurance -.34 (＜.001) -.27 (＜.001) -.13 (＜.001) -.05 (.122)
    Unmet medical needs -.10 (.001) -.04 (.124) -.19 (＜.001) -.14 (＜.001)
    Economic activity -.22 (＜.001) -.20 (＜.001) -.08 (.067) -.02 (.562)
    Job type .03 (.433) .01 (.763) .02 (.743) -.02 (.722)
    The total annual household income -.04 (.258) -.05 (.099) .03 (.293) -.02 (.508)
    Homeownership -.02 (.469) -.02 (.526) -.03 (.383) -.00 (.965)
    Chances of success by the effort .04 (.146) .08 (.003) -.05 (.074) -.00 (.889)
    Health characteristics
    Psychological & physical stress   -.06 (.083)   -.07 (.029)
    Frustrating experience   -.04 (.311)   -.04 (.274)
    Unmet basic needs   -.03 (.293)   -.11 (.001)
    Anxiety about the future   -.06 (.049)   -.07 (.028)
    Stress due to task   -.03 (.374)   .03 (.257)
    Depression   -.06 (.048)   -.07 (.027)
    Psychiatric drugs   .04 (.140)   -.13 (＜.001)
    Smoking   .07 (.016)   .05 (.092)
    Drinking   .03 (.280)   .01 (.826)
    The number of heavy drinking   .02 (.451)   -.03 (.330)
    The number of problem drinking   -.04 (.245)   .01 (.808)
    Hard exercise   .04 (.221)   -.02 (.546)
    Moderate exercise   -.04 (.224)   .00 (.991)
    Body Mass Index   .02 (.586)   -.03 (.272)
    Chronic disease   .00 (.999)   -.03 (.329)
    Self-rated health status   -.25 (＜.001)   -.23 (＜.001)
    R2 .21 .32 .10 .26
    Adj. R2 .20 .31 .10 .24
    F (p) 32.85 (＜.001) 19.49 (＜.001) 14.87 (＜.001) 14.81 (＜.001)
    Table 1. Quality of Life of the Subjects (N =1,802)

    Table 2. The General Characteristics of the Subjects

    Table 3. Health-related Characteristics of the Subjects

    Fisher's exact test.

    Table 4. Influencing Factors of Quality of life in Baby Boomers

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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