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Original Article

Gender Difference in Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) among College Students' STD Knowledge, Susceptibility, and Sexual Autonomy

Mijeong Park, Ph.D., RN1
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(4):482-490.
Published online: August 31, 2016

Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea

Corresponding author: Park, Mijeong Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro, 79 beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan 31499, Korea. Tel: +82-41-540-9535, Fax: +82-41-540-9558, E-mail: mijeong@hoseo.edu
• Received: May 10, 2016   • Accepted: August 24, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of self-efficacy in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), knowledge of and susceptibility to STD, and the role of gender in sexual autonomy.
  • Methods
    Data were collected from 267 college students using self-report questionnaires during the period from the first to the twentieth of June 2015. Data were analyzed using x2 test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, simple and multiple regression techniques with the PASW/WIN 20.0 program. Mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test.
  • Results
    In male students, self-efficacy for STD prevention showed a full mediating effect in the relationship between STD susceptibility and sexual autonomy (β=-.08, p=.370). But in female students, it had a partial mediating effect (β=-.25, p=.001). And self-efficacy for STD prevention showed partial mediating effects in the relationship between knowledge of STD and sexual autonomy in the both male (β=.25, p=.005) and female students (β=.33, p<.001).
  • Conclusion
    To enhance college students' sexual autonomy, it may be useful to build effective strategies enhancing students’ knowledge about and susceptibility to STD and to develop a self-efficacy promotion program for college students.
  • Key Words: Sexually transmitted disease; Knowledge; Disease susceptibility; Self-efficacy; Personal autonomy
Figure 1.
Model showing the influence of knowledge about and susceptibility to STD on sexual autonomy, and the mediating effect of self-efficacy of STDs in male (a) and female students (b).
kjan-28-482f1.jpg
Table 1.
College Students’ Characteristics (N=267)
Variables Categories Male (n=113) Female (n=154) x2 or t (p)
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Grade Freshmen 38 (33.6) 55 (35.7) 6.61 (.086)
Sophomore 27 (23.9) 54 (35.1)
Junior 23 (20.4) 25 (16.2)
Senior 25 (22.1) 20 (13.0)
Learning experience in safe sex Yes 50 (44.2) 66 (42.9) 0.05 (.901)
No 63 (55.8) 88 (57.1)
Learning experience in condom use Yes 40 (35.4) 62 (40.3) 0.65 (.446)
No 73 (64.6) 92 (59.7)
Had sexual intercourse† Yes 25 (22.1) 7 (4.5) 19.67 (＜.001)
No 88 (77.9) 146 (94.8)
Had a STD‡ Yes 2 (1.8) 1 (0.6) 0.74 (.576)
No 111 (98.2) 153 (99.4)
STD knowledge   0.59±0.40 0.56±0.36 0.53 (.600)
STD susceptibility   2.20±0.81 2.77±0.87 -5.42 (＜.001)
Self-efficacy for STD prevention   3.24±0.64 2.75±0.68 6.05 (＜.001)
Sexual autonomy   3.51±0.74 3.49±0.85 0.19 (.850)

STD=sexually transmitted disease;

†There was a missing response;

‡Fisher's exact test.

Table 2.
Correlational Relationships among Variables (N=267)
Variables Categories STD knowledge STD susceptibility Self-efficacy for STD prevention Sexual autonomy
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Male students STD knowledge 1 .03 (.719) .30 (.001) .36 (＜.001)
STD susceptibility 1 -.26 (.005) -.19 (.043)
Self-efficacy for STD prevention   1 .45 (＜.001)
Sexual autonomy     1
Female students STD knowledge 1 -.43 (＜.001) .68 (＜.001) .58 (＜.001)
STD susceptibility 1 -.50 (＜.001) -.48 (＜.001)
Self-efficacy for STD prevention   1 .59 (＜.001)
Sexual autonomy     1

STD=sexually transmitted disease.

Table 3.
Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy for STD Prevention in the Relationship between STD Knowledge and Sexual Autonomy (N=267)
Equations Categories B β t p
Male students 1. STD knowledge → Self-efficacy for STD prevention 0.05 .30 3.35 .001
Adj. R2=0.08, F (p)=11.21 (.001)
2. STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.07 .36 4.07 ＜.001
Adj. R2=0.12, F (p)=16.52 (＜.001)
3. STD knowledge, self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy        
STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.05 .25 2.86 .005
Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.44 .37 4.32 ＜.001
Adj. R2=0.24, F (p)=18.92 (＜.001)
Female students 1. STD knowledge → Self-efficacy for STD prevention 0.13 .68 11.37 ＜.001
Adj. R2=0.46, F (p)=129.20 (＜.001)
2. STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.14 .58 8.73 ＜.001
Adj. R2=33, F (p)=76.23 (＜.001)
3. STD knowledge, self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy
STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.08 .33 3.88 ＜.001
Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.46 .36 4.27 ＜.001
Adj. R2=40, F (p)=51.54 (＜.001)

STD=sexually transmitted disease.

Table 4.
Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy for STD Prevention in the Relationship between STD Susceptibility and Sexual Autonomy by Gender (N=267)
Equations Categories B β t p
Male students 1. STD susceptibility → Self-efficacy for STD prevention -0.21 -.26 -2.85 .005
Adj. R2=0.06, F (p)=8.13 (.005)
2. STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.17 -.19 -2.05 .043
Adj. R2=0.03, F (p)=4.19 (.043)
3. STD susceptibility, Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.07 -.08 -0.90 .370
Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.50 .43 4.85 ＜.001
Adj. R2=0.19, F (p)=14.30 (＜.001)
Female students 1. STD susceptibility → Self-efficacy for STD prevention -0.39 -.50 -7.03 ＜.001
Adj. R2=0.24, F (p)=49.36 (＜.001)
2. STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.47 -.48 -6.75 ＜.001
Adj. R2=0.23, F (p)=45.50 (＜.001)
3. STD susceptibility, Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.25 -.25 -3.43 .001
Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.59 .47 6.37 ＜.001
Adj. R2=0.39, F (p)=49.00 (＜.001)

STD=sexually transmitted disease.

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    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Gender Difference in Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) among College Students' STD Knowledge, Susceptibility, and Sexual Autonomy
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(4):482-490.   Published online August 31, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.4.482
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    Gender Difference in Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) among College Students' STD Knowledge, Susceptibility, and Sexual Autonomy
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2016;28(4):482-490.   Published online August 31, 2016
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.4.482
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    Gender Difference in Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) among College Students' STD Knowledge, Susceptibility, and Sexual Autonomy
    Image
    Figure 1. Model showing the influence of knowledge about and susceptibility to STD on sexual autonomy, and the mediating effect of self-efficacy of STDs in male (a) and female students (b).

    Figure 1.

    Gender Difference in Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) among College Students' STD Knowledge, Susceptibility, and Sexual Autonomy

    College Students’ Characteristics (N=267)

    Variables Categories Male (n=113) Female (n=154) x2 or t (p)
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Grade Freshmen 38 (33.6) 55 (35.7) 6.61 (.086)
    Sophomore 27 (23.9) 54 (35.1)
    Junior 23 (20.4) 25 (16.2)
    Senior 25 (22.1) 20 (13.0)
    Learning experience in safe sex Yes 50 (44.2) 66 (42.9) 0.05 (.901)
    No 63 (55.8) 88 (57.1)
    Learning experience in condom use Yes 40 (35.4) 62 (40.3) 0.65 (.446)
    No 73 (64.6) 92 (59.7)
    Had sexual intercourse† Yes 25 (22.1) 7 (4.5) 19.67 (＜.001)
    No 88 (77.9) 146 (94.8)
    Had a STD‡ Yes 2 (1.8) 1 (0.6) 0.74 (.576)
    No 111 (98.2) 153 (99.4)
    STD knowledge   0.59±0.40 0.56±0.36 0.53 (.600)
    STD susceptibility   2.20±0.81 2.77±0.87 -5.42 (＜.001)
    Self-efficacy for STD prevention   3.24±0.64 2.75±0.68 6.05 (＜.001)
    Sexual autonomy   3.51±0.74 3.49±0.85 0.19 (.850)

    STD=sexually transmitted disease;

    †There was a missing response;

    ‡Fisher's exact test.

    Correlational Relationships among Variables (N=267)

    Variables Categories STD knowledge STD susceptibility Self-efficacy for STD prevention Sexual autonomy
    r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Male students STD knowledge 1 .03 (.719) .30 (.001) .36 (＜.001)
    STD susceptibility 1 -.26 (.005) -.19 (.043)
    Self-efficacy for STD prevention   1 .45 (＜.001)
    Sexual autonomy     1
    Female students STD knowledge 1 -.43 (＜.001) .68 (＜.001) .58 (＜.001)
    STD susceptibility 1 -.50 (＜.001) -.48 (＜.001)
    Self-efficacy for STD prevention   1 .59 (＜.001)
    Sexual autonomy     1

    STD=sexually transmitted disease.

    Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy for STD Prevention in the Relationship between STD Knowledge and Sexual Autonomy (N=267)

    Equations Categories B β t p
    Male students 1. STD knowledge → Self-efficacy for STD prevention 0.05 .30 3.35 .001
    Adj. R2=0.08, F (p)=11.21 (.001)
    2. STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.07 .36 4.07 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=0.12, F (p)=16.52 (＜.001)
    3. STD knowledge, self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy        
    STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.05 .25 2.86 .005
    Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.44 .37 4.32 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=0.24, F (p)=18.92 (＜.001)
    Female students 1. STD knowledge → Self-efficacy for STD prevention 0.13 .68 11.37 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=0.46, F (p)=129.20 (＜.001)
    2. STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.14 .58 8.73 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=33, F (p)=76.23 (＜.001)
    3. STD knowledge, self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy
    STD knowledge → Sexual autonomy 0.08 .33 3.88 ＜.001
    Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.46 .36 4.27 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=40, F (p)=51.54 (＜.001)

    STD=sexually transmitted disease.

    Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy for STD Prevention in the Relationship between STD Susceptibility and Sexual Autonomy by Gender (N=267)

    Equations Categories B β t p
    Male students 1. STD susceptibility → Self-efficacy for STD prevention -0.21 -.26 -2.85 .005
    Adj. R2=0.06, F (p)=8.13 (.005)
    2. STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.17 -.19 -2.05 .043
    Adj. R2=0.03, F (p)=4.19 (.043)
    3. STD susceptibility, Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.07 -.08 -0.90 .370
    Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.50 .43 4.85 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=0.19, F (p)=14.30 (＜.001)
    Female students 1. STD susceptibility → Self-efficacy for STD prevention -0.39 -.50 -7.03 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=0.24, F (p)=49.36 (＜.001)
    2. STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.47 -.48 -6.75 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=0.23, F (p)=45.50 (＜.001)
    3. STD susceptibility, Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy STD susceptibility → Sexual autonomy -0.25 -.25 -3.43 .001
    Self-efficacy for STD prevention → Sexual autonomy 0.59 .47 6.37 ＜.001
    Adj. R2=0.39, F (p)=49.00 (＜.001)

    STD=sexually transmitted disease.
    Table 1. College Students’ Characteristics (N=267)

    STD=sexually transmitted disease;

    There was a missing response;

    Fisher's exact test.

    Table 2. Correlational Relationships among Variables (N=267)

    STD=sexually transmitted disease.

    Table 3. Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy for STD Prevention in the Relationship between STD Knowledge and Sexual Autonomy (N=267)

    STD=sexually transmitted disease.

    Table 4. Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy for STD Prevention in the Relationship between STD Susceptibility and Sexual Autonomy by Gender (N=267)

    STD=sexually transmitted disease.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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