PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to construct a structural equation model (SEM) that would describe the binge drinking among Korean undergraduate students.
METHODS
Model construction was based on the theory of planned behavior and prototype/willingness model, using the variables; intention, attitude, descriptive norm, and prototype perception of binge drinking, alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT), and binge drinking behavior. The analysis of data was done with both SPSS 20.0 for descriptive statistics and AMOS 20.0 for SEM.
RESULTS
The binge drinking intention was found to have a significantly direct effect in influencing binge drinking behavior. In addition, attitude, descriptive norm, and prototype perception of binge drinking were found to have a significantly direct effect in influencing binge drinking intention. The final modified model yielded chi2=374.2 (p<.001), df=174, chi2/df=2.15, GFI=.87, AGFI=.82, NFI=.89, PNFI=.73 RMSEA=.07, and CFI=.94.
CONCLUSION
This study constructed a model that addressed the factors related to binge drinking and described the relationship of these factors in influencing binge drinking among Korean undergraduate students. Findings from this study can contribute to designing appropriate prevention strategies to reduce problem related binge drinking in undergraduate students.

Citations

• Age at onset of alcohol consumption and its association with alcohol misuse in adulthood
  Soo Y. Kim, Sung H. Jeong, Eun‐Cheol Park
  Neuropsychopharmacology Reports.2023; 43(1): 40.     CrossRef
• Risk Factors of Binge Drinking in Adults Across Gender and Age Groups
  So Young Lee, Jeehae Chung
  Journal of Addictions Nursing.2020; 31(4): E27.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is difference in the effects of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea by research design.
METHODS
Findings from the two different research designs (Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest [NCG] design vs. two-group crossover design) were compared in regard to the effect of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea. The subjects of the NCG design and the crossover design were a total of 58 female nursing students. The treatments (aroma essential oil inhalation and carrier oil inhalation) were given using a necklace. The data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, paired t-test, and Shapiro-Wilk test using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. The effect size for the two research designs was calculated.
RESULTS
In both research designs, the level of dysmenorrhea and menstrual pain after the aroma treatment were not significantly different from those after the placebo treatment. The effect size of the NCG design was higher than that of the crossover design.
CONCLUSION
Aroma inhalation may not be effective in managing dysmenorrhea and menstrual pain. In order to further clarify the efficiency of research design and the effect of aromatherapy on discomfort during menstruation, replication studies are necessary. Future studies need to examine the effects of different research design on non-interval variables.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain, anxiety, and depression in female college students.
METHODS
A two-group cross-over design was used. The sample included a total of 20 female students who were enrolled in a 3 year nursing program. The treatments(aroma essential oil inhalation and the placebo inhalation) were given using a necklace. The data were analyzed by chi-square-test, paired t-test, and Mann-Whitney test using SPSS/WIN 12.0 program.
RESULTS
The level of dysmenorrhea after the aroma treatment was not significantly different from the dysmenorrhea levels at pre-test and after the post-placebo treatment. The menstrual pain, anxiety and depression significantly improved after the aroma treatment. However, the levels of pain, anxiety, and depression after the aroma treatment were not significantly different from those after the placebo treatment.
CONCLUSION
Aroma inhalation may be a effective in managing menstrual pain, anxiety, and depression. In order to further clarify the effect of aroma treatment on discomfort during menstruation, replication studies are necessary. Future studies need to examine the effects of different types of essential oils, administrating methods, and the lasting time of aroma treatment effect.